DOCSLIB.ORG

Mechanisms of Trophic Partitioning Within Two Fish Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mechanisms of Trophic Partitioning Within Two Fish Communities Mechanisms of trophic partitioning within two fish communities associated with a tropical oceanic island Clément Trystram, David Roos, David Guyomard, Sébastien Jaquemet To cite this version: Clément Trystram, David Roos, David Guyomard, Sébastien Jaquemet. Mechanisms of trophic parti- tioning within two fish communities associated with a tropical oceanic island. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, 2015, 14 (1-2), pp.93- 111. hal-01449334 HAL Id: hal-01449334 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01449334 Submitted on 14 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 14 | Issue 1/2 | Jan – Dec 2015 | ISSN: 0856-860X Chief Editor José Paula Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Chief Editor José Paula | Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Portugal Copy Editor Timothy Andrew Editorial Board Louis CELLIERS Blandina LUGENDO South Africa Tanzania Lena GIPPERTH Aviti MMOCHI Serge ANDREFOUËT Sweden Tanzania France Johan GROENEVELD Nyawira MUTHIGA Ranjeet BHAGOOLI South Africa Kenya Mauritius Issufo HALO Brent NEWMAN South Africa/Mozambique South Africa Salomão BANDEIRA Mozambique Christina HICKS Jan ROBINSON Australia/Uk Seycheles Betsy Anne BEYMER-FARRIS Johnson KITHEKA Sérgio ROSENDO Usa/Norway Kenya Portugal Jared BOSIRE Kassim KULINDWA Melita SAMOILYS Kenya Tanzania Kenya Atanásio BRITO Thierry LAVITRA Max TROELL Mozambique Madagascar Sweden Published biannually Aims and scope: The Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides an avenue for the wide dissem- ination of high quality research generated in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, in particular on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is central to the goal of supporting and promoting sustainable coastal development in the region, as well as contributing to the global base of marine science. The journal publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of marine science and coastal manage- ment. Topics include, but are not limited to: theoretical studies, oceanography, marine biology and ecology, fisheries, recovery and restoration processes, legal and institutional frameworks, and interactions/relationships between humans and the coastal and marine environment. In addition, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science features state-of-the-art review articles and short communications. The journal will, from time to time, consist of special issues on major events or important thematic issues. Submitted articles are subjected to standard peer-review prior to publication. Manuscript submissions should be preferably made via the African Journals Online (AJOL) submission plat- form (http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wiojms/about/submissions). Any queries and further editorial corre- spondence should be sent by e-mail to the Chief Editor, [email protected]. Details concerning the preparation and submission of articles can be found in each issue and at http://www.wiomsa.org/wio-journal-of-marine- science/ and AJOL site. Disclaimer: Statements in the Journal reflect the views of the authors, and not necessarily those of WIOMSA, the editors or publisher. Copyright © 2015 —Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the copyright holder. ISSN 0856-860X Cover image: Relief model of the WIO surface that integrates land topography and ocean bathymetry. Amante and Eakins / National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA (2009) WIO Journal of Marine Science 14 (1/2) 2015 93-111 Original Article 93 Mechanisms of trophic partitioning within two fish communities associated with a tropical oceanic island Clément Trystram1*, David Roos2, David Guyomard3, Sébastien Jaquemet1 3 1 UMR 9220 Entropie (Université 2 Ifremer Délégation Océan Comité Régional des Pêches *corresponding author: de La Réunion-IRD-CNRS), Indien, Rue Jean Bertho - Maritimes et des Elevages Marins, [email protected] Avenue René Cassin CS 92003, BP 60 - 97822 Le Port Cedex, 47 rue Evariste de Parny, 97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France 97827 Le Port Cedex, Ile de La Réunion, France. Ile de La Réunion, France Abstract Understanding drivers of trophic partitioning at the community level is an essential prerequisite to the establish- ment of ecosystem-based management of fisheries. In this study, we identify drivers