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Remembering Angola – Cuban Internationalism, Transnational Spaces, and the Politics of Memories

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Remembering Angola – Cuban Internationalism, Transnational Spaces, and the Politics of Memories REMEMBERING ANGOLA – CUBAN INTERNATIONALISM, TRANSNATIONAL SPACES, AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORIES by Marisabel Almer A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Ruth Behar, Chair Associate Professor Kelly M. Askew Associate Professor Maria E. Cotera Professor Maxwell K. Owusu La vida no es la que uno vivió, sino la que uno recuerda y cómo la recuerda para contarla. Life is not what one lived, but what one remembers and how one remembers it in order to recount it. – Gabriel García Márquez © Marisabel Almer All rights reserved 2011 DEDICATION For big F who never doubted, M² squared who made it all worth it, and little f who never once left my side. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to whom I would like to express gratitude for their support along this journey. I am grateful to my committee members, especially my advisor, Ruth Behar. The generosity, encouragement, professionalism, and dedication you show your students is inspiring. I would never have been able to complete this dissertation without your guidance. Thanks to the other committee members, Kelly Askew, Maria Cotera, and Maxwell Owusu, for their support, insight, and understanding after my long silence. Laurie Marx was always there for me with an answer, a solution, a word of advice, and the patience of a saint. I was fortunate to have generous financial support during the research and writing of this dissertation from the University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School, the Latin American and Caribbean Studies Program, the Center for Afroamerican and African Studies, the International Institute, the Anthropology Department, and the David L. Boren Graduate Fellowship. Thank you to the directors and participants of the Interrogating the African Diaspora seminar at Florida International University and my fellow panelist and audience members at the Travel Writing and Diasporic Spaces conference in Lisbon for their comments and feedback, as well as to the Institute for the Recruitment of Teachers (IRT) in Andover, particularly Clemente White, who has encouraged me for more years than I care to remember, and Kelly Wise for his vision. iii Thanks to my dearest friends for expressing unwavering support. Maria Ilich, your phone calls, emails, and texts helped to get me through graduate school, junior high, high school, college, and fourth grade. Florencia Quintanar Bermúdez, your relentless discipline and marathon Mexican work ethic continue to motivate me to improve myself and be a better person. My wonderful friends Hiroko Oda and Gabriela Sampaio were always there when I needed them. James Gallas, our Cuban film exchange through that most outdated of modes, regular mail, occurred at just the right time. In Santa Ana, Nancy Helen Tran and Mark Escalante, reminded me when no one else did why I needed to keep writing. Justin Read, who thanked me so unforgettably many years ago, I feel I must return the favor. Thank you for your decision because otherwise I would have never known. In the first years of graduate school I counted on the support of my cohort in Ann Arbor, especially Maria Alejandra, Randy, Sergio Miguel, Yolanda, Xochitl, and María Fernanda, as well as the members of the immigrant community who asked me to dance on all those cold Michigan nights. I am eternally grateful to those who took care of my most prized possession while I wrote – particularly Yordanka, Eliana, Brianna, my mother Maria Isabel Almer, and most especially, Ana Bertha Melgarejo, I hope to be as good a mother as you some day. To mi Cubita linda, and all the helpful, wonderful and graceful people I have met during my extended stays, I appreciate the hospitality, kindness, intellect, and love you have shown me. Thanks to all my family and friends there: Yoyo, Bertha, Montejo, Frank, Aicel, Betty, Leticia, Yasser, Raulito, Nancy, Armando, Germán, all the people de la cuadra, and everyone else, too many to name. Thank you to all the men and women iv who have so generously shared their stories and time with me in Cuba and Boston, I am forever indebted. I am also grateful to my extended family in Colombia, as well as my parents and brothers, Carl and Elmer, for encouraging and inspiring me in their own special way. My aunt Ligia in Palmira, and cousin Hilda in Miami were always there with a kind word. Thanks to my occasional traveling partners, my father Carlos B. Almer, the most beautiful man ever to walk the streets of Matanzas, and my aunt Sara Wellman, the one and only, undisputed muñeca from Matanzas. We never do manage to visit all the old boyfriends and girlfriends, but