Conjugate Faulting and Structural Complexity on the Young Fault
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Supply Chain Disruptions: Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake∗
Supply Chain Disruptions: Evidence from the Great East Japan Earthquake∗ Vasco M. Carvalhoy Makoto Nireiz Yukiko U. Saitox Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi{ June 2020 Abstract Exploiting the exogenous and regional nature of the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011, this paper provides a quantification of the role of input-output linkages as a mechanism for the prop- agation and amplification of shocks. We document that the disruption caused by the disaster propagated upstream and downstream supply chains, affecting the direct and indirect suppliers and customers of disaster-stricken firms. Using a general equilibrium model of production net- works, we then obtain an estimate for the overall macroeconomic impact of the disaster by taking these propagation effects into account. We find that the earthquake and its aftermaths resulted in a 0:47 percentage point decline in Japan’s real GDP growth in the year following the disaster. ∗We thank the co-editor and four anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions. We thank Hirofumi Okoshi and Francisco Vargas for excellent research assistance. We are also grateful to Daron Acemoglu, Pol Antras,` David Baqaee, Paula Bustos, Lorenzo Caliendo, Arun Chandrasekhar, Ryan Chahrour, Giancarlo Corsetti, Ian Dew-Becker, Masahisa Fujita, Julian di Giovanni, Sanjeev Goyal, Adam Guren, Matt Jackson, Jennifer La’O, Glenn Magerman, Isabelle Mejean,´ Ameet Morjaria, Kaivan Munshi, Michael Peters, Aureo de Paula, Jacopo Ponticelli, Farzad Saidi, Adam Szeidl, Edoardo Teso, Yasuyuki Todo, Aleh Tsyvinski, Liliana Varela, Andrea Vedolin, Jaume Ventura, Jose Zubizarreta, and numerous seminar and conference participants for useful feedback and suggestions. We also thank the Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo for providing us with the geocoding service. -
Formation and Evolution of a Population of Strike-Slip Faults in a Multiscale Cellular Automaton Model
Geophys. J. Int. (2007) 168, 723–744 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03213.x Formation and evolution of a population of strike-slip faults in a multiscale cellular automaton model Cl´ement Narteau Laboratoire de Dynamique des Syst`emes G´eologiques, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 4, Place Jussieu, Paris, Cedex 05, 75252, France. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 2006 September 4. Received 2006 September 4; in original form 2004 August 10 SUMMARY This paper describes a new model of rupture designed to reproduce structural patterns observed in the formation and evolution of a population of strike-slip faults. This model is a multiscale cellular automaton with two states. A stable state is associated with an ‘intact’ zone in which the fracturing process is confined to a smaller length scale. An active state is associated with an actively slipping fault. At the smallest length scale of a fault segment, transition rates from one state to another are determined with respect to the magnitude of the local strain rate and a time-dependent stochastic process. At increasingly larger length scales, healing and faulting are described according to geometric rules of fault interaction based on fracture mechanics. A redistribution of the strain rates in the neighbourhood of active faults at all length scales ensures that long range interactions and non-linear feedback processes are incorporated in the fault growth mechanism. Typical patterns of development of a population of faults are presented and show nucleation, growth, branching, interaction and coalescence. The geometries of the fault populations spontaneously converge to a configuration in which strain is concentrated on a dominant fault. -
Earthquake Protection in Buildings Through Base Isolation
fECH RLC N4TL INST- OF STAND 4 NIST Special Publication 832, Volume 1 A111D3 7aTm7 Earthquake Resistant Construction Using Base Isolation NIST I PUBLICATIONS [Shin kenchiku kozo gijutsu kenkyu iin-kai hokokusho ] Earthquake Protection in Buildings Through Base Isolation United States Department of Commerce Z Technology Administration 832 National Institute of Standards and Technology V.1 1992 7he National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering and performs related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research -
GEOL 460 Solid Earth Geophysics Lab 5: Global Seismology Part II Questions 1
