DOCSLIB.ORG

1. Leg 198 Synthesis: a Remarkable 120-M.Y

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1. Leg 198 Synthesis: a Remarkable 120-M.Y Bralower, T.J., Premoli Silva, I., and Malone, M.J. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Volume 198 1. LEG 198 SYNTHESIS: A REMARKABLE 120-M.Y. RECORD OF CLIMATE AND OCEANOGRAPHY FROM SHATSKY RISE, NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN1 Timothy J. Bralower,2 Isabella Premoli Silva,3 and Mitchell J. Malone4 1Bralower, T.J., Premoli Silva, I., and ABSTRACT Malone, M.J., 2006. Leg 198 synthesis: A remarkable 120-m.y. record of climate and oceanography from Samples collected from a depth transect of eight sites during Ocean Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean. Drilling Program Leg 198 to Shatsky Rise contain a remarkable sedimen- In Bralower, T.J., Premoli Silva, I., and tary record of surface and deepwater circulation in the tropical Pacific Malone, M.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. over the past 120 m.y. In addition, basement sills recovered provide Results, 198, 1–47 [Online]. Available valuable constraints on the age and origin of the volcanic foundations from World Wide Web: <http:// www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/ of the rise. 198_SR/VOLUME/SYNTH/ The sediments recovered contain evidence of the long-term transi- SYNTH.PDF>. [Cited YYYY-MM-DD] tion from greenhouse to icehouse climate state and of several abrupt 2Department of Geosciences, climate change events. Shatsky Rise cores contain an exceptional record Pennsylvania State University, of an Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE1a) in the early Aptian (120 Ma), with University Park PA 16802, USA. [email protected] some of the highest organic carbon contents measured in pelagic sedi- 3Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, ments. These strata contain exceptionally preserved organic com- Università degli Studi di Milano, Via pounds including the oldest known alkenones. Organic geochemistry Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy. suggests that bacterial activity played a significant role in sequestering 4Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M organic carbon. Stable isotope data from Upper Cretaceous and Paleo- University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station TX 77845-9547, USA. gene sediments reveal several abrupt switches in the sources of interme- Present address: Integrated Ocean diate waters bathing Shatsky Rise. Neodymium isotopes also show Drilling Program, Texas A&M evidence for these changes and help to identify source regions in the University, 1000 Discovery Drive, North Pacific, Southern Ocean, and, possibly, Tethys. College Station TX 77845-9547, USA. Strong evidence exists in Shatsky cores for the mid-Maastrichtian Initial receipt: 19 July 2005 (~69 Ma) global extinction of inoceramids, a long-ranging, widespread Acceptance: 26 January 2006 group of bottom-dwelling clams. Stable and neodymium isotopes com- Web publication: 13 April 2006 Ms 198SR-101 T.J. BRALOWER ET AL. LEG 198 SYNTHESIS: SHATSKY RISE CLIMATE AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2 bined with biotic data show changes in intermediate water sources at this time as well as significant changes in surface water oceanography. Shatsky Rise sites contain high-quality records of the Cretaceous/Ter- tiary boundary event. Detailed nannofossil assemblage studies demon- strate that the survivor taxa are those that were adapted to unstable environmental conditions of shelves, including taxa that have cyst stages. The Paleogene sedimentary record from Shatsky Rise is strongly cyclic with variations in the amount of dissolution. Superimposed on this record are “hyperthermal” episodes including the Paleocene/ Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~55.0 Ma) and events in the early late Paleocene (~58.4 Ma) and early Eocene (52.7 Ma). The PETM on Shatsky Rise contains evidence for 5°C warming of tropical sea-surface temperatures, major reorganization of benthic and planktonic commu- nities, and pronounced short-term shoaling of the lysocline. Oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca data demonstrate warming of surface and interme- diate waters (possibly combined with decreasing salinity) during the early Eocene and help constrain the timing of the acceleration of Ant- arctic glaciation during the middle Eocene. Recovery of basaltic sills provides valuable age and geochemical con- straints for interpreting the origin of Shatsky Rise. Radiometric ages confirm previous suggestions that this large igneous province was em- placed rapidly. Isotope geochemistry shows