DOCSLIB.ORG

Czartoryski and EUROPEAN UNITY 1770-1861

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Czartoryski and EUROPEAN UNITY 1770-1861 CZARTORYSKI AND EUROPEAN UNITY 1770-1861 POLAND'S MILLENNIUM SERIES OF THE KOSCIUSZKO FOUNDATION Czartoryski AND EUROPEAN UNITY 1770-1861 BY M. KUKIEL If we wish to progress we must have an object we have not yet attained. And in order to be always in progress we must be capable of conceiving an object which will never be attained. —CZARTORYSKI, 1803. PRINCETON NEW JERSEY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS 1955 Copyright, 1955, by Princeton University Press London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press L. c. CARD 54-6076 Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey PREFACE IT WAS A VERY LONG LIFE—it lasted more than ninety years—and from Czartoryski's early youth until his death it was constantly devoted to the cause of his country and to the still greater cause of the freedom and unity of Europe. It was continuously con­ nected with the most important events of 19th century European history. Czartoryski was born before the First Partition of Poland, when the Commonwealth was still intact and, despite its weaknesses and ordeals, still a great power. He appeared on the political scene at the time of Poland's internal regeneration and the con­ stitutional reform of the Great Diet. After Poland's catastrophe he was a hostage at the court of Catherine II; a Russian dignitary, he became a friend of the Grand Duke Alexander and, after some dramatic adventures, the young Emperor's mentor and closest confidant. He was a member of the "Secret Committee" (the real government of Russia), Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs, re­ sponsible for an entirely new policy of the Empire and for plans for the reshaping of Europe that would ensure to its nations free­ dom and security and lay the foundation-stones of a European union. He obstinately championed the idea of rebuilding Poland in dynastic or personal union with Russia. He was Curator of the University of Vilna and of the educational district covering the Polish eastern provinces annexed by Russia in all the three partitions, and was therefore responsible for the momentous progress Polish civilization achieved in those territories during the first three decades of the 19th century, progress which strength­ ened the Polish national consciousness in Lithuania and Ruthenia for generations. He was Tsar Alexander's closest collaborator at the Congress of Vienna, and together with him the founder of the Kingdom of Poland—the so-called Congress-Kingdom—as well as the organizer of the new state. Shortly after, he became a defender of its constitution and of the rights of its people against arbitrary acts of violence and autocracy. { ν } Preface After the outbreak of the revolution of 1830, it was Czartoryski who became the president of the Polish national government. He was largely responsible for the stubborn perseverance of fighting Poland as well as for the extension of the struggle beyond the frontier of the Kingdom to the provinces of Lithuania and Ruthenia. Afterwards, as outlaw and exile for the next thirty years, he ceaselessly championed not only the rights of his people, whose spokesman he became, but also the freedom of Europe. Very many of his countrymen recognized him as their "chief," as did many Serbs and Bulgars; the Circassian insurgents looked to him as their leader and the protector of their cause. He was recognized as king de facto by a strong political faction in exile and by many people in Poland. He survived Tsar Nicholas and defied his successor's point de reveries. After thirty years of inex­ orable struggle against the Russian impact on Europe, when new hopes for Poland were stirred, his own life was nearing its end. Still, his were the instructions which determined the political attitude of most of the Poles. He fought as a soldier in 1792, in the first of the series of wars for his country's independence; then, when the period of armed struggle was nearing its close, he gave his last blessing to his people. He was the contemporary of five Russian sovereigns. His part­ ners and adversaries included Vorontsov, Rumiantsev, Nesselrode, and Gorchakov; Talleyrand, Guizot, Thiers, Lamartine, Walew- ski, and Drouyn de Lhuys; Pitt, Fox, Castlereagh, Grey, Palmers- ton, and Russell; Cobenzl, Metternich, Buol, and Goluchowski. He was an adversary of the great Napoleon and became a friend of Napoleon III. His activities as statesman started at the time of Jefferson's presidency and ended at the time of Lincoln's. Czartoryski's political life was a long and difficult one; and it is not easy to write his biography. More than a thousand volumes and portfolios of his records were carefully preserved by his son and transferred from his Paris residence, the Hotel Lambert, to the Czartoryski Museum at Cracow where—for fifty years —they were freely accessible for historical research. The se­ lection of his correspondence with Emperor Alexander I was published shortly after his death by his son, and a more extensive volume, together with his French memoirs in 1887, by Charles Preface de Mazade; an English edition (not quite identical) was pub­ lished a year later. But until recently there was no detailed his­ torical monograph on Czartoryski. The large biography by B. Zaleski (1881) remained unfinished; it ended with the beginning of the Prince's political career. In the first two decades of this century, monographs and essays by the great historian Szymon Askenazy helped considerably to elucidate Czartoryski's activities up to the November revolution of 1830, and some other historians, mostly of Askenazy's school, supplemented his research with their detailed studies. But no one undertook the task of writing a com­ plete