Use of Shoulders and Narrow Lanes to Increase Freeway Capacity
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I NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HI G H W AY RESEARCH PROGRAM I Use of Shoulders and Narrow Lanes to Increase Freeway Capacity Transpo . rtation Research Board National Research Council TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1995 OFFICERS Chair: Lillian C. Borrone, Director, Port Authority, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Vice Chair: James W. VAN Loben Sels, Director, California Department of Transportation Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board MWAMERS EDWARD H. ARNOLD, Chair and President, Arnold Industries, Lebanon, PA SHARON D. BANKS, General Manager, AC Transit, Oakland, CA BRIAN J. L. BERRY, Lloyd Viel Berkner Regental Professor & Chair, Bruron Centerfor Development Studies, University of Texas at Dallas DWIGHT M. BOWER, Director, Idaho Department of Transportation JOHN E. BREEN, The Nasser L Al-Rashid Chair in Civil Engineering, Tile University of Texas at Austin DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy A. RAY CHAMBERLAIN, Vice President, Freight Policy, American Trucking Associations, Inc. (Past Chair, 1993) RAY W. CLOUGH, Nishkian Professor of Structural Engineering, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation JAMES C. DELONG, Director ofAviation, Denver International Airport, Denver, Colorado DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority, Albany, IVY JAMES A. HAGEN, Chairimin of the Board and CEO, CONRAIL DELON HAMPTON, Chairman & CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, Civil Engineering, University of Virginia DON C. KELLY, Secretary and Commissioner of Highways, Transportation,Cabiner, Kentucky ROBERT KOCHANOWSKI, Executive Director, Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission JAMES L. LAMMEE, President & CEO. Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. CHARLES P. O'LEARY, JR., Commissioner, New Hampshire Department of Transportation JUDE W. P. PATIN, Secretary, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development CRAIG E. PHILIP, President, Ingram Barge Co., Nashville, 77V DARREL RENSINK, Director, Iowa Department of Transportation JOSEPH M. iUSSMAN, JR East Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT MARTIN WACHS, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California DAVID N. WORMLEY, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University HOWARD YERUSALIM, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association (ex officio) ROY A. ALLEN, Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association ofAmerican Railroads (ex officio) ANDREW H. CARD, JR., President and CEO, American Automobile Manufacturers Association THOMAS J. DONOHUE, President and CEO, American Trucking Associations (ex officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Cifficials (ex officio) JACK R. GILSTRAP, Executive Vice President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio) ALBERT J. HERDERGER, Maritime Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) DAVID R. HINSON, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) GORDON J. LINTON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) RICARDO MARTINEZ, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) JOLENE M. MOLITORIS, Federal Railroad Administrator, US. Department of Transportation (ex officio) DAVE SHARMA, Research and Special Programs Administrator, US. Department of Transportation (ex officio) RODNEY E. SLATER, Federal Highway Administrator. U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) ARTHUR E. WILLIAMS, Chief of Engineers and Commander, US. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio) NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHR LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Port Authority of New York and New. Jersey (Chair) ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, American Association of State Highway and RODNEY E. SLATER, Federal Highway Administration Transportation Officials JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN Massachusetts Institute of Technology LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, California Department of Transportation Field of Traffic Area of Operations and Control Project Panel G3-43 RONALD C. SONNTAG, Wisconsin Department of Transportation (Chair) JAMES R. ROBINSON, Federal Highway Administration MICHAEL M. CHRISTENSON, Minnesota Department of Transportation ROGER P. ROESSj Polytechnic University, Brooklyn,, NY ALEX KENNEDY, California Department of Transportation DAVID L. TOLLET7, Federal Highway Administration JEFFREY A. LINDLEY, Federal Highway Administration HENRY LIEU, FHWA Liaison Representative JOHN C. POWERS, New Jersey Department of Transportation RICHARD A. CUNARD, TRB Liaison Representative TIMOTHY R. NEUMAN, CH2M Hill, Chicago, IL Program S ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs RONALD McCREADY, Senior Program Officer CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Manager, NCHRP FRANK R. McCULLAGH, Senior Program Officer LLOYD R. CROWTHER, Senior Program Officer KENNETH S. OPIELA, Senior Program Officer B. RAY DERR, Senior Program Officer SCOTT A. SABOL, Senior Program Officer AMIR N. HANNA, Senior Program Officer EILEEN P. DELANEY, Editor KAMI CABRAL, Editorial Assistant NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Report 369 Use of ShouldersI and Narrow Lanes to Increas le Freeway Capacity J.E. CURREN JHK & Associates Alexandria, VA Subject Areas Highway and Facility Design Highway Operations, Capacity, and Traffic Control Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1995 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH NCHRP REPORT 369 PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 343 FY'91 approach to the solution of many problems facing highway admin- istrators; and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local inter- ISSN 0077-5614 est and can best be studied by highway departments individually ISBN 0-309-05369-2 or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops in- L. C. Catalog Card No. 94-62110 creasingly complex'problems of wide interest to highway authori- ties. These problems are best studied through a coordinated pro- Price $23.00 gram of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modem scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States De- NOTICE partment of Transportation. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative The Transportation Research Board of the National Research Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with Council was requested by the Association to administer the research the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and under- reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the standing of modem research practices. The Board is uniquely suited National Research Council. for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due be drawn; it possesses avenues of cormnunications and cooperation consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to Transportation. bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee to use them. according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research The program is developed on the basis of research needs identi- Council. fied by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council