of trophic partitioning within a community of epipelagic fish and a community of deep-water fishes off Reunion Island. Effects of intrinsic (species identity, etc.) and environmental variables (fishing zone, month) on stomach content composition and stable isotope ratios were tested using regression trees and linear models respectively. Our results demonstrated firstly an inde- pendence of both communities, with very few common prey although they occurred in similar localities, and sec- ondly, very different patterns of resources partitioning among each community. The community of epipelagic fish segregated into three trophic guilds composed of species foraging on a limited range of prey. This observation is not consistent with the general view that these high trophic level species are opportunistic and generalist. The habitat seems to be the main driver of deep-water fishes feeding partitioning, which is in accordance with the sound-scatter- ing layer interception hypothesis. Deep-water fishes would distribute in the water column at different depths and all species would feed on the same resources at each depth. The results of this study suggest that fisheries management should be very different for epipelagic (more species-centred) and deep-water fish (more habitat-centred). Keywords Trophic partitioning, Deep-sea, Epipelagic, Predator, Stable isotopes, Stomach contents Introduction acknowledged that the implementation of mod- In the context of increasing demand for marine-de- el-based ecosystem fisheries management is neces- rived food (Msangi et al., 2013), fisheries have extended sary (Garcia et al., 2003; Pikitch et al., 2004; Cury et al., both down the marine food web (decrease in the 2008). Such models are useful to evaluate and predict mean trophic level – TL – of catches of 0.1 TL.dec- the impacts of resource overexploitation and climate ade-1; Pauly et al., 1998) and into the depths (increase in change on ecosystems and to propose measures to the mean depth of fishing of 62.5 m.decade-1; Watson make fisheries more sustainable. and Morato, 2013). This rapid development of fish- eries led to drastic declines of numerous fish stocks, Prior to the development of such models, informa- with 58% of known stocks being overfished or already tion on biological interactions, energy transfer, con- collapsed (Froese et al., 2012). Moreover, fisheries sumption and production at the different trophic can extend their effects beyond targeted species by levels is required (Pauly et al., 2002; Christensen and affecting habitats or non-target species, and fish com- Walters, 2004), but such information is usually lack- munities, thereby changing the structure and func- ing. In particular, the influence of biotic and abiotic tion of ecosystems ( Jackson et al., 2001; Hsieh et al., parameters on trophic habits still requires clarifica- 2006; Myers et al., 2007). In order to understand the tion. Predator species, ontogeny and distance to shore impacts of fisheries on ecosystems, it is nowadays have been demonstrated to have significant influence 94 WIO Journal of Marine Science 14 (1/2) 2015 93-111 | C. Trystram et al. Figures Figure 1. Figure 1. Map of Reunion Island representing deep-water fish fishing zones in bold letters, limited by the 600 m isobath, and anchored fishing aggregating devices in black triangles. White circles represent harbours with size proportional to the number of fishermen, from 2 (smallest circles) to 42 (largest circles). on predator diet and community structure (Haight, exploited by the local artisanal fisheries was reported 1993; Lowe et al., 1996; Jaquemet et al., 2011, Allain (Fleury et al., 2012; Guyomard et al., 2012; Le Manach et al., 2012). Nevertheless, some regional or tempo- et al., 2015). Although they are economically impor- ral diet variations suggest various degrees of dietary tant for the artisanal fishing sector, knowledge of the specialisation according to parameters that remain ecology of these fish species remains very limited. undetermined for many species, including both oce- Jaquemet et al. (2011) showed that yellowfin (Thunnus anic (eg Coryphaena hippurus and Thunnus albacares; albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwanus pelamis) tuna feed Buckley and Miller, 1994; Taquet, 2004; Graham upon diverse assemblages of coastal fish and crusta- et al., 2007; Tripp-Valdez et al., 2010) and deep-water cean larvae and juveniles off
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fishes of Terengganu East Coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia Ii Iii
