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Download (12Mb) A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/110850/ Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Submitted August 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements............................................................................................ iii A Note on Sources...............................................................................................vi List of Abbreviations........................................................................................vii Abstract.............................................................................................................. viii PARI ONE Chapter One INTRODUCTION and OVERVIEW : The Study of International Regions in the Post-Cold War..................................... 1 1.1 Main Trends and Approaches in the Study of Regionalism..............................2 1.1.1 The Case of Regionalism in the Mediterranean............................................. 14 Chapter Two The Concept of Regionalism............................................................... 21 2.1 Literature Survey of Regionalism........................................................................ 22 2.2 Contemporary Theories about Regionalism....................................................... 37 2.2.1 The Concept of Regionalism..............................................................................37 2.3 The Framework of Analysis..................................................................................51 2.3.1 The Transnational International Region......................................................... 59 2.3.2 The Intergovernmental International Region................................................. 65 2.3.3 The Comprehensive International Region....................................................... 72 2.4 Conclusions............................................................................................................... 76 PART TWO Chapter Three An Historical Perspective on Regionalism in the Mediterranean..................................................................................................... S3 3.1 The Mediterranean As A Region: An Historical Perspective..........................S4 3.1.1 The Early Mediterranean World: Hellenic Civilisation - Roman Empire (3000 B.C. - 565 A.D.).......................................................................85 3.1.2 The Christian/Muslim World (600 - 1517 A.D.)..............................................92 3.1.3 The Rise of the European Nation-States (1500 - 1900)................................. 98 3.1.4 The Twentieth Century..................................................................................... 106 3.2 Conclusions...........................................................................................................117 PARI THREE Chapter Eour Conceptualising Regionalism in the Mediterranean Area.......... 126 4.1 The Western European International Region...................................................128 4.2 The Middle Eastern International Region.........................................................134 4.3 International Region Subgroupings in the Mediterranean..........................144 4.3.1 Degree and Types of Interaction in Southern Europe..............................148 4.3.2 Degree and Types of Interaction in the Levant..........................................166 4.3.3 Degree and Types of Interaction in the Maghreb......................................177 4.4 Southern Europe, the Levant and the Maghreb: Connections and Disconnections...............................................................................186 4.5 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 193 l Chapter Five An Assessment of Trans-Mediterranean Initiatives. 199 5.1 Trans-Mediterranean Security Initiatives.......................................................200 5.1.1 The West Mediterranean Forum: "5+5 talks" (IG Model)........................206 5.1.2 The Council of the Mediterranean (CM) (IG/Trans Model)..................... 211 5.1.3 The Conference on Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean (CSCM) (IG/Trans/Comprehensive Model)........................216 5.2 Conclusions: Prospects for Institutionalising Regional Dynamics in the Mediterranean Area, An Attempt to Square the Circle?..........................224 PART FOUR The Influence of External Powers on Regional Development in the Mediterranean Area Chapter Six The Role of Great Powers..................................................................235 6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................236 6.2 The Role of External Powers............................................................................... 237 6.2.1 The Role of an External Great Power: the United States.......................... 242 6.2.2 The Role of an Internal Great Power: F'ranee.............................................249 6.3 Conclusions..........................................................................................................257 Chapter Seven The Role of Multilateral Organisations...................................... 267 7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................268 7.2 The Role of International Organisations...........................................................271 7.2.1 The Role of the European Union (EU)........................................................... 273 7.2.1.1 Global Mediterranean Policy........................................................................273 7.2.1.2 EU relations with Malta, Cyprus and Turkey...........................................279 7.2.1.3 Euro-Maghreb Partnership Policy...............................................................283 7.2.1.4 EU Policies in the Levant and the Balkans................................................ 287 7.2.1.5 EU’s attempt to navigate regional dynamics............................................. 292 7.2.2 The Role of the Organisation on Security and Co-operation in Europe...302 7.2.2.1 The OSCE and the CSCM: What Relationship?................................... 310 7.2.3 The Role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).................. 313 7.3 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 320 PART FIVE Chapter Eight General Conclusions: A Resurgence of Regionalism in the Post-Cold War World? Regional Dynamics in the Mediterranean Area......................................................................................... 327 Bibliography.................................................................................................................350 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the Rotary Club International for helping me meet the initial financial costs this endeavour has entailed. I also thank the academic staff in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick for their assistance and support, in particular, Barbara Allen Roberson, Charles Jones, Wyn Grant, Susan Strange, and Peter Burnham. I also thank the stafT at the International Office, in particular Director Anthony Gribbon, and the staff at Warwick University Library and Computer Services for their continuous assistance. I am also grateful to my brother Peter for his assistance throughout my research at Warwick and would also like to thank my colleague Richard Stables for his support and encouragement throughout this research project. Most of all, however, a special thanks to my supervisor Professor Barry Buzan, for bringing his corrective expertise to bear on a much scribbled thesis draft and for his encouragement whilst writing this thesis. The final product has been improved a great deal as a result of his endless advice and support. iii DECLARATION I hereby declare that all the results presented within this dissertation were obtained by myself under the supervision of Professor Barry Buzan. with the exception of those instances where the contribution of others has been acknowledged. These results have not been submitted for a degree at any other institution. STEPHEN C. CALLEYA IV A NOTE ON SOURCES Throughout the three years of research on this project I have focused on secondary literature relating to the concept of regionalism in the discipline of international relations under the guidance of my supervisor, Professor Barry Buzan. I also reviewed primary and secondary documents referring to security initiatives in the Mediterranean. I achieved this by conducting specialised study and consultations at several British and international academic institutions which include the International Institute of Strategic Studies, the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House and the British Library in London, St. Antony’s Library and the Bodleian Library in Oxford, Warwick University Library, the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy in Athens,
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