biography of Czartoryski, and the second half of his political life (1830-1861) remained largely neglected by historians; even Askenazy saw it as a period of unrealistic political romanticism. The facts of Czartoryski's policy in exile were elucidated only after the First World War by Marceli Handelsman and his school, and many of its problems were analyzed in a series of detailed studies. Handelsman became more and more impressed by the immense scope of Czartoryski's diplomatic activities in exile, by the diversity and continuity of his efforts, by the fertility of his ideas and his tenacity in adversity. He became aware that Czartoryski's policy was a constant challenge to Russian pressure on Europe and that it prepared the ground for future anti-Russian coalitions; that its aims were not negative, but directed at the integration of Europe. He strove for better understanding and more solidarity among the nations of Western Europe; for the liberation of the countries of the Middle Zone of Europe between Germany and Russia; for bringing them closer together by allay­ ing their mutual hostilities; for uniting efforts and paving the way towards a future federation of free peoples. Shortly before the Second World War, Handelsman published a short biographical essay on Czartoryski, and started to write a comprehensive biography. In wartime, under German occupa­ tion, he continued that work in ever-present danger of arrest, often in hiding to avoid prison or death; he interrupted it later in order to write a detailed monograph of Czartoryski's policy during the revolution of 1848 and the Crimean War. This he managed to finish before he was arrested by the Gestapo in 1944; he died in a concentration camp shortly before the liberation. Preface The typescript of his work was preserved, and the first volume containing the biography of Czartoryski up to 1846 was published in Warsaw in 1948. A second followed in 1949. It contains a de­ tailed study of Czartoryski's policy in the crucial period 1847-1849. The third, published in 1950 in two parts, gives a full political history of the Crimean War and brings the biography to its con­ clusion. But the whole work was written under appalling condi­ tions, and the author's profound knowledge of Czartoryski's papers and his great learning could not appear at their best, in complete scholarly form. There remain many points open to con­ troversy or demanding further elucidation; nor is it possible to endorse all the author's judgments. The present book was written under very different circum­ stances, in the liberty and security of exile on friendly British soil; I enjoyed the hospitality of the British Museum, of the Public Record Office, of the Polish Research Centre in London, and also of the Bibliotheque Polonaise in Paris. The Polish corre­ spondence of Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart in the Collection of Harrowby Manuscripts at Sandon Hall proved of paramount value, the more so because the Polish collections, and especially the archives from the Hotel Lambert, well known to me from my long period of work in the Czartoryski Museum at Cracow, re­ mained at the time beyond my reach. This book is therefore but an essay, a sketch of a historical portrait of the statesman as I perceive him after having lived several years among his relics and his papers, and after a study of his political ideas and activities. Czartoryski was an ardent patriot, but he never confined himself and his activities to Polish affairs. His outlook was that of a European and a Westerner, his views were worldwide and ex­ tended far beyond his own generation. In many respects he seems nearer to us now than ever before. There was a great deal of fore­ sight in his ideas and deeds, and many of the problems he dealt with have reappeared in this century. His ideas on European free­ dom and unity would in these days meet with more understand­ ing than they did a hundred years ago, and his various political concepts present answers even to essential problems of today.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Catherine the Great and the Development of a Modern Russian Sovereignty, 1762-1796
    Catherine the Great and the Development of a Modern Russian Sovereignty, 1762-1796 By Thomas Lucius Lowish A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Victoria Frede-Montemayor, Chair Professor Jonathan Sheehan Professor Kinch Hoekstra Spring 2021 Abstract Catherine the Great and the Development of a Modern Russian Sovereignty, 1762-1796 by Thomas Lucius Lowish Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Victoria Frede-Montemayor, Chair Historians of Russian monarchy have avoided the concept of sovereignty, choosing instead to describe how monarchs sought power, authority, or legitimacy. This dissertation, which centers on Catherine the Great, the empress of Russia between 1762 and 1796, takes on the concept of sovereignty as the exercise of supreme and untrammeled power, considered legitimate, and shows why sovereignty was itself the major desideratum. Sovereignty expressed parity with Western rulers, but it would allow Russian monarchs to bring order to their vast domain and to meaningfully govern the lives of their multitudinous subjects. This dissertation argues that Catherine the Great was a crucial figure in this process. Perceiving the confusion and disorder in how her predecessors exercised power, she recognized that sovereignty required both strong and consistent procedures as well as substantial collaboration with the broadest possible number of stakeholders. This was a modern conception of sovereignty, designed to regulate the swelling mechanisms of the Russian state. Catherine established her system through careful management of both her own activities and the institutions and servitors that she saw as integral to the system.
    [Show full text]
  • From%20Irina%20Reyman%2C%20Ritualized%20Violence
    PHYSICAL INVIOLABILITY AND THE DUEL pUNCH OR STAB: THE RUSSIAN DUELIST’S DILEMMA The Russian duel was a surprisingly and consistently violent affair. I do not imply that Russian duels were more deadly than those in the West (the fatality rate in Russia never approached that in France in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries or in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century).1 I mean rather that conflicts over honor were frequently resolved in unregu lated spontaneous physical confrontations rather than in formal en- counters . Furthermore, those confrontations differed from rencontres in that they involved direct physical contact—hand-to-hand fighting or the use of weapons unrecognized by the dueling ritual, such as walking sticks or whips. The use of standard dueling weapons— swords or pistols—appears to have been optional. In other words, from the introduction of the duel in Russia to its demise, a conflict over honor was as likely (and at times more likely) to result in an im mediate and violent hand-to-hand fight as in a formal duel of honor. This happened so frequently that physical force seems to have been an accepted alternative to the duel. In fact, it would be possible to write (—S A Brief History of Dueling in Russia 97 98 a variant history of dueling in Russia featuring fistfights, slaps in the Everyone present—nobles face, and battering with walking sticks. and commoners, officers and enlisted men, Historians of the Russian women too—had at each other. Klimovich’s wife was beaten with a duel have consistently ignored or dis missed this ugly and violent club and her mother threatened.4 Grinshtein seems to have won this alternative behavior as aberrant.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Emily Frances Pagrabs Wofford College
    Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Emily Frances Pagrabs Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the European History Commons, and the Slavic Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Pagrabs, Emily Frances, "Peter the Great and His Changing Identity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 17. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/17 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Senior History Honors Thesis May 11, 2016 Emiley Pagrabs Pagrabs 1 Introduction Well aware of the perception that foreigners held of him, Peter the Great would never apologize for his nationality or his country. A product of his upbringing, Peter did have some qualities that many foreigners criticized as barbaric and harsh. Said Peter: They say that I am cruel; that is what foreigners think of me, but who are they to judge? They do not know what the situation was at the beginning of my reign, and how many were opposed to my plans, and brought about the failure of projects which would have been of great benefit to my country obliging me to arm myself with great severity; but I have never been cruel…I have always asked for the cooperation of those of my subjects in whom I have perceived intelligence and patriotism, and who, agreeing with my views, were ready to support them.1 Essentially, Peter I was simply a Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • The Daughter of Peter the Great; a History of Russian Diplomacy and Of
    Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/daughterofpetergOObainuoft /t<r /,// six THE DAUGHTER OF PETER THE GREAT A HISTORY OF RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY AND OF THE RUSSIAN COURT UNDER THE EMPRESS ELIZABETH PETROVNA 1 741-1762 BY R. NISBET BAIN AUTHOR OF "THE PUPILS OF PETER THE GREAT" "GUSTAVUS III AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES" "CHARLES XIII" ETC ETC NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON AND CO WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO 1900 Reprinted by Scholarly Press - 22929 Industrial Drive East - St. Clair Shores, Mich. 48080 PK B32> G^ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Elizabeth Petrovna, aetat. 32. Photogravure Frontispiece. Field Marshal Count Munnich . Face Page 22 The Grand Duke Peter, aetat. 16 . „ ,, 66 The Grand Chancellor Count Alexius Bestuzhev-Ryumin , „ p7 The Grand Duchess Catherine ... „ „ 234. Elizabeth Petrovna, aetat. 52 ... „ „ 286 The Grand Duke Peter, aetat'. 33 . ,, „ 314 — — CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION xi BIBLIOGRAPHY xv CHAPTER I. introductory— peter's pupils i Death of Peter the Great —Danger of a reaction— Peter's pupils—Menshi- kov, Tolstoi, Yaguzhinsky—Their promptness—Catherine I and her difficulties—The history of Russia during the eighteenth century the liistory of her foreign policy —Why this was so — Ostermann—The hostility of England brings about the Austro-Russian Alliance Peter II—Anne of Courland — Brutality of her favourite, Biren—His character—The genius of Ostermann—Russia's triumphs abroad—Miin- nich and Lacy—Death of Anne—Merits and defects of her government. CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of Constitution in the History of Political Thought
    Arkadiusz Górnisiewicz and Bogdan Szlachta (Eds.) The Concept of Constitution in the History of Political Thought Arkadiusz Górnisiewicz and Bogdan Szlachta (Eds.) The Concept of Constitution in the History of Political Thought Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editor: Arkadiusz Górnisiewicz Language Editor: Mark C. Anderson ISBN 978-3-11-058191-1 e-ISBN 978-3-11-058192-8 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. © 2017 Arkadiusz Górnisiewicz, Bogdan Szlachta and chapter`s contributors. Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editor: Arkadiusz Górnisiewicz Language Editor: Mark C. Anderson www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © 2017 4FR, gettyimages Complimentary copy, not for sale. Contents Editors’ Note and Acknowledgments IX Bogdan Szlachta 1 The Ambiguity of Constitutionalism 1 Bibliography 12 Paweł Kaczorowski 2 Epistemology of Constitution 14 2.1 Part One 14 2.2 Part Two 19 2.3 Conclusion 28 Bibliography 29 Alvydas Jokubaitis 3 Can the Constitution Do Away with Nation State? 32 3.1 The Phenomenon of Central and Eastern Europe 33 3.2 The Nature of the Nation State 36 3.3 The Conflict between Nation and
    [Show full text]
  • In the Lands of the Romanovs: an Annotated Bibliography of First-Hand English-Language Accounts of the Russian Empire
    ANTHONY CROSS In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of The Russian Empire (1613-1917) OpenBook Publishers To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/268 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917) Anthony Cross http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Anthony Cross The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt it and to make commercial use of it providing that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Cross, Anthony, In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917), Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0042 Please see the list of illustrations for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omissions or errors will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. As for the rights of the images from Wikimedia Commons, please refer to the Wikimedia website (for each image, the link to the relevant page can be found in the list of illustrations).
