Marginalization of Sub-Nationalities As Reason for Ethnic Assertion The
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Volume II, Issue VI, October 2014 - ISSN 2321-7065 0DUJLQDOL]DWLRQRI6XE1DWLRQDOLWLHVDV5HDVRQIRU(WKQLF$VVHUWLRQ The case of Hmar tribe of Northeast India 'U3DXO%&KRQ]LN $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU 'HSDUWPHQWRI+LVWRU\ $VVDP8QLYHUVLW\'LSKX&DPSXV 'LSKX.DUEL$QJORQJ $VVDP 'U.K1DUHQGUD6LQJK $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU 'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWKURSRORJ\ $VVDP8QLYHUVLW\'LSKX&DPSXV 'LSKX.DUEL$QJORQJ $VVDP $EVWUDFW +PDUWULEHEHORQJVWRWKHODUJHUWULEDOJURXSZKRP%ULWLVKFRORQLDOZULWHUVUHIHUUHGWRYDULRXVO\DVChin, Kuki, DQG Lushai RU Lusei . 2IODWHWKHWHUPµ0L]R¶KDVEHFRPHFXUUHQWIRUDVHFWLRQRIWKHPLQFOXGLQJ LuseisWKHWHUPZKLFKLVQRPRUHFXUUHQW+HQFHWKHFROOHFWLYHWHUP±Chin-Kuki-Mizo LVEHLQJXVHGWR UHIHUWRWKHJURXSLQJHQHUDO+RZHYHUODUJHO\GXHWRVHSDUDWLVWSROLWLFVWKHChinKukiDQGMizo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izoJURXS LVRQHRIWKHUHDVRQVIRU+PDUHWKQLFDVVHUWLRQ Key words: Marginalization, Relative Deprivation, ethnic assertion, divergence, coalescence http://www.ijellh.com 163 Volume II, Issue VI, October 2014 - ISSN 2321-7065 ,QWURGXFWLRQ +PDUWULEHLVRQHRIWKHQRWLILHG6FKHGXOHG7ULEHVLQWKHVWDWHVRI$VVDP0DQLSXU0HJKDOD\DDQG 0L]RUDP,QWKHODUJHUFRQWH[WWKH+PDUWULEHEHORQJVWRWKHOld KukiVXEJURXSRIWKHChinKukiJURXS EHORQJLQJWRWKH7LEHWR%XUPDQOLQJXLVWLFIDPLO\ *ULHUVRQUHSULQW 7KH%ULWLVKKDG DOVRXVHG‘Lushai’ RUµLusei¶ DVDJHQHULFWHUPZKHQWKH\UHIHUWRWKLVJURXS6LQFHWKHPLGWKFHQWXU\ $'WKHWHUPµ0L]R¶JDLQHGSRSXODULW\DVDFROOHFWLYHSURSHUQDPHIRUDODUJHVHFWLRQRIWKLVJURXS LQFOXGLQJLusei JURXSZKLFKLVQRORQJHUFXUUHQW)URPWKH¶VWKHWHUPµ=RPL¶DOVREHFDPHSRSXODU DPRQJVRPHVHFWLRQRIWKHJURXS6RPHRIWKHPKRZHYHUFRQWLQXHGWRXVHWKHROGWHUPVµ.XNL¶DQG µ&KLQ¶+HQFHZKHQUHIHUULQJWRWKHJURXSLQJHQHUDOWKHFROOHFWLYHIRUPµChin-Kuki-Mizo’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±7ULEHVVXFKDV $LPRO$QDO&KRWKH&KLUX0DULQJ0RQVDQJ0R\RQJ DOVR/DPNDQJ ZKRKDYHFORVHFXOWXUDODQG OLQJXLVWLFDIILQLW\WRChin-Kuki-Mizo JURXSKDYHQRZFKRVHQ1DJDDVWKHLUQDWLRQDOLW\ZLWKZKRPWKH\ GLGQRWKDYHVXFKFXOWXUDODQGOLQJXLVWLFDIILQLW\DQG.RORLDQG5XSLQLWULEHVZKRDOVRKDYHFORVHFXOWXUDO DQGOLQJXLVWLFDIILQLW\KDYHQRZEHFRPH7ULSXUL /DOWKDQJOLDQD :K\LVWKLV"7KHUHPXVW KDYHEHHQSXVKIDFWRUIURPWKHSDUHQWHWKQLFJURXSRUFRQYHUVHO\WKHUHPXVWKDYHEHHQSXOOIDFWRUIURP WKH 1DJD JURXS ,Q FDVH RI WKH +PDUV WKH\ DSSHDUHG WR KDYH EHHQ FRQWHQWHG WR EH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH µ0L]RµJURXSWLOOWKHILUVWKDOIRIWKHWKFHQWXU\$'+PDU$VVRFLDWLRQZDVIRUPHGLQDQG+PDU 6WXGHQWV$VVRFLDWLRQLQ+RZHYHUDOWKRXJKHWKQLFFRQVFLRXVQHVVZDVWKHUHWLOOWKHQWKH+PDUVGLG QRWDVVHUWWKHPVHOYHVIRUSROLWLFDOVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ,QVWHDGWKH\ZKROHKHDUWHGO\SDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKH 0L]R8QLRQPRYHPHQWIRUFUHDWLRQRIHQODUJHG0L]R'LVWULFWVWDUWHGLQZKLFKVRXJKWWRXQLWHDOO FRJQDWHMizo WULEHVXQGHURQHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHXQLW±WKH0L]R'LVWULFW7KHQLQWKH\IRUPHGWKHLU RZQSROLWLFDORUJDQL]DWLRQFDOOHG+PDU1DWLRQDO&RQJUHVV +1& 7KH\VWDUWHGGHPDQGLQJVHSDUDWH +PDU+LOOV'LVWULFWZKLFKWKH\VRXJKWWRDFKLHYHE\FXWWLQJRXWDQGLQWHJUDWLQJ+PDULQKDELWHG DUHDVRI0DQLSXU$VVDP/XVKDL+LOOVQRZ0L]RUDP +1&0HPRUDQGXP 7KHSUHVHQW SDSHUDUJXHVWKDWLWZDVODUJHO\WKHPDUJLQDOL]HGWUHDWPHQWRIWKH+PDUWULEHE\µSDUHQW¶Mizo JURXS ZLWKZKRPWKH\ZHUHPRVWFORVHO\DVVRFLDWHG WKDW+PDUHWKQLFDVVHUWLRQZDVSURYRNHG,QRWKHUZRUGV http://www.ijellh.com 164 Volume II, Issue VI, October 2014 - ISSN 2321-7065 LWLVDUJXHGWKDWWKHPDUJLQDOL]HGWUHDWPHQWDFWHGDVDµSXVKIDFWRU¶IRUWKH+PDUVZKLFKPDGHWKHPIHHO WKDWDVVHUWLQJVHSDUDWHLGHQWLW\VHUYHVWKHLUSXUSRVHEHWWHUWKDQWRUHPDLQZLWKLQWKHµ0L]R¶QDWLRQDOLW\ +PDUSRSXODWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFHQVXVVWDQGVOLNHWKLV &HQVXV 6WDWH 3RSXODWLRQ ,QFOXGLQJ&DFKDU+DLODNDQGLDQG .DULPJDQM'LVWULFWVRI$VVDP 0DQLSXU 0L]RUDP $VVDP 77,865.* 0HJKDOD\D 7RWDO 1,40,099* Source: Census of India, 2001 Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. * The figure on the right column indicates figure inclusive of Hmar population in Cachar (36,648), Karimganj (13,877) and Hailakandi (12,880) districts of Assam as given in the Joint Memorandum submitted to the Chief Minister of Assam by Hmar Associations in these districts in 2004 since Hmar is not a notified Scheduled Tribe in these districts of Assam and their population is not given in the census. (Readers discretion of the credibility is advised). 7KHRUHWLFDO%DFNJURXQG 7KHUHDUHWZRDSSURDFKHVLQZKLFKWKHWHUPµQDWLRQ¶KDVEHHQFRQFHLYHG2QHLVWKHZHVWHUQPRGHO RUFLYLFPRGHODFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKnationLVHTXDWHGZLWKDSROLWLFDOHQWLW\RUDSROLWLFDOWHUULWRULDO XQLWOLNH,QGLD3DNLVWDQ)UDQFH%UD]LO8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDHWFDQGWKHRWKHULVWKHHDVWHUQ PRGHO RU HWKQLF PRGHO DFFRUGLQJ WR ZKLFK WKH WHUP nation UHIHUV WR D VSHFLILF W\SH RI KXPDQ FROOHFWLYLW\QRWQHFHVVDULO\OLYLQJZLWKLQDVSHFLILHGWHUULWRU\RIDVWDWH 6PLWK :LWKLQ VXFKQDWLRQVDUHHWKQLFQDWLRQDOLWLHVDQGVXEQDWLRQDOLWLHV$VKLVWRU\XQIROGHGWKHµROGQDWLRQV¶RQFH IXOO\ FRQVROLGDWHG ³ILQG WKHPVHOYHV FKDOOHQJHG E\ VXEQDWLRQDOLVPV ZLWKLQ WKHLU ERUGHUV ± QDWLRQDOLVPV ZKLFK QDWXUDOO\ GUHDP RI VKHGGLQJ WKLV VXEQHVV RQH KDSS\ GD\´ $QGHUVRQ 1DWLRQVDQGQDWLRQDOLWLHVZHUHIRUPHGDQGDUHEHLQJIRUPHGDQGWUDQVIRUPHGIROORZLQJFHUWDLQSURFHVVHV 6RPHRIWKHPIROORZHGWKHSDWKRIGLYHUJHQFH GLYLVLRQ ZKLOHVRPHIROORZHGWKHSDWKRIFRDOHVFHQFH LQWHJUDWLRQ 7KHIRUPHUZKHQDFRPPXQLW\RUFRPPXQLWLHVGHWDFKHGWKHPVHOYHVIURPDIRUPHUVLQJOH HWKQLF FRPPXQLW\ WR IRUP D VHSDUDWH HWKQLF FRPPXQLW\ ,Q VXFK FDVHV WKH IRUPHU VLQJOH HWKQLF FRPPXQLW\ PD\ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR RU PRUH SDUWV HDFK RI WKHP EHFRPLQJ VHSDUDWH HWKQLF JURXSV http://www.ijellh.com 165 Volume II, Issue VI, October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µVPRRWKLQJRYHU¶RIORFDOLQWHUQDOGLIIHUHQFHVWKDWH[LVWVEHWZHHQPHPEHUXQLWVZKLFKKDYHORVWWKHLU VHOIDZDUHQHVVEXWHQGRZHGZLWKLQGLYLGXDOVSHFLILFFXOWXUHFRPSRQHQWVDQGWKHµHYHQLQJRXW¶RI GLDOHFWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVDQGFXOWXUDOHYHU\GD\OLIHGLVWLQFWLRQVDVWKHJHQHUDOHWKQLFVHOIDZDUHQHVVLV VWUHQJWKHQHG %URPOH\ 7KLUGO\ ZKHQ WZR RU PRUH HWKQLF JURXSV XQFRQQHFWHG E\ NLQVKLSLQWHUDFWDVDUHVXOWRIZKLFKDQHZHWKQLFJURXSZLWKDQHZHWKQLFVHOIDZDUHQHVVDPRQJ LWVPHPEHUVHPHUJHVE\ZD\RIZKDWKDVEHHQFDOOHG(WKQRJHQLF0L[LQJ)RXUWKO\E\PHDQVRI ,QWHU±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³(WKQLF3URFHVVHVLQ1RUWK(DVWHUQ,QGLD´WKHDVVLPLODWLQJHWKQLFJURXSV EHFRPH VWLOO ODUJHU LQ QXPHULFDO VWUHQJWK DQG LQ WKH ORQJ UXQ LW PD\ DOVR DFTXLUH VRPH QHZ HWKQLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 3DNHP ,QWHUHWKQLF ,QWHJUDWLRQ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH OHDVW VLJQLILFDQW FKDQJHV RI HWKQLF SURSHUWLHV ZKLOH LQ FRQWUDVW HWKQLF PL[LQJ DQG DVVLPLODWLRQ SURGXFH WKH JUHDWHVW FKDQJHVLQVXFKSURSHUWLHV %URPOH\ 7KHVLQJOHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUIRUDVXFFHVVIXOQDWLRQ LQWKHHWKQLFPRGHO LVVHQVHRIEHORQJLQJQHVVWRHDFKPHPEHUXQLWV7UXO\563HWHUVKDVREVHUYHG WKDWQDWLRQDOHQWLW\H[LVWµPDLQO\LQWKHPLQGVRIWKRVHZKREHOLHYHWKDWWKH\EHORQJWRLW¶ %HQQ 3HWHUV 7R(UQHVW5HQDQµWKHH[LVWHQFHRIDQDWLRQLVDQHYHU\GD\SOHELVFLWH¶ 5HQDQ 7KXVWKHFKRLFHRUUDWKHUIHHOLQJRIEHORQJLQJQHVVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOVRUWKHFRUSRUDWHERG\ RI LQGLYLGXDOV PDGHRQWKHEDVLVRIUDWLRQDOWKLQNLQJWKHFRQYLFWLRQIRUPHGIURPH[SHULHQFHVLV FHQWUDOWREHLQJDVXFFHVVIXOQDWLRQ http://www.ijellh.com 166 Volume II, Issue VI, October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