    i Fishes of Terengganu East coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia ii iii Edited by Mizuki Matsunuma, Hiroyuki Motomura, Keiichi Matsuura, Noor Azhar M. Shazili and Mohd Azmi Ambak Photographed by Masatoshi Meguro and Mizuki Matsunuma iv Copy Right © 2011 by the National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyrights of the specimen photographs are held by the Kagoshima Uni- versity Museum. For bibliographic purposes this book should be cited as follows: Matsunuma, M., H. Motomura, K. Matsuura, N. A. M. Shazili and M. A. Ambak (eds.). 2011 (Nov.). Fishes of Terengganu – east coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix + 251 pages. ISBN 978-4-87803-036-9 Corresponding editor: Hiroyuki Motomura (e-mail: [email protected]) v Preface Tropical seas in Southeast Asian countries are well known for their rich fish diversity found in various environments such as beautiful coral reefs, mud flats, sandy beaches, mangroves, and estuaries around river mouths. The South China Sea is a major water body containing a large and diverse fish fauna. However, many areas of the South China Sea, particularly in Malaysia and Vietnam, have been poorly studied in terms of fish taxonomy and diversity. Local fish scientists and students have frequently faced difficulty when try- ing to identify fishes in their home countries. During the International Training Program of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (ITP of JSPS), two graduate students of Kagoshima University, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Marine Actinopterygian Assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne
    Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne To cite this version: Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne. Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece. PeerJ, PeerJ, 2021, 9, pp.e10676. 10.7717/peerj.10676. hal-03121049 HAL Id: hal-03121049 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03121049 Submitted on 26 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou1 and Donald Davesne2,3 1 UMR 7207 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3 UMR 7205 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS—EPHE), Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ABSTRACT The fossil record of marine ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) from the time interval surrounding the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction is scarce at a global scale, hampering our understanding of the impact, patterns and processes of extinction and recovery in the marine realm, and its role in the evolution of modern marine ichthyofaunas.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. the Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and Other Vertebrates
    Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 4, 2014, pp. 37-63 Excursion guidebook CBEP 2014-EPPC 2014-EAVP 2014-Taphos 2014 Conferences The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätten: A window into the Eocene World (editors C.A. Papazzoni, L. Giusberti, G. Carnevale, G. Roghi, D. Bassi & R. Zorzin) 5. The Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates [ CARNEVALE, } F. BANNIKOV, [ MARRAMÀ, ^ C. TYLER & ? ZORZIN G. Carnevale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, I-10125 Torino, Italy; [email protected] A.F. Bannikov, Borisyak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, Moscow 117997, Russia; [email protected] G. Marramà, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso, 35 I-10125 Torino, Italy; [email protected] J.C. Tyler, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (MRC-159), Washington, D.C. 20560 USA; [email protected] R. Zorzin, Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, I-37129 Verona, Italy; [email protected] INTRODUCTION ][` ~[~ `[ =5} =!+~ [=5~5 Ceratoichthys pinnatiformis5 #] ~}==5[ ~== }}=OP[~` [ "O**""P "}[~* "+5$!+? 5`=5` ~]!5`5 =5=[~5_ O"!P#! [=~=55~5 `#~! ![[[~= O"]!#P5`` `5} 37 G. Carnevale, A.F. Bannikov, G. Marramà, J.C. Tyler & R. Zorzin FIG. 1_Ceratoichthys pinnatiformis~=5"!Q5=` 5. The Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates `== `]5"`5`" O*!P[~ `= =5<=[ ~#_5` [#5!="[ [~OQ5=5""="P5 ` [~`}= =5^^+55 ]"5++"5"5* *5 [=5` _5 [==5 *5]5[=[[5* [5=~[` +~++5~5=!5 ["5#+?5?5[=~[+" `[+=\`` 5`55`_= [~===5[=[5 ```_`5 [~5+~++5 [}5` `=5} 5= [~5O# "~++[=[+ P5`5 ~[O#P #"5[+~` [=Q5 5" QRQ5$5 ][5**~= [`OQ= RP`=5[` `+5=+5`=` +5 _O# P5+5 O? ]P _ #`[5[=~ [+#+?5` !5+`}==~ `5``= "!=Q5 "`O? ]P+5 _5`~[ =`5= G.
