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The Self-Managing Factory After Tito. the Crisis of Yugoslav Socialism on the Shop Floor

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The Self-Managing Factory After Tito. the Crisis of Yugoslav Socialism on the Shop Floor The Self-Managing Factory after Tito. The Crisis of Yugoslav Socialism on the Shop Floor Goran Musić Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, January, 2016 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization The Self-Managing Factory after Tito The Crisis of Yugoslav Socialism on the Shop Floor Goran Musić Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Stephen Smith, European University Institute (EUI Supervisor) Prof. Pavel Kolář, European University Institute Prof. Ulf Brunnbauer, University of Regensburg Prof. Dejan Jović, University of Zagreb © Goran Musić, 2016 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Abstract This dissertation investigates the altering ways in which Yugoslav blue-collar workers understood the recurring crises of Yugoslav socialism, as well as the changing nature of the relationship between different occupational groups inside the factories and the ruling party. It sheds light on regional specificities by systematically following and comparing the evolution of discussions and mobilizations inside two metal factories, based in Serbia (Industrija motora Rakovica) and Slovenia (Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor). The analysis begins with a short overview of the factory origins, the birth of workers’ self-management in the early 1950s, as well as the emerging industrial conflicts taking place in the liberalized political and economic system of the 1960s, highlighting how the two factories formed opposing interpretations of self- management and attempted to grapple with the crisis of ‘market socialism’. The focus of the dissertation, however, is on the later turbulent period between the peak of the Yugoslav welfare state in the late 1970s and its terminal crisis in 1989. During these years of prolonged crisis, the oppositional liberal and nationalist themes started reaching broader layers of the Serbian and Slovene public, challenging the inherited understandings of self-management and national equality. In contrast to the dominant historiographical accounts of political and social changes in the 1980s, which perceive workers as passive recipients of the new ideas from above, I will show how many themes adopted by the reformist party leaderships in Belgrade and Ljubljana in the second half of the decade were already in circulation inside the factories. Workers struggled to form their own views of the social crisis, tried to impress their grievances on official institutions, staged strikes and rallied around autonomous initiatives, but ultimately they failed to maintain a visible independent voice. In the case of Serbia, the communist party leadership managed to reinterpret the hitherto dominant notion of a dichotomy between the ‘exploiter and exploited’ in nationalist terms and thus defuse industrial action. In Slovenia, the local party-state acted in a more openly confrontational way and marginalized labor unrest by presenting it as an obstacle to further market modernization. The research explains how the growing social inequalities among the workers and undemocratic practices inside the self-management bodies facilitated the spread of a nationalist and pro-market ideology on the shop floors and illustrates how workers’ local grievances were increasingly becoming connected to those views, which exchanged the logic of working class solidarity with the politics of exclusion. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction 0.1. General Background ..................................................................................................... 3 0.2. Bird’s Eye Views vs. Shop Floor Insights ...................................................................... 7 0.3. Mighty Elites and Subservient Workers ........................................................................11 0.4. The Invisible or Ethicized Agency ................................................................................16 0.5. (Re) Discovering Labor ...............................................................................................19 0.6. Approaching Class and Nation in a Self-Managed Factory ............................................24 0.7. Sources and Structure ..................................................................................................30 Chapter One: Two Roads to Self-Managing Socialism 1.1. The First Contours of Two Blue-Collar Communities ...................................................33 1.2. Differing Origins .........................................................................................................38 1.3. ‘Factories to the Workers’ .............................................................................................48 1.4. Market Socialism..........................................................................................................57 1.5. Losing Factory Unity ...................................................................................................66 1.6. Reviving Revolution through Normative Acts ..............................................................77 Chapter Two: Factory Structures and Everyday Life under Associated Labor 2.1. The More Things Change .............................................................................................89 2.2. Claiming Tito ............................................................................................................ 103 2.3. The Factory as a Collective ........................................................................................ 112 Chapter Three: Shades of Blue-Collar Workers 3.1. Proletariat in the Making ............................................................................................ 121 3.2. Who Creates Value? ................................................................................................... 130 3.3. Skill, Gender and Place of Origin ............................................................................... 136 3.4. Veterans and Youth ................................................................................................... 144 3.5. Appendix 1................................................................................................................. 153 Chapter Four: The Dragging Crisis, 1979-1986 4.1. The Sudden Breakdown ............................................................................................. 159 4.2. The Party at an Impasse ............................................................................................. 168 4.3. TAM’s Pushback of Associated Labor ....................................................................... 182 4.4. IMR Lags Behind ...................................................................................................... 191 Chapter Five: Breaking the Pact: Workers, Nationalists and Liberals Against Political Privileges 5.1. Cutting out the Middlemen ........................................................................................ 203 5.2. The Stolen Golden Apples ......................................................................................... 217 5.3 The Diligent Ones ...................................................................................................... 228 5.4. Appendix 2................................................................................................................. 237 Chapter Six: Mobilizations at the Bottom – Realignments at the Top, 1986-1988 6.1. Reaching Beyond the Factory Gates ........................................................................... 241 6.2. A ‘Firm Hand’ Inside Serbia ...................................................................................... 250 6.3. Bypassing the Working Class in Slovenia ................................................................... 260 6.4. Beggar Thy Neighbor ................................................................................................ 269 6.5. The Party and Trade Union Competing in Rakovica .................................................... 280 Chapter Seven: Workers in the Streets 7.1. Deus Ex Machina .......................................................................................................... 293 7.2. Maribor’s Blue-Collar Wrath ......................................................................................... 305 7.3. Post Festum .................................................................................................................. 320 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 329 Sources and Bibliography .................................................................................................. 345 Acknowledgments A number of colleagues and friends showed solidarity and provided assistance during work on this dissertation. My supervisor Stephen Smith always made sure that I am settled and at ease while residing in Florence. It was due to his faith in my work and consideration shown for my family obligations that I was able to conclude the research. Without the advice and support of David Mayer, I would have probably never embarked on this journey in the first place. I thank
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