a mid-ocean-ridge basalt signature that argues against a mantle plume origin. However, alterna- tive origins are difficult to prove unequivocally. INTRODUCTION The sedimentary record recovered over the course of several decades of deep-sea drilling has yielded a wealth of information on Earth’s cli- mate system. Pelagic sedimentary sections provide some of the most faithful time series of climate states from the Middle Jurassic to the Ho- locene. Potentially more significant, however, are the clues within the sedimentary archives of the mechanisms and processes that drive cli- mate change and the effect of that change on biotic evolution and geochemical cycling (e.g., Schlanger et al., 1987; Dickens et al., 1995; Leckie et al., 2002). The early decades of deep-sea drilling, largely associated with the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), involved a great deal of exploratory coring in locations where the stratigraphy of the sedimentary section was undocumented and poorly constrained. More recently, however, knowledge from previous drilling expeditions combined with the avail- ability of high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection data have al- lowed us to target particular time slices at locations where the sedimentary section looks essentially complete. In addition, hydraulic piston coring technology developed during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) allows us to obtain high-quality records when these locations are revisited. F1. Bathymetric map of Shatsky Shatsky Rise, a medium-sized large igneous province (LIP) in the Rise, p. 26. west-central Pacific (Fig. F1) was the target of three DSDP expeditions, 1207 (3101 m) 2000 Legs 6, 32, and 86, and ODP Leg 132 (Fischer, Heezen et al., 1971; Lar- 4000 1208 (3346 m) Depth (m) ο 39 son, Moberly, et al., 1975; Heath, Burkle, et al., 1985; Natland, Storms, ο 38 1209 (2387 m) 1212 (2681 m) ο 1210 (2573 m) 37 ο 1211 (2907 m) ο 36 164 1214 (3402 m) ο 3 Latitu ο 1213 (3883 m) 16 et al., 1993). The quality of the records from the older legs was ham- 35 ο de 162 ο ο 34 161 ο ο 160 33 ο 159 ο ο gitude 32 on pered by rotary and spot-coring as well as low recovery in the Creta- 158 L ο ο 31 157 ο 56 ShatskyShatsky RiseRise ο 1 ceous because of the presence of persistent chert. Yet these legs revealed 30 the potential of Shatsky Rise sediments to provide high-quality records T.J. BRALOWER ET AL. LEG 198 SYNTHESIS: SHATSKY RISE CLIMATE AND OCEANOGRAPHY 3 of Cretaceous and Paleogene climate. This interval is located at shallow burial depths on the rise and thus is relatively unaltered by burial dia- genesis (e.g., Schlanger and Douglas, 1974). Leg 198 was designed to re- cover high-quality sedimentary records of this age along a depth transect (Bralower, Premoli Silva, Malone, et al., 2002). The transect has the potential to provide two-dimensional reconstructions of ocean tem- F2. Generalized climate curve for perature, chemistry (i.e., carbonate solubility and oxygenation), circula- Cretaceous and Paleogene, p. 27. tion, and biology through some of the most fundamentally interesting Benthic δ18O (‰) -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 20 Mio. 25 intervals of climate change during the entire Phanerozoic. 30 Eocene/Oligocene Transition Oligocene 35 The mid-Cretaceous (~120–80 Ma) and early Paleogene (~60–45 Ma) 40 45 Eocene were characterized by equable climates including low latitudinal ther- 50 55 PETM Paleocene 60 biotic event Paleocene mal gradients, lack of extensive cryosphere, a relatively warm deep 65 K/T MME 70 Maast. ocean, and high atmospheric pCO2 levels (Fig. F2) (e.g., Barron and Age (Ma) 75 80 Campanian 85 Sant. Washington, 1985; Berner, 1994). These “greenhouse” intervals also Coniac. 90 Tur. 95 Cenom. contain significant abrupt and transient warming events that led to ma- 100 105 OAEs Albian jor changes in oceanic environments, profound turnovers in marine 110 115 Aptian 120 OAE1a communities including extinctions, and perturbations to global chemi- 125 Barrem. cal cycles. Examples include the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum Warm Cold (PETM) (e.g., Kennett and Stott, 1991; Dickens et al., 1995; Katz et al., 1999; Norris and Röhl, 1999) and Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events F3. Stratigraphy and lithology, (OAEs) (e.g., Schlanger and Jenkyns, 1976; Jenkyns, 1980; Arthur et al., Sites 1207–1214, p. 28. Northern Central Southern High High High 1985, 1988). Leg 198 was designed to understand the causes, nature, 1207 1208 12091210 1212 1211 1214 1213 Water depth (m) 3101 3346 2387 2573 2681 2907 3402 3883 Age 0 Pleistocene late Plio. 5 early and mechanics of the long-term Cretaceous and Paleogene “green- late 10 middle 20 Miocene early ? house” as well as of the transient events during this period. The loca- late 30 Oligo. early E/O transition late 40 tion of Shatsky Rise in the tropical Pacific during the interval of interest middle Eocene 50 early PETM late Paleocene biotic event 60 is fundamentally significant—the aerial extent and importance of the Paleoc. early K/T Maast. 