    [Show full text]
  • MATT FRIEDMAN [email protected]
    MATT FRIEDMAN [email protected] Lecturer in Palaeobiology, Deparment of Earth Sciences Tutor in Earth Sciences, St. Hugh’s College University of Oxford and Research Associate Department of Vertebrate Paleontology American Museum of Natural History EDUCATION 2003-2009 Committee on Evolutionary Ph.D., Evolutionary Biology Biology University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 2003-2005 Committee on Evolutionary S.M., Evolutionary Biology Biology University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 2002-2003 Department of Zoology and M.Phil., Zoology University Museum of Zoology University of Cambridge Thesis Title: “New elements of the Late Cambridge, UK Devonian lungfish Soederberghia groenlandica (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) 1998-2002 Department of Earth and B.S., Geological Sciences (Bio-geology) Environmental Sciences University of Rochester Rochester, NY EMPLOYMENT/INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS 2010-present Department of Paleontology Research Associate American Museum of Natural History New York, NY 2009-present Department of Earth Sciences Lecturer in Palaeobiology University of Oxford Oxford, UK 2009-present St. Hugh’s College Tutor in Earth Sciences Oxford, UK M. Friedman: curriculum vitae EMPLOYMENT/TEACHING EXPERIENCE 2012-present Department of Earth Sciences Course developer and instructor: Vertebrate University of Oxford Palaeobiology Oxford, UK 2011-present Department of Earth Sciences Course developer and instructor: Evolution University of Oxford Oxford, UK Course co-developer and instructor: Fossil Records 2010 Department of Ecology and Guest lecturer:
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Leg 198 Synthesis: a Remarkable 120-M.Y
    Bralower, T.J., Premoli Silva, I., and Malone, M.J. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Volume 198 1. LEG 198 SYNTHESIS: A REMARKABLE 120-M.Y. RECORD OF CLIMATE AND OCEANOGRAPHY FROM SHATSKY RISE, NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN1 Timothy J. Bralower,2 Isabella Premoli Silva,3 and Mitchell J. Malone4 1Bralower, T.J., Premoli Silva, I., and ABSTRACT Malone, M.J., 2006. Leg 198 synthesis: A remarkable 120-m.y. record of climate and oceanography from Samples collected from a depth transect of eight sites during Ocean Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean. Drilling Program Leg 198 to Shatsky Rise contain a remarkable sedimen- In Bralower, T.J., Premoli Silva, I., and tary record of surface and deepwater circulation in the tropical Pacific Malone, M.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. over the past 120 m.y. In addition, basement sills recovered provide Results, 198, 1–47 [Online]. Available valuable constraints on the age and origin of the volcanic foundations from World Wide Web: <http:// www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/ of the rise. 198_SR/VOLUME/SYNTH/ The sediments recovered contain evidence of the long-term transi- SYNTH.PDF>. [Cited YYYY-MM-DD] tion from greenhouse to icehouse climate state and of several abrupt 2Department of Geosciences, climate change events. Shatsky Rise cores contain an exceptional record Pennsylvania State University, of an Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE1a) in the early Aptian (120 Ma), with University Park PA 16802, USA. [email protected] some of the highest organic carbon contents measured in pelagic sedi- 3Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, ments. These strata contain exceptionally preserved organic com- Università degli Studi di Milano, Via pounds including the oldest known alkenones.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bolca Lagerstätten: Shallow Marine Life in the Eocene
    Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 Review focus Journal of the Geological Society Published online May 8, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2017-164 | Vol. 175 | 2018 | pp. 569–579 The Bolca Lagerstätten: shallow marine life in the Eocene Matt Friedman1* & Giorgio Carnevale2 1 Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125, Torino, Italy M.F., 0000-0002-0114-7384 * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Eocene limestones around the Italian village of Bolca occur in a series of distinct localities providing a unique snapshot of marine life in the early Cenozoic. Famous for its fishes, the localities of Bolca also yield diverse invertebrate faunas and a rich, but relatively understudied flora. Most fossils from Bolca derive from the Pesciara and Monte Postale sites, which bear similar fossils but are characterized by slightly different taphonomic and environmental profiles. Although not precisely contemporaneous, the age of these principal localities is well constrained to a narrow interval within the Ypresian Stage, c. 50– 49 Ma. This places Bolca at a critical time in the evolutionary assembly of modern marine fish diversity and of reef communities more generally. Received 22 December 2017; revised 7 March 2018; accepted 8 March 2018 The rich fossil sites near Bolca, Italy provide a picture of life in a contains remains of crocodiles, turtles, snakes and plants. The warm, shallow marine setting during the early Eocene, roughly lignites of Vegroni yield a variety of plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Integration Drives Rapid Phenotypic Evolution in Flatfishes
