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A Hundred Years Educational Work in the Former Calabar Province (1846-1946)

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A Hundred Years Educational Work in the Former Calabar Province (1846-1946) Durham E-Theses A hundred years educational work in the former Calabar Province (1846-1946) Adiakpan, J. B. How to cite: Adiakpan, J. B. (1962) A hundred years educational work in the former Calabar Province (1846-1946), Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10000/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 net Correct to SQ.^ ChaJt CAla^b^r f^ouinc^ MJASJ^^tti/n^ iff the fiYo/iSi'itn tff j>rinna.r<j Q,cLu.c»jtio-n ^ ^i.t/tetM.'m^ / inli CorisicLtra^Cion tht f>ro/>orCi'i>r> cHlLoCrtn at school cor<njt>t4m a tht t6txL chU^' /io^ulectiorii tht number o^StCfneLarj ic^o»lsy^€rsona.C//t'fs /r^*^ f^ytp^S, k^riS Lik^ CcclcU>'c>. O^oh0 cuid £Aet, and i-or U^c^^^" iqTif, - by f'f^ ftreent of ChUotytn of SahooL ecge u.'trt at: JcA»oL(^Mhi/t othtr 221 Years Provinces Girls Total 0 1931 Calabar 8,282 2,860 119142 Owerri 8,084 1,107 9,191 Onitsha 7,028 ],280 8,308 1936 Ovrerri 10,?31 2,309 12,540 Calabar 8,445 39434 llp875 Onitaha 7,305 1.934 9,239 , • tea3S^53S5 that Calabar Province nas leading all other provinces in Southern Nigeria in the provision of primary education and a'Astem Region, for that matter, ^7as leading all other regions because all the provinces above belong to the Eastern Region, '^^ • ^ i»p}^t^^ kf ' - • A/^ j^- *9«r- A visitor to Calabar today, like BJrSo Elspeth Hvutley,^^ may be fascinated because, of all the regions, it is the most modem and the most ancient, the most altered and the most unchanged, but he will never find the type of barbarism that shocked Macgregor Laird in 1833, as we have already seen. It a torn that no less a person than Her Klajesty Queen Elizabeth II can visit and actually visited in 1956o il7e may here note too that it inas in Calabar Province, the land of Bsere bean administrators, that local government ?as first 20 introduced into Nigeriao All this could not have happened but for the education given in those dayso Anscers to the Questions aslied. 1. The number of iissisted schcol : in the table c. f a; o o'^ slioult be 55 and ^^ot 51* I wi-C'&e "witn r.". averaf'o att<^..ri_n'^D tif nvcr 12,000" in my 3cri"^t ^-'ut/v/c^ '-.y :.ake iaj-.e:. lUiJ t.vputi L,O "witJi an average attendance of 11,0U0" • 2. p. 105- The "attendance" ligurcs for table II are r.ot available, I thouglit a coiuparison w.ud ..o ..ade he-.r-'.-.t, '^iiiy "oii roll" fitiurcs iji -iuu. 3. p.124. This is obviousli^ a .-.-.istiji. The atter.da' oe .inures aro not available; I wrote the fii^urcj: {,ivor. by Bis-feako. 4. p.2^,221. There are 2-io fii;iires aveiila'^le for civir<r. any idea of ths proportion 01 chilflren at sciiool couparei with the total child population for tl^e period covered by tha tb6 present vAsrk. ^T. frori fijures pul.'i- icd ii. 11,54 xa. "Policy for Education; Laid on the Tall-" of the -Janiem House of Assembly as Sescioual Paper No.2 of 1954" -x-lach gives Calabar Province as the only province in 1953 i^-th fifty percent of children of Prir.aiv scliool age in school, 28 percent of which \TGre girls, it cai: be inferred that of the five provinces of jlastom Ki^eria in 1946, or earlier^ Calabar Province had the highest proportion of children of school a^e at school. From the I933 Cunsus figures all have come to accept that Calabar Province was a small province compared to Owerri or Onitsha. This has bsen confirmed by the 1953 Census, the figures of irfiich, quoted from the "Nigeria Year ^ok 1958", is given beS^ Eastern Nigeria (p. 179) • Population 7,218,000 (a) Province Total Population Ccslabar 1,541,000 Ogoja 1,082,000 Onitsha 1,769,000 Owerri 2,078,000 Rivers 748,000 (b) Population of age i:roup 7-14 Calabar 271,000 Ogoja 187,000 Onitsha 511,000 Owerri 402,000 Rivers 135,000 N.B. Most of the children of the priraarj' school age come voider this group. Assuming that from 1946 the population of Malabar Province has not hoen decreasing, while those of Onitsha and Owerri