70 MME Age (Ma) Camp. Pacific in global circulation make this a critical target for investigation 80 Sant. Coniac. 90 Late Cretaceous Tur. of warm climatic intervals. Yet, this ocean basin contains far less com- Cenom. 100 Albian 110 plete records than the Atlantic, Indian, and Tethyan Oceans. During Aptian 120 OAE1a Barrem. Early Cretaceous Haut. 130 Leg 198, one site was drilled on each of the North and Central Highs of Val. Berrias. 140 L. Jur. Tith. Shatsky Rise (Sites 1207 and 1208, respectively) and six sites were Nannofossil ooze Clay Chalk Chert Porcellanite drilled on the Southern High (Sites 1209–1214) (Bralower, Premoli Silva, Malone, et al., 2002).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fishes of Terengganu East Coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia Ii Iii
    i Fishes of Terengganu East coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia ii iii Edited by Mizuki Matsunuma, Hiroyuki Motomura, Keiichi Matsuura, Noor Azhar M. Shazili and Mohd Azmi Ambak Photographed by Masatoshi Meguro and Mizuki Matsunuma iv Copy Right © 2011 by the National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyrights of the specimen photographs are held by the Kagoshima Uni- versity Museum. For bibliographic purposes this book should be cited as follows: Matsunuma, M., H. Motomura, K. Matsuura, N. A. M. Shazili and M. A. Ambak (eds.). 2011 (Nov.). Fishes of Terengganu – east coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix + 251 pages. ISBN 978-4-87803-036-9 Corresponding editor: Hiroyuki Motomura (e-mail: [email protected]) v Preface Tropical seas in Southeast Asian countries are well known for their rich fish diversity found in various environments such as beautiful coral reefs, mud flats, sandy beaches, mangroves, and estuaries around river mouths. The South China Sea is a major water body containing a large and diverse fish fauna. However, many areas of the South China Sea, particularly in Malaysia and Vietnam, have been poorly studied in terms of fish taxonomy and diversity. Local fish scientists and students have frequently faced difficulty when try- ing to identify fishes in their home countries. During the International Training Program of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (ITP of JSPS), two graduate students of Kagoshima University, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Marine Actinopterygian Assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne
    Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne To cite this version: Thodoris Argyriou, Donald Davesne. Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece. PeerJ, PeerJ, 2021, 9, pp.e10676. 10.7717/peerj.10676. hal-03121049 HAL Id: hal-03121049 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03121049 Submitted on 26 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou1 and Donald Davesne2,3 1 UMR 7207 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3 UMR 7205 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS—EPHE), Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ABSTRACT The fossil record of marine ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) from the time interval surrounding the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction is scarce at a global scale, hampering our understanding of the impact, patterns and processes of extinction and recovery in the marine realm, and its role in the evolution of modern marine ichthyofaunas.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. the Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and Other Vertebrates
    Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 4, 2014, pp. 37-63 Excursion guidebook CBEP 2014-EPPC 2014-EAVP 2014-Taphos 2014 Conferences The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätten: A window into the Eocene World (editors C.A. Papazzoni, L. Giusberti, G. Carnevale, G. Roghi, D. Bassi & R. Zorzin) 5. The Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates [ CARNEVALE, } F. BANNIKOV, [ MARRAMÀ, ^ C. TYLER & ? ZORZIN G. Carnevale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, I-10125 Torino, Italy; [email protected] A.F. Bannikov, Borisyak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, Moscow 117997, Russia; [email protected] G. Marramà, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso, 35 I-10125 Torino, Italy; [email protected] J.C. Tyler, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (MRC-159), Washington, D.C. 20560 USA; [email protected] R. Zorzin, Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, I-37129 Verona, Italy; [email protected] INTRODUCTION ][` ~[~ `[ =5} =!