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Diplomová Práce Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav románských studií Diplomová práce Bc. Klára Schumannová Lexikální aspekty kubánské španělštiny Lexical aspects of Cuban Spanish Praha 2016 Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Petr Čermák, Ph.D Konzultant: Mgr. et Mgr. Ariel Laurencio Tacoronte Poděkování Ráda bych poděkovala vedoucímu této práce Doc. PhDr. Petrovi Čermákovi, PhD. za cenné rady, nápady a připomínky. Také bych ráda poděkovala konzultantovi Mgr. et Mgr. Arielovi L. Tacorontemu za poskytnutí nejen odborných materiálů, ale i vlastních názorů na zkoumané téma, jeho připomínky a jeho trpělivost a ochotu. Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, že jsem řádně citovala všechny použité prameny a literaturu, a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze, dne 5. května 2016 Bc. Klára Schumannová Abstrakt (česky) Tématem této diplomové práce jsou lexikální aspekty kubánské španělštiny a především vliv jiných jazyků na její slovní zásobu. Teoretická část se věnuje historicko-kulturním okolnostem vývoje kubánské varianty španělštiny, stručně nastiňuje historii kubánské lexikografie a zabývá se především vlivy španělštiny dobyvatelů, indiánských jazyků, afrických jazyků, francouzštiny, angličtiny, čínštiny a ruštiny na kubánské lexikum. Stručně pojednává také o sociolingvistické situaci. Teoretická východiska jsou dále podrobena analýze v praktické části, ve které je zkoumán výskyt vybraných výrazů v lingvistických korpusech CREA, CORPES XXI a Araneum Hispanicum Maius. Klíčová slova (česky) slovní zásoba, kubánská varianta španělštiny, španělština, Kuba, dialektologie Abstract (in English): The topic of the present thesis is the lexical aspects of Cuban Spanish, primarily the influence of other languages on its vocabulary. The theoretical part is dedicated to the historical and cultural circumstances of the history of the Cuban variant of Spanish, it briefly outlines the evolution of the Cuban lexicography and, most importantly, it pays attention to the impact of other languages: Spanish of the conquerors, Indian languages, African languages, French, English, Chinese and Russian on Cuban lexis. In addition, a short part of the thesis is dedicated to the sociolinguistic situation in Cuba. The theoretical background serves as the basis for the practical part of the thesis, in which the occurrence of selected lexical items in the linguistics corpora CREA, CORPES XXI and Araneum Hispanicum Maius is examined. Klíčová slova (anglicky): lexis, Cuban variant of Spanish, Spanish, Cuba, dialectology Obsah Úvod ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Stanovení teoretických východisek a definice základních pojmů ............................................ 10 Historicko-kulturní vývoj dané jazykové oblasti ...................................................................... 12 Kubánská lexikografie .............................................................................................................. 18 Diatopické rozdělení Kuby ....................................................................................................... 21 Stručná charakteristika dnešní kubánské španělštiny ............................................................... 23 Fonetické aspekty ................................................................................................................. 23 Morfologické a syntaktické aspekty ..................................................................................... 24 Lexikální aspekty .................................................................................................................. 25 Kubánská slovní zásoba ............................................................................................................ 26 Vliv kastilštiny a andaluského dialektu 15. a 16. století ....................................................... 26 Vliv indiánských jazyků ....................................................................................................... 32 Vliv afrických jazyků ............................................................................................................ 43 Vliv francouzštiny ................................................................................................................. 50 Vliv angličtiny ...................................................................................................................... 54 Vliv čínštiny .......................................................................................................................... 60 Vliv ruštiny ........................................................................................................................... 64 Sociolingvistická situace na Kubě ........................................................................................ 69 Analýza ..................................................................................................................................... 72 Indiánské jazyky ................................................................................................................... 74 Africké jazyky ....................................................................................................................... 79 Francouzština ........................................................................................................................ 82 Angličtina .............................................................................................................................. 85 Čínština ................................................................................................................................. 88 Ruština .................................................................................................................................. 88 Závěr ......................................................................................................................................... 89 Resumé ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Resumen .................................................................................................................................... 93 Bibliografie ............................................................................................................................... 95 Použitá literatura ................................................................................................................... 95 Korpusy ................................................................................................................................. 98 Slovníky ................................................................................................................................ 98 Elektronické zdroje ............................................................................................................... 98 Úvod Tato diplomová práce se věnuje tématu kubánské španělštiny, její slovní zásoby a především vlivu jiných jazyků na její lexikum. Toto téma jsme si vybrali z toho důvodu, že nás zajímala nejen kubánská španělština, ale i historie a kultura Kuby: domníváme se totiž, že studium jednotlivých vědních oborů, které na Kubu nazírají z různého pohledu, může přinést ucelený, a tedy věrnější obraz. Tuto skutečnost lze demonstrovat faktem, že bez znalosti historických a kulturních okolností by byla řada jevů, vyskytujících se v kubánské španělštině, nevysvětlitelná. Proto se, po stanovení základních teoretických východisek, v první části této práce věnujeme právě těmto historickým okolnostem. Tato část textu nabízí stručný přehled historického vývoje Kuby s důrazem na ta období, která jsou nejvýznamnější pro téma naší práce. Jsou jimi období conquisty a střetávání dobyvatelů a kolonizátorů s indiány, období dovozu afrických otroků, období kontaktu s Francií a vzhlížení k ní a období ekonomického a politického vlivu Spojených států amerických. Také se krátce zabýváme obdobím dovážení čínských smluvních pracovníků a kontaktům se Sovětským svazem. Následující kapitola stručně pojednává o kubánské lexikografii a přináší čtenáři přehled nejvýznamnějších děl věnovaných kubánskému lexiku. Jak bude v této kapitole vysvětleno, první komplexní slovník amerikanismů je věnován právě lexiku kubánskému. V dalších dvou kapitolách se stručně věnujeme diatopickému rozdělení Kuby a charakteristickým rysům kubánské španělštiny v rovině fonetické a fonologické, morfosyntaktické a lexikální. Této poslední rovině je věnována výrazně větší pozornost v následujících kapitolách, které se postupně zabývají vlivy indiánských a afrických jazyků, francouzštiny, angličtiny, čínštiny a ruštiny na kubánskou slovní zásobu. Vzhledem k tomu, že jsme neměli možnost na Kubu vycestovat a studovat tak kubánské lexikum přímo, byli jsme odkázáni na práci s texty a díly lingvistů a odborníků, kteří se tomuto tématu věnovali. Z tohoto důvodu lze konstatovat, že tato práce přináší v ucelené podobě výsledky výzkumů a studií řady autorů, jejichž názory jsme se snažili vzájemně konfrontovat. Uvádíme také mnoho příkladů slov užívaných na Kubě. V případě, že se jedná o slova pocházející z poloostrovní španělštiny, která na Kubě nabyla jiného významu, uvádíme jejich poloostrovní ekvivalent. Do českého jazyka jsme se rozhodli přeložit pouze výrazy nehispánského původu, jež obohatily kubánskou slovní zásobu,
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