GEOL 460 Solid Earth Geophysics Lab 5: Global Seismology Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: _____________ Part I. Seismic Waves and Earth’s Structure While technically "remote" sensing, the field of seismology and its tools provide the most "direct" geophysical observations of the geology of Earth's interior. Seismologists have discovered much about Earth’s internal structure, although many of the subtleties remain to be understood. The typical cross‐ section of the planet consists of the crust at the surface, followed by the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Information about these layers came from seismic travel times and analysis of how the behavior of seismic waves changes as they propagate deeper into the Earth. Today we are going to examine seismic waves in the Earth and we will take a look at how and what seismologists know about Earth’s core. Here is a summary of the current understanding of Earth structure: To look into what seismic waves can tell us about the core, we need to know how they travel in the Earth. While seismic energy travels as wavefronts, we often depict them as rays in figures and sketches. A ray is an idealized path through the Earth and is drawn as a line traveling through the Earth. A wavefront is a surface of energy propagating through the Earth. We’ll begin by looking at some videos of wavefronts and rays to get a handle on how these things behave in the Earth. These animations were made by Michael Wysession and Saadia Baker at Washington University in St. Louis. -
Seismic Tomography
Seismic Tomography—Using earthquakes to image Earth’s interior Background to accompany the animations & videos on: IRIS’ Animations http://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/search Link to Vocabulary (Page 4) Introduction Seismic tomography is an imaging technique that uses seismic waves generated by earthquakes and explosions to create computer-generated, three- dimensional images of Earth’s interior. If the Earth were of uniform composition and density seismic rays would travel in straight lines as shown in Figure 1. But our planet is broadly layered causing seismic rays to be refracted and reflected across boundaries. Layers can be inferred by recording energy from earthquakes (seismic waves) of known locations, not too unlike doctors using CT scans (next page) to “see” into hidden parts of the human body. How is this done with earthquakes? The time it takes for a seismic wave to arrive at a seismic station from an earthquake can be used to calculate the speed along the wave’s ray path. By using arrival times of different Figure 1: Image capture from animation depicts 15 seismic stations seismic waves scientists are able to define slower recording earthquakes from 4 earthquakes. An anomaly (red) is or faster regions deep in the Earth. Those that come inferred by using data collected from stations that indicate slower sooner travel faster. Later waves are slowed down by wave speeds. something along the way. Various material properties control the speed and absorption of seismic waves. Careful study of the travel times and amplitudes can What variables yield the best resolution that allow be used to infer the existence of features within the seismologists to infer details at depth? planet. -
Resilient Industries in Japan
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ©2020 The World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA October 2020 RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: [email protected]. CITATION Please cite this report as follows: World Bank. 2020. “Resilient Industries in Japan: Lessons Learned in Japan on Enhancing Competitive Industries in the Face of Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards.” World Bank, Washington, D.C. ii Resilient Industries in Japan Resilient Industries in Japan iii DISCLAIMER This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. -
Aftershock Sequences Modeled with 3-D Stress Heterogeneity and Rate-State Seismicity Equations: Implications for Crustal Stress Estimation
Pure Appl. Geophys. 167 (2010), 1067–1085 Ó 2010 The Author(s) This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com DOI 10.1007/s00024-010-0093-1 Pure and Applied Geophysics Aftershock Sequences Modeled with 3-D Stress Heterogeneity and Rate-State Seismicity Equations: Implications for Crustal Stress Estimation 1 1 DEBORAH ELAINE SMITH and JAMES H. DIETERICH Abstract—In this paper, we present a model for studying equations based on rate-state friction nucleation of aftershock sequences that integrates Coulomb static stress change earthquakes from DIETERICH (1994) and DIETERICH analysis, seismicity equations based on rate-state friction nucle- ation of earthquakes, slip of geometrically complex faults, and et al. (2003), (3) slip on geometrically complex faults fractal-like, spatially heterogeneous models of crustal stress. In as in DIETERICH and SMITH (2009), and (4) spatially addition to modeling instantaneous aftershock seismicity rate pat- heterogeneous fault planes/slip directions based on a terns with initial clustering on the Coulomb stress increase areas and an approximately 1/t diffusion back to the pre-mainshock model of fractal-like spatially variable initial stress background seismicity, the simulations