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3 11 20 34 46 50 54 57 60 68 74 80 86 88 90 94 95 97 110 112 114 российская академия художеств russian academy of arts История History Е. Кириченко. Время Бецкого 3 Times of Betskoy. E. Kirichenko Р. Байбурова. Цель — универсальный человек 11 Bringing up a New Race of Men. R. B a y b u r o v a Музеи академии Museums of the Academy Н. Балакина. Мемориальный музей Бродского 20 Brodsky Memorial Museum. N. B a l a k i n a Академическая библиотека Library of the Academy Т. Макарова. Раритеты академической библиотеки 34 Rarities of the Academy’s Library. T. Makarova Международные связи International Relations З. Церетели. Развивая диалог культур 46 Developing a Dialog of Cultures. Z. Tsereteli Д. Нахас. «Опасные удовольствия» Окштейна 50 Okshteyn's Dangerous Pleasures. D. Nahas Академическое образование Academic Education В. Ванслов. Школа высокого мастерства 54 School of Higher Excellence. V. Vanslov А. Надеждина. Юбилейный просмотр в лицее 57 Anniversary Presentation at the Lyceum. A. N a d e z h d i n a Персоналии Personalities В. Ванслов. Волшебник театральной сцены 60 Wizard of Theater Scene. V. Vanslov В. Турчин. Согласие искусств 68 Concord of Arts. V. Turchin Выставочный комплекс академии Exhibition Halls of Academy С. Орлов. Митлянский — человек карнавала 74 Mitlyanski — Man of Carnival. S. Orlov О. Давыдова. «Русские сезоны» Кулакова 80 “Russian Seasons” of Vadim Kulakov. O. Davydova Ю. Логинова. Ар-деко. Золотые двадцатые! 86 Art Deco. Golden Twenties! Yu. Loginova В. Орлов. Иван Порто. «Фотографии. Избранное» 88 Ivan Porto. “Photography. Selected Works”. V. Orlov Музеи современного искусства Museums of Modern Art А. Надеждина. Мастерская-2009 90 Workshop-2009. A. Nadezhdina Э. Шац. Франческа Леоне — человек и город 94 Francesca Leone — Man and the City. E. Shats Г. Никич. Испытание смертью 95 Test of Death. G. Nikich В. Хан-Магомедова. Хроника 97 Chronicle. V. Khan-Magomedova Обзоры Reviews Д. Новик. Русский двор 100 Russian Court. D. Novik Е. Воронович. Чувство будущего 104 Sense of the Future. E. Voronovich В. Хан-Магомедова. «Святые» Аладдина Гарунова» 108 Aladdin Garunov's “Saints”. V. Khan-Magomedova А. Григорьев. Херст и Академия художеств 110 D. Hirst and Russian Academy of Art. A.Grigoriev В. Хан-Магомедова. «Поле притяжения» 112 Domain Field. V. Khan-Magomedova А. Волков. История глазами Кукрыниксов 114 History Seen by Kukryniksy. A. Volkov Московская и региональная хроника 115 Moscow and Regional Chronicle в . Г. х у д я к о в Портрет президента Императорской Академии художеств И.И. Бецкого. 1864. НИМ РАХ Время Бецкого Times of Betskoy Евгения Кириченко van Shuvalov served as the first president of the Russian Academy Evgenia Kirichenko I or Arts until March 1763, when he was succeeded by Ivan Betskoy. Ivan марте 1763 года Шувалов был отправлен Betskoy (1704—1795) became second в отставку. Президентом Академии худо- president of the Russian Academy of жеств назначили Ивана Ивановича Бецко- Arts, staying in office for thirty years го (1704–1795). И.И. Бецкой — незаконнорож- (1763—1794). денный сын И.Ю. Трубецкого, современник Ivan Betskoy was born as an ille- ВИ.И. Шувалова. Оба они принадлежали к кругу высоко- gitimate son of Prince Ivan Trubetskoy, поставленного, приближенного ко двору просвещенного contemporary of Ivan Shuvalov. Both дворянства. Взгляды обоих сложились в среде, представ- Shuvalov and Betskoy belonged to a ленной именами Трубецких, Голицыных, Воронцовых, single set of enlightened high-level Кантемиров, Строгановых, Чернышевых. Бецкой подоб- gentry with close connections to the но Шувалову получил прекрасное образование европей- court. Both were influenced by the en- ского уровня. На формирование взглядов обоих оказало lighten world-views of great person- влияние не только чтение трудов философов Просве- alities, including Trubetskoy, Golitsyn, щения. Как и Шувалов, Бецкой был знаком с Д. Дидро, Vorontsov, Kantemirov, Stroganoff М. Гриммом, Вольтером, К.А. Гельвецием, К.А. Гольба- and Chernyshev. Both Betskoy and хом1. Много лет он был связан с двором голштинского Shuvalov received an excellent ed- герцога Петера Ульриха, племянника Елизаветы Петров- ucation of high European standard. ны, сына ее родной сестры Анны Петровны. World-views of both outstanding fig- Уволившись от службы, Бецкой несколько лет провел ures were formed not only by reading за границей и в Россию вернулся в мае 1762 году уже при works by philosophers of the Enlight- новом императоре. Согласно завещанию Елизаветы Пе- enment, but also under the influence тровны трон императора под именем Петра III унаследо- of personal acquaintance with Di- вал ее племянник Петер Ульрих. Судя по всему, Петр III derot, Grimm, Voltaire, Helvetius and был осведомлен о просвещенности и взглядах Бецкого и, Holbach. основываясь на этом, предполагал с его помощью прове- According to Betskoy, education сти реформирование архитектурно-градостроительного is the root of all things. On June 10, дела в России. 