    Integration drives rapid phenotypic evolution in flatfishes Kory M. Evansa,1, Olivier Larouchea, Sara-Jane Watsonb, Stacy Farinac, María Laura Habeggerd, and Matt Friedmane,f aDepartment of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005; bDepartment of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801; cDepartment of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059; dDepartment of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; eDepartment of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and fDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved March 19, 2021 (received for review January 21, 2021) Evolutionary innovations are scattered throughout the tree of life, organisms and is thought to facilitate morphological diversifica- and have allowed the organisms that possess them to occupy tion as different traits are able to fine-tune responses to different novel adaptive zones. While the impacts of these innovations are selective pressures (27–29). Conversely, integration refers to a well documented, much less is known about how these innova- pattern whereby different traits exhibit a high degree of covaria- tions arise in the first place. Patterns of covariation among traits tion (21, 30). Patterns of integration may be the result of pleiot- across macroevolutionary time can offer insights into the gener- ropy or functional coupling (28, 30–33). There is less of a ation of innovation. However, to date, there is no consensus on consensus on the macroevolutionary implications of phenotypic the role that trait covariation plays in this process. The evolution integration.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Marine Actinopterygian Assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece
    Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou1 and Donald Davesne2,3 1 UMR 7207 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3 UMR 7205 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS—EPHE), Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ABSTRACT The fossil record of marine ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) from the time interval surrounding the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction is scarce at a global scale, hampering our understanding of the impact, patterns and processes of extinction and recovery in the marine realm, and its role in the evolution of modern marine ichthyofaunas. Recent fieldwork in the K–Pg interval of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, continental Greece, shed new light on forgotten fossil assemblages and allowed for the collection of a diverse, but fragmentary sample of actinopterygians from both late Maastrichtian and Paleocene rocks. Late Maastrichtian assemblages are dominated by Aulopiformes (†Ichthyotringidae, †Enchodontidae), while †Dercetidae (also Aulopiformes), elopomorphs and additional, unidentified teleosts form minor components. Paleocene fossils include a clupeid, a stomiiform and some unidentified teleost remains. This study expands the poor record of body fossils from this critical time interval, especially for smaller sized taxa, while providing a rare, paleogeographically constrained, qualitative glimpse of open-water Tethyan ecosystems from both before and after the extinction event. Faunal similarities Submitted 21 September 2020 Accepted 9 December 2020 between the Maastrichtian of Eurytania and older Late Cretaceous faunas reveal a Published 20 January 2021 higher taxonomic continuum in offshore actinopterygian faunas and ecosystems Corresponding author spanning the entire Late Cretaceous of the Tethys.
    [Show full text]
  • Stylophoran Supertrees Revisited
    Stylophoran supertrees revisited BERTRAND LEFEBVRE Lefebvre, B. 2005. Stylophoran supertrees revisited. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (3): 477–486. Supertree analysis is a recent exploratory method that involves the simultaneous combination of two or more charac− ter−based source trees into a single consensus supertree. This method was recently applied by Ruta to a fossil group of enigmatic Palaeozoic forms, the stylophoran echinoderms. Ruta’s supertree suggested that mitrates are polyphyletic and originated from paraphyletic cornutes. Re−examination of Ruta’s data matrix strongly suggests that most source trees were based on dubious homologies resulting from theory−laden assumptions (calcichordate model) or superficial similar− ities (ankyroid scenario). A new supertree analysis was performed using a slightly corrected version of Ruta’s original combined matrix; the 70% majority−rule consensus of 24,168 most parsimonious supertrees suggests that mitrates are monophyletic and derived from paraphyletic cornutes. A second new supertree analysis was generated to test the influ− ence of the pruning of three taxa in some calcichordate source trees; the 70% majority−rule consensus of 3,720 shortest supertrees indicates that both cornutes and mitrates are monophyletic and derived from a Ceratocystis−like ancestor. The two new supertree analyses demonstrate the dramatic influence of the relative contributions of each initial assumption of plate homologies (and underlying anatomical interpretations), in original source trees, on the final topology of supertrees. Key words: Echinodermata, Stylophora, Cornuta, Mitrata, Ankyroida, Calcichordata, supertree, Palaeozoic. Bertrand Lefebvre [bertrand.lefebvre@u−bourgogne.fr], Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 boulevard Ga− briel, F−21000 Dijon, France. Introduction disparate, character−derived trees (Purvis 1995; Bininda− Emonds et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf/47/3/446/5370666/S0094837321000026a.Pdf by Guest on 25 September 2021 the RISE to DOMINANCE of LANTERNFISHES 447
