Aprendizaje Y Procesamiento De Secuencias Formulaicas Con Distintos Grados De Variabilidad

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Aprendizaje Y Procesamiento De Secuencias Formulaicas Con Distintos Grados De Variabilidad Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 11-11-2016 12:00 AM Aprendizaje y procesamiento de secuencias formulaicas con distintos grados de variabilidad Jaime Ontiveros The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Joyce Bruhn de Garavito PhD The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Hispanic Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Jaime Ontiveros 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Applied Linguistics Commons, First and Second Language Acquisition Commons, Modern Languages Commons, Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics Commons, Semantics and Pragmatics Commons, and the Spanish and Portuguese Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Ontiveros, Jaime, "Aprendizaje y procesamiento de secuencias formulaicas con distintos grados de variabilidad" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4330. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4330 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii Abstract According to empirical and corpus research related to second language acquisition and teaching only a few learners reach a level equal to that of native speakers of the target language. It has been observed that these performance differences are frequently related to the combination of words that each of these speaker categories select to build their discourse. Native speakers use a huge number of sequences that have a very restricted range of variation that nevertheless constitute units of meaning; on the other hand, second language learners do not always take into consideration the combinatory proprieties of these sequences. Wray (2002, 2008) calls these restricted word combinations formulaic sequences (FSs). The research in this thesis is centered on the explicit teaching of two kind of FSs to Spanish second language learners: discourse connectors and idiomatic expressions. With this goal in mind, two experiments were designed to analyze the nature of these FSs and the effectiveness of three explicit teaching methodologies for its instruction: practical exercises, comprehension reading and graphic organizers. The comparison frame of these methodologies is related to the connections that each of these methodologies can make between new and previous knowledge. The first experiment consists of a pre-test post-test task to evaluate the learning and retention of FS in each of these groups. The results reveal that there are no significant differences among the experimental groups in relation to learning and retention of FSs. Another important find is that learners of Spanish as a second language learn and are able to remember these sequences for long periods, as shown by a delayed post-test. The second experiment is composed of a task that measures the reaction time for comparing the identity of multiple word sequences. The goal of this task is to examine ease of processing. This experiment tested the three groups mentioned and a control group composed of native speakers. The results reveal that learners and native speakers process FSs in a similar way. Keywords Vocabulary, collocations, formulaic sequences, multi-word units, formulaic language, second language, acquisition, learning, critical period, teaching methods. iii Resumen De acuerdo con investigaciones empíricas y de corpus relacionadas con la adquisición y enseñanza de segundas lenguas pocos aprendientes logran tener un desempeño equivalente al que tienen los hablantes nativos en la lengua meta. Se ha observado que estas diferencias se presentan a menudo en las combinaciones de palabras que cada categoría de hablantes selecciona para estructurar su discurso. Los hablantes nativos utilizan de manera abundante secuencias de palabras que exhiben muy poca variación y que de una manera u otra forman una unidad de interpretación; contrariamente, los aprendientes de segundas lenguas no toman en cuenta estas combinaciones restringidas en su producción. Wray (2002, 2008) denomina estas combinaciones de palabras secuencias formulaicas (SFs). La presente investigación se enfoca en la enseñanza explícita dirigida a aprendientes de español como segunda lengua de dos tipos de SFs: los conectores discursivos y las expresiones idiomáticas. Con este fin se diseñaron dos experimentos para examinar la naturaleza de estas SFs y la efectividad de tres metodologías para su enseñanza: ejercicios prácticos, lectura de comprensión y organizadores gráficos. El marco de comparación de estas metodologías se realiza en base a las conexiones que estas puedan establecer entre los conocimientos nuevos y los conocimientos previamente adquiridos. El primer experimento consta de una tarea pre- test post-test para evaluar y comparar el aprendizaje y la retención de estas SFs en cada grupo. Los resultados revelan que no hay diferencias significativas entre los grupos experimentales en el aprendizaje y retención de las SFs. Otro hallazgo importante es que los aprendientes de español como lengua segunda adquieren las SFs y logran retener estas secuencias de palabras por periodos prolongados como se observa en los delayed post- tests. El segundo experimento consta de una tarea que mide el tiempo de reacción para comparar la identidad de dos oraciones. Esta tarea tiene como fin examinar la facilidad de procesamiento de las SFs. En este experimento participan los grupos experimentales enunciados con anterioridad y un grupo de control integrado por hablantes nativos. Los resultados de este experimento revelan que los aprendientes y los hablantes nativos procesan de una manera similar las SFs. iv Palabras clave Vocabulario, colocaciones, secuencias formulaicas, unidades multi-palabra, lenguaje formulaico, segunda lengua, adquisición, aprendizaje, periodo crítico, metodologías de enseñanza. v Dedicatoria Esta tesis doctoral está dedicada con todo mi cariño y respeto a mis Padres: Irma Verónica Uranga de Ontiveros y Tomás Jaime Ontiveros Valenzuela. Soy muy afortunado por contar con su apoyo incondicional a lo largo de toda mi vida. vi Agradecimientos Deseo expresar mi más profundo agradecimiento a todas las personas me han apoyado a través de mi vida profesional y durante el desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral: A mi supervisora de tesis la Dra. Joyce Bruhn de Garavito de la Universidad Western por sus aportaciones a esta tesis de investigación, su guía, su estímulo y su confianza a través de todo mi doctorado. A todos los profesores que me impartieron clases en la Universidad Western: Dra. Silvia Perpiñan, Dra. Yasaman Rafat y Dr. Rafael Montano. A la Profesora Ana García-Allen de la Universidad Western por su apoyo en la logística de las tareas de los experimentos presentados en esta investigación; así como por su respaldo a lo largo de mi trayectoria como TA en esta universidad. A la Dra. Hanan Lutfiyya y Dr. Jeff Shantz de la Universidad Western por todas las facilidades que me dieron en sus laboratorios de computación para llevar a cabo los experimentos que fueron base de la presente investigación. A las asistentes del programa de Estudios Hispánicos de la Universidad Western: Sylvia Kontra, Dawn Gingerich, Teresa Aconito y Jamie Karp por apoyarme a través de todo mi doctorado. A la Dra. Sandra Garabano y Dra. Kirsten Nigro de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso por iniciarme en el camino de la enseñanza. A la Dra. Irasema Coronado, Dr. Stephen L. Crites y Dr. Gang Lee por iniciarme en el camino de la investigación. A todos mis profesores de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso que me iniciaron en el estudio de la Lingüística: Dra. Ellen Courtney, Dra. María Blume, Dr. Nicholas Sobin, Dr. Richard V. Teschner, Dr. Jon Amastae, Dr. Charles Elerick y Dr. Edward Lee Blansitt. vii A todos mis profesores de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso que me iniciaron en el estudio de la Literatura: Dr. Armando Armengol, Dr. Fernando García, Dr. Albert Bagby y Profesor Arturo Ramos. La literatura fue una de las inspiraciones de la presente disertación de tesis. Al Profesor Héctor Enríquez de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso por todo su apoyo a lo largo de mi trayectoria como TA en esa universidad. A todos los participantes que fueron parte de ésta y otras de mis investigaciones académicas. Finalmente, a toda mi familia y amigos por su respaldo. Gracias por su solidaridad y por compartir sus conocimientos conmigo. viii Tabla de Contenido Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Resumen ............................................................................................................................. iii Dedicatoria .......................................................................................................................... v Agradecimientos ................................................................................................................ vi Tabla de Contenido .......................................................................................................... viii Lista de Tablas ................................................................................................................. xiii Lista de Figuras ................................................................................................................
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