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Battles and Campaigns in 13Th–19Th Centuries
    POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 Scientific editors: Ph. D. Grzegorz Jasiński, Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Reviewers: Ph. D. hab. Marek Dutkiewicz, Ph. D. hab. Halina Łach Scientific Council: Prof. Piotr Matusak – chairman Prof. Tadeusz Panecki – vice-chairman Prof. Adam Dobroński Ph. D. Janusz Gmitruk Prof. Danuta Kisielewicz Prof. Antoni Komorowski Col. Prof. Dariusz S. Kozerawski Prof. Mirosław Nagielski Prof. Zbigniew Pilarczyk Ph. D. hab. Dariusz Radziwiłłowicz Prof. Waldemar Rezmer Ph. D. hab. Aleksandra Skrabacz Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Prof. Lech Wyszczelski Sketch maps: Jan Rutkowski Design and layout: Janusz Świnarski Front cover: Battle against Theutonic Knights, XVI century drawing from Marcin Bielski’s Kronika Polski Translation: Summalinguæ © Copyright by Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita, 2016 © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości, 2016 ISBN 978-83-65409-12-6 Publisher: Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości Contents 7 Introduction Karol Olejnik 9 The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1241 and the battle of Legnica Karol Olejnik 17 ‘The Great War’ of 1409–1410 and the Battle of Grunwald Zbigniew Grabowski 29 The Battle of Ukmergė, the 1st of September 1435 Marek Plewczyński 41 The
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Dogma on the Evolution of the Russian Education System: a Study in Time Perspective
    THE INFLUENCE OF DOGMA ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE RUSSIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM: A STUDY IN TIME PERSPECTIVE by H. CHRISTINE PRICE submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION in the subject HISTORY OF EDUCATION at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR SL H VAN NIEKERK FEBRUARY 1995 DECLARATION I hereby declare that The influence of dogma on the evolution of the Russian education system: a study in time perspective is my own work and that all the sources which were used or quoted by me have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references . ... t~t t,. r~. ~ ~..... .... i. ~ ..l P.. ~.I..?.~ SIGNATURE DATE (Mrs H C Price) ii FOREWORD I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, professor S.L.H. Van Niekerk for her incisive criticism and comments. Her guidance and support have been invaluable. The following people have provided me with information which has given me greater insight into the Soviet education system, through their own experiences of it: • Evgeny, student, from Vladivostok, Russia • Janosh Skultety, retired engineer from Hungary • Rudmilo Jankovich, a student, from Rumania • Dr. V. Lebedev, cultural attache of the Russian Federation Thank you for being so generous with your time and for sharing what were often painful memories. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mr Rob Northey, editor of education reports of the Pretoria News for his comments on reportage of current changes in education in South Africa. Grateful thanks to my husband Patrick for his patience in helping with the technological aspects of word processing and printing.
    [Show full text]
  • Dutch and Flemish Art in Russia
    Dutch & Flemish art in Russia Dutch and Flemish art in Russia CODART & Foundation for Cultural Inventory (Stichting Cultuur Inventarisatie) Amsterdam Editors: LIA GORTER, Foundation for Cultural Inventory GARY SCHWARTZ, CODART BERNARD VERMET, Foundation for Cultural Inventory Editorial organization: MARIJCKE VAN DONGEN-MATHLENER, Foundation for Cultural Inventory WIETSKE DONKERSLOOT, CODART English-language editing: JENNIFER KILIAN KATHY KIST This publication proceeds from the CODART TWEE congress in Amsterdam, 14-16 March 1999, organized by CODART, the international council for curators of Dutch and Flemish art, in cooperation with the Foundation for Cultural Inventory (Stichting Cultuur Inventarisatie). The contents of this volume are available for quotation for appropriate purposes, with acknowledgment of author and source. © 2005 CODART & Foundation for Cultural Inventory Contents 7 Introduction EGBERT HAVERKAMP-BEGEMANN 10 Late 19th-century private collections in Moscow and their fate between 1918 and 1924 MARINA SENENKO 42 Prince Paul Viazemsky and his Gothic Hall XENIA EGOROVA 56 Dutch and Flemish old master drawings in the Hermitage: a brief history of the collection ALEXEI LARIONOV 82 The perception of Rembrandt and his work in Russia IRINA SOKOLOVA 112 Dutch and Flemish paintings in Russian provincial museums: history and highlights VADIM SADKOV 120 Russian collections of Dutch and Flemish art in art history in the west RUDI EKKART 128 Epilogue 129 Bibliography of Russian collection catalogues of Dutch and Flemish art MARIJCKE VAN DONGEN-MATHLENER & BERNARD VERMET Introduction EGBERT HAVERKAMP-BEGEMANN CODART brings together museum curators from different institutions with different experiences and different interests. The organisation aims to foster discussions and an exchange of information and ideas, so that professional colleagues have an opportunity to learn from each other, an opportunity they often lack.