capture previously un- from SMITH (2006) and SMITH and HEATON (2010). modeled effects. These include production of a significant number Our goal is to investigate previously unmodeled of aftershocks in the traditional Coulomb stress shadow zones and temporal changes in aftershock focal mechanism statistics. The effects of system heterogeneities on aftershock occurrence of aftershock stress shadow zones arises from two sequences. The resulting model provides a unified sources. The first source is spatially heterogeneous initial crustal means to simulate the statistical characteristics of stress, and the second is slip on geometrically rough faults, which aftershock focal mechanisms, including inferred produces localized positive Coulomb stress changes within the traditional stress shadow zones. -
The J-SHIS Fault Code
Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station (J-SHIS) File format specification June 2021 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience -Table of contents- Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Seismic Hazard Map" ......................... 4 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Hazard curve" ............................... 7 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Hazard curve for Active fault" ............. 10 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Fault shape (rectangle)" ................... 13 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Fault shape (non-rectangle)" ............... 17 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Fault shape (non-rectangle, Large Earthquakes along the Nankai Trough)" ........................................................................... 21 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Fault shape (discretized rectangular source faults)" .............................................................................................. 24 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Fault shape (discretized rectangular without specified source faults)" ..................................................................... 29 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Fault shape (discretized non-rectangular source faults) ....................................................................................... 34 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps: Guide for file "Parameters for seismic activity evaluation -
Characteristics of Seismic Activity Before and After the 2018 M6.7 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake Takao Kumazawa1*, Yosihiko Ogata2 and Hiroshi Tsuruoka1
Kumazawa et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2019) 71:130 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-1102-y FULL PAPER Open Access Characteristics of seismic activity before and after the 2018 M6.7 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake Takao Kumazawa1*, Yosihiko Ogata2 and Hiroshi Tsuruoka1 Abstract We applied the epidemic type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model, the two-stage ETAS model and the non-stationary ETAS model to investigate the detailed features of the series of earthquake occurrences before and after the M6.7 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake on 6 September 2018, based on earthquake data from October 1997. First, after the 2003 M8.0 Tokachi-Oki earthquake, seismic activity in the Eastern Iburi region reduced relative to the ETAS model. During this period, the depth ranges of the seismicity were migrating towards shallow depths, where a swarm cluster, including a M5.1 earthquake, fnally occurred in the deepest part of the range. This swarm activity was well described by the non-stationary ETAS model until the M6.7 main shock. The aftershocks of the M6.7 earthquake obeyed the ETAS model until the M5.8 largest aftershock, except for a period of several days when small, swarm-like activity was found at the southern end of the aftershock region. However, when we focus on the medium and larger aftershocks, we observed quiescence relative to the ETAS model from 8.6 days after the main shock until the M5.8 largest after- shock. For micro-earthquakes, we further studied the separated aftershock sequences in the naturally divided after- shock volumes. We found that the temporal changes in the background rate and triggering coefcient (aftershock productivity) in respective sub-volumes were in contrast with each other. -
Regional Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment Associated with Active Faults Along the Eastern Margin of the Sea of Japan Iyan E