1763 he handed over to Empress Cath- Обновление архитектурно-градостроительной деятель- erine II "Submission, filed in Moscow," ности должно было стать частью задуманных императо- where he proposed the establishment ром социально-политических реформ. Заняв престол, of Orphanage in Moscow with branch Петр III обнародовал программу своего царствования, in St. Petersburg. главным пунктом которой было: «Во всем следовать сто- Two proposals of Betskoy were im- пам своего великого деда»2. mediately implemented: The educa- Многое из задуманного ему удалось сделать за крат- tional department appeared at The кие полгода, отведенные судьбой на царствование: была Academy of Fine Arts; second was ликвидирована Тайная кан- establishment of "Institute of noble 1 Ер о ш к и н а а.Н. Администратор от культуры (И.И. Бецкой)// Русская куль- целярия, издан манифест о maidens" (known as the Smolny Pal- тура последней трети XVIII века — времени Екатерины II. СПб., 1997. С. 71–72. вольности дворянской, го- ace) by special decree of Catherine II 2 В последнее десятилетие историки сделали очень много, чтобы раз- товился проект о секуляри- венчать мифы, созданные Елизаветой Петровной, Екатериной II и shortly thereafter. It was located in the поддержанные Александром I. См: М ы л ь н и к о в а.с. Петр III. По- зации монастырских вла- building designed by Bartolomeo Ras- вествование в документах и версиях. М., 2002; Забытый император: Ка- денийПетр III вынашивал талог выставки 23 июля — 23 октября 2002 г. Ораниенбаум, 2002) trelli, situated at Smolny Convent of с двумя статьями — Е.Г. Денисовой и И.И. Цаповецкой и Е.И. Ко- мысль об уничтожении гвар- the Resurrection. черовой (с. 9–18). Суть их сводится к мысли, что до сих пор о Пе- дейских полков, этот замы- тре III мы судим по свидетельствам только одной, притом при- The preference was given to so страстной и заинтересованной стороны, — по свидетельствам сел стоил Петру III не только called "closed schools" — schools of участников переворота, закончившегося гибелью императора. 3 трона, но и жизни . Букваль- См: Е .Г. Д Е н и с о в а , и.и. Ца п о в ец к а я . Забытый император. С. 7. boarding type, where pupils or stu- но за несколько дней до ги- 3 Там же. dents were separated from outside ACADEMIA IV• 2009 3 ИСТОРИЯ бели император назначил Бецкого «главным директором благородных девиц, известный также как Смольный, раз- Канцелярии от строений и зависящими от оной строе- местился в сооруженном по проекту Б. Растрелли Воскре- ниями». сенском Новодевичьем монастыре. Третье, требовавшее Бецкого, оказавшегося в дни переворота среди немно- больших расходов и времени, осуществлялось постепен- гих приверженцев свергнутого императора, Екатерина II но. При их создании предпочтение отдавалось закрытым не только не лишила должности, но и поручила ему ор- учебным заведениям. Воспитанникам не только давали ганизацию коронационных торжеств в Москве. Общение образование; они жили там постоянно в течение времени, с Бецким в дни коронационных торжеств привело импе- требовавшегося для освоения учебной программы. ратрицу к мысли сделать его своим личным секретарем. Под началом Бецкого при Екатерине II оказались все Эту должность Бецкой исполнял в течение пятнадцати учреждения, связанные с искусством, воспитанием, об- лет и оказывал влияние на взгляды, кругозор, интересы, разованием и благотворительностью. Академия худо- знания, даже государственную политику императрицы. жеств вошла в число учреждений, которые, по Бецкому, Роль Бецкого в царствование Екатерины II обнаружива- должны были преобразить Россию, создав новую поро- ет сходство с ролью Шувалова в конце царствования Ели- ду людей. заветы Петровны. Особенно это родство проявилось в Во время президентства Бецкого в академии появи- области культуры и искусства. Бецкой не только унасле- лись свои теоретики искусства и создатели первых ру- довал должность президента Академии художеств, он ководств по искусству: И.Ф. Урванов, А.А. Чекалевский, продолжил начатый первым президентом курс на разви- И. Виен. Начало этой деятельности, связанной с образо- тие классицизма. вательной функцией академии, было положено предста- Не без участия Бецкого Деламоту, приглашенному Шу- вителем первого выпуска шуваловской академии А.П. Ло- валовым в Академию художеств для преподавания архи- сенко. После возвращения из пенсионерской поездки он тектуры, создавшему ко времени назначения нового пре- в 1769 году возглавил натурный класс и кроме прославив- зидента академии свои первые проекты для России и ших его исторических картин создал методическое руко- Петербурга, было поручено проектирование здания Ака- водство по рисунку под названием «Изъяснение краткой демии художеств.
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