+~ [=5~5 Ceratoichthys pinnatiformis5 #] ~}==5[ ~== }}=OP[~` [ "O**""P "}[~* "+5$!+? 5`=5` ~]!5`5 =5=[~5_ O"!P#! [=~=55~5 `#~! ![[[~= O"]!#P5`` `5} 37 G. Carnevale, A.F. Bannikov, G. Marramà, J.C. Tyler & R. Zorzin FIG. 1_Ceratoichthys pinnatiformis~=5"!Q5=` 5. The Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates `== `]5"`5`" O*!P[~ `= =5<=[ ~#_5` [#5!="[ [~OQ5=5""="P5 ` [~`}= =5^^+55 ]"5++"5"5* *5 [=5` _5 [==5 *5]5[=[[5* [5=~[` +~++5~5=!5 ["5#+?5?5[=~[+" `[+=\`` 5`55`_= [~===5[=[5 ```_`5 [~5+~++5 [}5` `=5} 5= [~5O# "~++[=[+ P5`5 ~[O#P #"5[+~` [=Q5 5" QRQ5$5 ][5**~= [`OQ= RP`=5[` `+5=+5`=` +5 _O# P5+5 O? ]P _ #`[5[=~ [+#+?5` !5+`}==~ `5``= "!=Q5 "`O? ]P+5 _5`~[ =`5= G.
    [Show full text]
  • MATT FRIEDMAN [email protected]
    MATT FRIEDMAN [email protected] Lecturer in Palaeobiology, Deparment of Earth Sciences Tutor in Earth Sciences, St. Hugh’s College University of Oxford and Research Associate Department of Vertebrate Paleontology American Museum of Natural History EDUCATION 2003-2009 Committee on Evolutionary Ph.D., Evolutionary Biology Biology University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 2003-2005 Committee on Evolutionary S.M., Evolutionary Biology Biology University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 2002-2003 Department of Zoology and M.Phil., Zoology University Museum of Zoology University of Cambridge Thesis Title: “New elements of the Late Cambridge, UK Devonian lungfish Soederberghia groenlandica (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) 1998-2002 Department of Earth and B.S., Geological Sciences (Bio-geology) Environmental Sciences University of Rochester Rochester, NY EMPLOYMENT/INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS 2010-present Department of Paleontology Research Associate American Museum of Natural History New York, NY 2009-present Department of Earth Sciences Lecturer in Palaeobiology University of Oxford Oxford, UK 2009-present St. Hugh’s College Tutor in Earth Sciences Oxford, UK M. Friedman: curriculum vitae EMPLOYMENT/TEACHING EXPERIENCE 2012-present Department of Earth Sciences Course developer and instructor: Vertebrate University of Oxford Palaeobiology Oxford, UK 2011-present Department of Earth Sciences Course developer and instructor: Evolution University of Oxford Oxford, UK Course co-developer and instructor: Fossil Records 2010 Department of Ecology and Guest lecturer:
    [Show full text]
  • The Bolca Lagerstätten: Shallow Marine Life in the Eocene
    Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 Review focus Journal of the Geological Society Published online May 8, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2017-164 | Vol. 175 | 2018 | pp. 569–579 The Bolca Lagerstätten: shallow marine life in the Eocene Matt Friedman1* & Giorgio Carnevale2 1 Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125, Torino, Italy M.F., 0000-0002-0114-7384 * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Eocene limestones around the Italian village of Bolca occur in a series of distinct localities providing a unique snapshot of marine life in the early Cenozoic. Famous for its fishes, the localities of Bolca also yield diverse invertebrate faunas and a rich, but relatively understudied flora. Most fossils from Bolca derive from the Pesciara and Monte Postale sites, which bear similar fossils but are characterized by slightly different taphonomic and environmental profiles. Although not precisely contemporaneous, the age of these principal localities is well constrained to a narrow interval within the Ypresian Stage, c. 50– 49 Ma. This places Bolca at a critical time in the evolutionary assembly of modern marine fish diversity and of reef communities more generally. Received 22 December 2017; revised 7 March 2018; accepted 8 March 2018 The rich fossil sites near Bolca, Italy provide a picture of life in a contains remains of crocodiles, turtles, snakes and plants. The warm, shallow marine setting during the early Eocene, roughly lignites of Vegroni yield a variety of plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Integration Drives Rapid Phenotypic Evolution in Flatfishes