    [Show full text]
  • Miniatury Europejskie Collection of European Miniatures
    The Royal Castle in Warsaw – Museum The Royal Castle in Warsaw – Muzeum Zamek Królewski w Warszawie Katalog zbiorów Zamek Królewski w Warszawie – Muzeum Collection of European Miniatures Miniatury europejskie Catalogue The Royal Castle in Warsaw Katalog zbiorów – Museum European Miniatures Miniatury europejskie Hanna Małachowicz Catalogue Collection of Zamek Królewski w Warszawie – Muzeum Miniatury europejskie Katalog zbiorów The Royal Castle in Warsaw – Museum Collection of European Miniatures Catalogue The Royal Castle in Warsaw – Museum Collection of European Miniatures Catalogue Hanna Małachowicz The Royal Castle in Warsaw – Museum Warsaw 2018 Zamek Królewski w Warszawie – Muzeum Miniatury europejskie Katalog zbiorów Hanna Małachowicz Zamek Królewski w Warszawie – Muzeum Warszawa 2018 Redakcja i korekta tekstów polskich: Editing and proofreading of Polish version: Daniela Galas Tłumaczenie: Translation: Anne-Marie Fabianowska Korekta tekstów angielskich: Proofreading of English version: Maria Aldridge Indeks: Index: Grażyna Waluga Opracowanie graficzne, skład i łamanie: Graphic design, pre-press, typesetting: Zofia Tomaszewska Autorzy fotografii: Photographs: Andrzej Ring, Lech Sandzewicz oraz wymienieni w spisie ilustracji porównawczych na s. 259 as well as those indicated in the list of comparative illustrations on p. 260 © Copyright by Zamek Królewski w Warszawie – Muzeum 2018 ISBN 978-83-7022-238-3 Arx Regia® Ośrodek Wydawniczy Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie – Muzeum plac Zamkowy 4, 00-277 Warszawa tel. 22 35 55 232, 22 35 55
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of the Polish Martial Art Onto European Armies in the 18Th and 19Th Centuries – an Outline
    © Idōkan Poland Association “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 14, no. 4 (2014), pp. 3–13 DOI: 10.14589/ido.14.4.2 HISTORY Zbigniew Sawicki Creator of Polish Martial Art Signum Polonicum Centre of Polish Martial Art Training, Signum Polonicum in Zawiercie (Poland) e-mail: [email protected] Influence of the Polish martial art onto European armies in the 18th and 19th centuries – an outline Submission: 8.05.2014; acceptance: 14.09.2014 Key words: knight, cavalry, hussars, sabre, lance, martial arts Abstract: The paper is an attempt to present the influence of the Polish martial art onto European armies of the 18th and 19th centuries. It is a specific paradox that Poland, non-existant as a state on the map of Europe, made greater impact with its military training in armies of Europe than during the period of being great and victorious. When Poland lost its independence, Polish army was incorporated into the annexation armies: Russian, Austrian and Prussian where in many cases was a source of training and knowledge on sabre and lance usage. A part of the army non-compliant with annexation joined the Napoleon’s army and countries fighting for independence and so called “Your and our freedom” where fighting valiantly was an example for other. The attitude, bravery and combat skills as well as look and gear of the Polish soldier made many western armies adopt the style, armour and martial art. Unfortunately, lack of our own state left us with no possibility of full recognition and verification of our martial art.
    [Show full text]
  • Biden Administration and the Reunification of Korea
    UPF Europe and the Middle East ILC: Biden Administration and the Reunification of Korea Krisztian Kecskss June 29, 2021 Europe and the Middle East - The fourth session of the June 2021 International Leadership Conference was "Biden Administration Policies and the Reunification of the Korean Peninsula." The June 29 session was one of six ILC webinars that were held from June 24 to 30, 2021, under the theme of "Toward Peaceful Reunification of the Korean Peninsula." UPF and The Washington Times Foundation organized the session to focus on diplomatic steps being taken by the new administration of the United States to improve relations between North and South Korea. As the moderator, Kaeleigh Moffitt, the congressional liaison of UPF, gave a brief introduction to the topic. Speakers Hon. Dan Burton, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1983-2013) Harry Kazianis, senior director of Korean studies at the Center for the National Interest, United States Dr. Barthélémy Courmont, senior research fellow, Institute of International and Strategic Relations, France Dr. Alexander Vorontsov, chairman, Department for Korean and Mongolian Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; associate professor, Moscow State Institute of International Relations Hon. Dan Burton explained that the Biden Administration - though indirectly - has had an effect on possible Korean reunification in many ways. The utmost priority of this administration, Mr. Burton said, is stabilizing the United States enough so that it can extend its influence abroad. He pointed out the potential risks caused by the ever-increasing national debt, fueled by the administration's attempts to keep the economy afloat.
    [Show full text]