    Paleobiology, 47(3), 2021, pp. 446–463 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2021.2 Article The rise to dominance of lanternfishes (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the oceanic ecosystems: a paleontological perspective Werner Schwarzhans* and Giorgio Carnevale Abstract.—Lanternfishes currently represent one of the dominant groups of mesopelagic fishes in terms of abundance, biomass, and diversity. Their otolith record dominates pelagic sediments below 200 m in dredges, especially during the entire Neogene. Here we provide an analysis of their diversity and rise to dominance primarily based on their otolith record. The earliest unambiguous fossil myctophids are known based on otoliths from the late Paleocene and early Eocene. During their early evolutionary history, myctophids were likely not adapted to a high oceanic lifestyle but occurred over shelf and upper-slope regions, where they were locally abundant during the middle Eocene. A distinct upscaling in otolith size is observed in the early Oligocene, which also marks their earliest occurrence in bathyal sediments. We interpret this transition to be related to the change from a halothermal deep-ocean circulation to a thermohaline regime and the associated cooling of the deep ocean and rearrangement of nutrient and sil- ica supply. The early Oligocene myctophid size acme shows a remarkable congruence with diatom abun- dance, the main food resource for the zooplankton and thus for myctophids and whales. The warmer late Oligocene to early middle Miocene period was characterized by an increase in disparity of myctophids but with a reduction in their otolith sizes. A second and persisting secular pulse in myctophid diversity (particularly within the genus Diaphus) and increase in size begins with the “biogenic bloom” in the late Miocene, paralleled with diatom abundance and mysticete gigantism.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossils of the Silurian and Devonian Rocks
    FOSSIL SHELLS OF THE SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN ROCKS. BY HENRY NETTELROTH. PART II. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. FOSSILS OF THE SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN ROCKS. COELENTERATA. SPONGIA. Genus Brachiospongia. Marsh. Described by Marsh in Am. Journal of Scie. and Arts., 2d series. Vol. 44, 1867—Etymology: brachium, an arm; spongia; a sponge. Brachiospongia digitata. OWEN Plate XXXV., figure 3, and Plate XXXVI., figures 1 and 3. Scyphia digitaia, Owen. First Ky. Geol. Rep., Vol. II., p. 111—1857. This fossil i s v ery peculiar, and very interesting; Prof. D. D. Owen, who described it in his Kentucky Report, placed it in the genus Scyphia of Schweigg, but its proper place is in the later established genus Brachiospongia of Marsh. It consists of a circular or elliptical central body, which is hollow, and has on its lower side an elliptical aperture occupying about one-third of the lower surface. This a perture i s s urrounded by a n e levated t hick brim, w hich r ises in t he specimen before me more than an inch and a quarter above the general surface; its greater diameter measures four and its smaller two inches and a quarter. From the circumference of t he cen tral body r adiate i n m y shell t welve l arge, cy lindrical, geniculated tubes, while in fossils seen by Prof. Owen he counted only from eight to e leven. T hese t ubes s tart f rom t he pe riphery w ith a dow nward di rection f or about a little more than an inch, where they make an abrupt turn of about ninety degrees u pwards, to t he extent o f m ore than t hree i nches.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous Rocks and the Tertiary Ojo Alamo Sandstone, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah
    Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous Rocks and the Tertiary Ojo Alamo Sandstone, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 521-E Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of .Indian -L1Jfairs and the Navajo Tribe ;. ~:0 ..J :i.ui._lll{c,/1 II- Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous > Rocks and the Tertiary Ojo I Alamo Sandstone, Navajo and .. .... Hopi Indian Reservations, .. Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah By R. B. O'SULLIVAN, C. A. REPENNING, E. C. BEAUMONT, and H. G. PAGE HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE NAVAJO AND HOPI INDIAN RESERVATIONS, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, AND UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 521-E Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Navajo Tribe .I .. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1972 ~· ·. UN.ITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. A. Radlinski, Acting Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 76-180659 ·~ For sale by the Sup~rintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-1184 CONTENTS Page Page Abst1·act ------------------------------------------ El Upper Cretaceous rocks-Continued Introduction -------------------------------------­ 2 Mesaverde Group-Continued Location and land-net system ------------------ 2 Lower part of the Mesaverde Group in San Present work -------------------------------­ 3 Juan Basin-Continued Previous investigations and nomenclature ------ 5 Crevasse Canyon Formation ---------- E31 Lower
    [Show full text]