Mulia et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2020) 72:123 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01256-5 FULL PAPER Open Access Regional probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment associated with active faults along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan Iyan E. Mulia1* , Takeo Ishibe2, Kenji Satake1, Aditya Riadi Gusman3 and Satoko Murotani4 Abstract We analyze the regional tsunami hazard along the Sea of Japan coast associated with 60 active faults beneath the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. We generate stochastic slip distribution using a Monte Carlo approach at each fault, and the total number of required earthquake samples is determined based on convergence analysis of maxi- mum coastal tsunami heights. The earthquake recurrence interval on each fault is estimated from observed seismicity. The variance parameter representing aleatory uncertainty for probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis is determined from comparison with the four historical tsunamis, and a logic-tree is used for the choice of the values. Using nearshore tsu- nami heights at the 50 m isobath and an amplifcation factor by the Green’s law, hazard curves are constructed at 154 locations for coastal municipalities along the Sea of Japan coast. The highest maximum coastal tsunamis are expected to be approximately 3.7, 7.7, and 11.5 m for the return periods of 100-, 400-, and 1000-year, respectively. The results indicate that the hazard level generally increases from southwest to northeast, which is consistent with the number and type of the identifed fault systems. Furthermore, the deaggregation of hazard suggests that tsunamis in the northeast are predominated by local sources, while the southwest parts are likely afected by several regional sources. -
Annual Report
2020 Annual Report Introduction to Earthquake Reinsurance in Japan Management philosophy JER will aim to be a respected company that contributes to the sustainable development of a prosperous and safe society through the appropriate management of the earthquake insurance system. Management policy Based on our initiative and spirit of challenge, We will establish a fair and highly transparent management system. We will also respond promptly and decisively to changes in the social environment. We will prepare the reinsurance payment system to enable prompt and proper actions after a large earthquake. We focus on liquidity and safety in asset management. Contents 1 Message from the President 2 Japan Earthquake Reinsurance Co., Ltd. 4 Topics 5 Earthquake Insurance in Japan 13 Reinsurance of Earthquake Insurance 17 Statistics 20 Financial Section 28 Corporate Data MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Chairman: President: Yoshihiko Murase Shoji Ito This is a great privilege for me to lead Japan Earthquake Reinsurance Co., Ltd. (“JER”). I would like to begin this message by expressing my sincere gratitude to all our stakeholders for their continued support. Since 1966, when the earthquake insurance system was established, JER, the only company in Japan specializing in household earthquake insurance, has held to its management philosophy and management policy, and continues to work to realize them. JER has been making an effort to promptly and reliably make earthquake reinsurance payouts, such the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, and the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes. The earthquake reinsurance scheme is managed through public-private cooperation with the Japanese government, private non-life insurance companies and JER working together. -
Main Seismic Phases: Seismic Phases and 3D Seismic Waves
Seismic Phases and 3D Seismic Waves Main Seismic Phases: These are stacked data records from many event and station pairs. The results resemble those of predicted travel time curves from PREM (Preliminary Reference Earth Model, by Dziewonski and Anderson) 1 Naming conventions (Note: small and capitalized letters do matter!) P: P- wave in the mantle K: P-wave in the outer core I: P-wave in the inner core S: S-wave in the mantle J: S-wave in the inner core c: reflection off the core-mantle boundary (CMB) i: reflection off the inner-core boundary (ICB) Different waves have different paths, PmP: Reflection off of Moho hence are sensitive to different parts of the Pn: refracted wave on Moho Earth Pg: direct wave in the crust. 2 Arrival Time of Seismic Phases Terminology: Onset time (time for the beginning, not max, of a seismic phase. It is where waves begins to take off.) LQ, LR are 3 surface-related wave types. The UofA efforts: Canadian Rockies and Alberta Network (CRANE) 4 Not all phases are easily distinguishable: Below is the result from a 3.5 event in Lethbridge. Only P and surface waves are seen near Claresholm region. Strong decay due to sedimentary cover and attenuation. 5 Travel times of a given seismic arrival can be predicted based on the travel time table computed from a spherically symmetric Earth model (e.g., PREM, IASPEI). 6 Differential time between two phases (arrivals) are particularly useful for many reasons, some listed here: (1) Their time difference is essentially INSENSITIVE to source effect (since they came from the same source, regardless of the complexity of source.