provinces increase stoadily, I think that even though by 1936 the nurihcr of ciiildren at school in Owerri Province started to be iiore thar. that of children in Calabar Province,in view of the facts stated a>ove the overall influence of education was greater in Calabar Province than in Cwerri Province. f§ Even in the field of secondar:/ sdhoation Calabar by 1^46 had secondary schools scattered over the province, as it has been stated in the dissertation, xAereas Owerri had only three - two Goveniment Secondary Schools and one Voluntary Agency. There were Eany at Onitsha town, but cost of the outlying districts had none. 3ven those at Onltsha were riostly unapi roved of akiucation ir '±s ISast ar-^r-;-> -.anaged ac',.oclr fc," Govomrien-b jraiits hix>Ufpt tne jMr.i^--3r ai. ry i;.oo loggerhe;. ^ci facts and the ?'9n«ral opinior 3 peo-' Pi-- • and alieuc, nave cor:vin3?d ...e that at least up xo tae sna ol 'i.'.e period luider consideration Calabar Frc- the aoct ?j^.-ar'.cod and ^rojr?ssive IJow to tiia other quar t' ..nt.. In Or.l-v-'W rroviiice^as in the reat of V iiigh. La wii, i.e. iz^'Ui abet the a^y at which a cailc could begin pchooiir.^- ca^-e tc. '^a ii^b:. /"cen five aiid eifij-.t. Tl:e popular olac3 .-uter -sii' " i ^'p- •^(j attend PCV.OCI vras staixdard four. Before li,30 t-ie tiiuc t.iac ffas epeut in sc., Ieavi;.f7 in ntaj-ziarl f^ur ras sovcr ye^.rsjir a bey "^.id net "eper.t ^ny class. Ai'tor ii "'i-o iix years. i.ai:^ c:" t .OCJ r.c.c c^.•.l^ill'a - after staiidard six, speiidiny nine or e._:ht yoirs in the pr3-«nd poct- ."''"'30 ^ears respectively. Ca] a :'o'.v cf tl-iO':3 -r.o '"ad .,>''^no•• and ohanoe wont to socondarj' schools. I:: th',s c;w3iliiejfvvoiu.; opc.;d four or si;: years more, dependinfT on -.Thether^iiey 1: ' / or Class /I, i _.Ohit '^-r ninety p-:='rce . .. ...s^ - staidaixi two >-frr- 1930, in standard four after i:^:iO. /cv-r iiiiif! percent read up tc staiwarl and less tha/i nn^-quartor per<^:; tiie se^ondarj' echc^lr. jJi.jrw ware aiiu 3'oiii J.^CV:..;, t JIJ gi '-ls on the one hand, and 'betweeii bey .:p in town3 and ixr.vc ^. ^. nrou^rht up in countr:,' dirtr^ .., . ercnce a l is i. Lor the-^ r brothers. ' ..Jit knowledfs' {:.') Mi;c;":i. •• in owl air' C'^i.- as^the tu.vr; "oy, his ac;.^ - itlonaliy is net ns out- GtSJldi:^ U.. (iv) The couiitr;)- ^o;' ia alijc sli:' at:d retirliifc,. He feols ho v/ill make irdstaJcesat ever;,. s-l3p ai.' r'?ojir; int-ricr DTO ^cy oi the /it^/r'l^'^. saac ^ia&s a£ ho.i;ei -i. r Owei-\L nor Onitcha could then boar?t of more ^pod towns, wiiers pec:!'? ere ci'-zilized and cultured, thaj: "al^''.^ .r. th -^^foro T T, cor.v'r.-^e' y-^yoij] any shadow ol' doubt tL..c txt ±aa^t up ^o Calabar Frovixice was leadi:i;, aJ-1 other provinc ?o in iact^rr. I^ifeeria in the provision of ed ' • A Hundi?cd YoaE>s Educational Uoirk In Tho Fcsao? Colabar Province (1846 - 1946) Subui-fcted 1^ J. Bo Adiolcpasi For IHio Dogroo Of II^tQ? of ArtSo Juao 1962o The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. nathod of Investigationo It vjas not an oassy task to find out tiie facts uliich are urittsn in this dissertation aVout educational pgocrosa - in the fossaer Calabar Province fron tiie very feegin: ing (I846) to 1946* This is GO "hecauDO proper rocorda raro not kopt by thooo xfao uoro angagod in the rark of psovicliiis education in the province e IJhoro rosords uare avcdlafclo, naoy rare vory suspicious about lottiiis people ooe thepo records* Perhaps tliose coaeemed had certain things tlioy TOmted to hidoj otherwise I do not see uhy eiono otill roftioed to cooperate eStov seeing Professor .^asloshaa'a otateniont on iqy uorko In this roopect it cio^it bo add that there are diopleasing runours about certain nissions wiora Africans have recently been {jivon positicao of responsibility* It is said that neu records ore bsin^j issued for the African-run departnonta and that the old ones used by cissioaarios are locked awayo I oven Dot iTith refusals froa laaay African canagors of all danoninatioas Dho uere suepioious of such an innovation as educational research.
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