as long as we can we’ll keep on trying. And my cousin Yoyo, the only person I know that has fought death and won. We both know it won’t always be that way, it is inevitable after all, pero le diste trabajo. You are right, old women are the strongest beings in the world – untouchable – what can they do to you? It gives me something to look forward to. To my immediate family, thank you for forgiving all the late nights, and the many hours of ignoring you. Fred, my most faithful companion, I think Madame de Staël said it best. My little one with the long name, Marisabel Milagros Montejo Almer, who was so punctual from the very beginning, I wish I could say the same. You made the struggle more challenging but the end result much more rewarding. And finally, my husband Fredy Montejo Vega, your discipline constantly inspires me – no excuses! So now you know there are worse places, and for me it is anywhere you are not. v PROLOGUE The room was emptying at an international academic conference in Lisbon. I had just delivered a paper on the memories of Cuban veterans about their time in Angola. One of my fellow panel members who had also stayed behind turned to me and said: “Oh I understand, you don’t really care about Angola; you are studying Cuba.” With these words he knocked the wind out of me. I told him that that was not true, and rambled on about how I do care about Angola, wished I had been able to do field research there, that for a variety of reasons was not able to, but that I hoped to in the future. He was correct, however, my project is essentially about Cuba and not Angola. This study is an attempt to better understand Cuban society by looking at one particular event in their history, the Cuban intervention in Angola. Like the Vietnam War for the United States or the Afghanistan War for the former Soviet Union, this event defined a generation, and has had long and lasting, deeply felt consequences in Cuban society. There are conflicting stories regarding almost every aspect of the nearly sixteen- year Cuban presence in Angola, underscoring the complexities and controversies of any war, but especially one during the Cold War in which the governments from around the world were involved. Although it is easy to get caught up in the political situation of the Cuban Revolution and the reasons why Cuba became involved in Angola, documenting the military history of the endeavor is not the primary objective of this work. Rather, I am vi interested in the stories of everyday Cuban soldiers and how their experience in Angola affected and shaped their lives, and how they made sense of the exchange between the two countries. At times in the process of researching and writing the dissertation, I myself lost sight of the objective, but I was fortunate that my Angolan and Cuban friends reminded me of the importance of telling their story; the importance of not having their voices erased, nor having them simply reduced to a history of battle tactics and Cold War propaganda. They pushed me forward. I hope that my attempt to document their memories has lived up to their expectations. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii PROLOGUE vi LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv GLOSSARY xv ABSTRACT xviii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION: REMEMBERING ANGOLA – NO VINE A MORIR 1 Overview Methodology Field Sites In the Field Cuban Milieu Cuban National Identity, Revolutionary Internationalism, & the “New Man” Third World Solidarity, the Non-Aligned Movement, and Cuban Internationalism Cuba has always been Internationalist Cuban Internationalism in Africa, 1959-1975 Angola’s Struggle for Independence from Portugal Angolan Independence, Cuban Involvement, and the Cold War Cuito Cuanavale, the New York Peace Accord, and Cuban Withdrawal The End of the Cold War, General Ochoa, and the Special Period Review of Literature on Cuban Internationalism Salvaging Memories CHAPTER II: AFRICAN SOLIDARITY AND THE MAKING OF CUBAN viii (TRANS) NATIONAL MEMORY 66 Memory and History A Latin-African People – the Making of Cuban (Trans) National Memory Operación Carlota Gender, Sexuality, and Sacrifice The Fight Against Apartheid South Africa The Legacy of Racial Solidarity Textbooks N’Vula Caravana Kangamba 30th Anniversary Documentaries Conclusion CHAPTER III: WAR NARRATIVES – RACE, AND SENSUOUS MEMORIES OF THE OTHER 107 Current Literature on Memory Encounters with the Other El Habanero and Sensuous Memories of the Other The Backward Savage Sexuality, Hygiene, Disease, and the Other Racial Politics in Cuba and Cuentos de Negros Conclusion CHAPTER IV: THE CUBAN STORY TELLER – THE LIFE HISTORY OF AN INTERNATIONALIST 140 Memory, Life History, and Storytelling On a Rooftop with El Palestino Recording El Palestino’s Life History An Oral History – Examples of Early Internationalism Cuban Internationalism Saying War
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