    Integration drives rapid phenotypic evolution in flatfishes Kory M. Evansa,1, Olivier Larouchea, Sara-Jane Watsonb, Stacy Farinac, María Laura Habeggerd, and Matt Friedmane,f aDepartment of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005; bDepartment of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801; cDepartment of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059; dDepartment of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; eDepartment of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and fDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved March 19, 2021 (received for review January 21, 2021) Evolutionary innovations are scattered throughout the tree of life, organisms and is thought to facilitate morphological diversifica- and have allowed the organisms that possess them to occupy tion as different traits are able to fine-tune responses to different novel adaptive zones. While the impacts of these innovations are selective pressures (27–29). Conversely, integration refers to a well documented, much less is known about how these innova- pattern whereby different traits exhibit a high degree of covaria- tions arise in the first place. Patterns of covariation among traits tion (21, 30). Patterns of integration may be the result of pleiot- across macroevolutionary time can offer insights into the gener- ropy or functional coupling (28, 30–33). There is less of a ation of innovation. However, to date, there is no consensus on consensus on the macroevolutionary implications of phenotypic the role that trait covariation plays in this process. The evolution integration.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Marine Actinopterygian Assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece
    Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou1 and Donald Davesne2,3 1 UMR 7207 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3 UMR 7205 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS—EPHE), Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ABSTRACT The fossil record of marine ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) from the time interval surrounding the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction is scarce at a global scale, hampering our understanding of the impact, patterns and processes of extinction and recovery in the marine realm, and its role in the evolution of modern marine ichthyofaunas. Recent fieldwork in the K–Pg interval of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, continental Greece, shed new light on forgotten fossil assemblages and allowed for the collection of a diverse, but fragmentary sample of actinopterygians from both late Maastrichtian and Paleocene rocks. Late Maastrichtian assemblages are dominated by Aulopiformes (†Ichthyotringidae, †Enchodontidae), while †Dercetidae (also Aulopiformes), elopomorphs and additional, unidentified teleosts form minor components. Paleocene fossils include a clupeid, a stomiiform and some unidentified teleost remains. This study expands the poor record of body fossils from this critical time interval, especially for smaller sized taxa, while providing a rare, paleogeographically constrained, qualitative glimpse of open-water Tethyan ecosystems from both before and after the extinction event. Faunal similarities Submitted 21 September 2020 Accepted 9 December 2020 between the Maastrichtian of Eurytania and older Late Cretaceous faunas reveal a Published 20 January 2021 higher taxonomic continuum in offshore actinopterygian faunas and ecosystems Corresponding author spanning the entire Late Cretaceous of the Tethys.
    [Show full text]
  • Stylophoran Supertrees Revisited
    Stylophoran supertrees revisited BERTRAND LEFEBVRE Lefebvre, B. 2005. Stylophoran supertrees revisited. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (3): 477–486. Supertree analysis is a recent exploratory method that involves the simultaneous combination of two or more charac− ter−based source trees into a single consensus supertree. This method was recently applied by Ruta to a fossil group of enigmatic Palaeozoic forms, the stylophoran echinoderms. Ruta’s supertree suggested that mitrates are polyphyletic and originated from paraphyletic cornutes. Re−examination of Ruta’s data matrix strongly suggests that most source trees were based on dubious homologies resulting from theory−laden assumptions (calcichordate model) or superficial similar− ities (ankyroid scenario). A new supertree analysis was performed using a slightly corrected version of Ruta’s original combined matrix; the 70% majority−rule consensus of 24,168 most parsimonious supertrees suggests that mitrates are monophyletic and derived from paraphyletic cornutes. A second new supertree analysis was generated to test the influ− ence of the pruning of three taxa in some calcichordate source trees; the 70% majority−rule consensus of 3,720 shortest supertrees indicates that both cornutes and mitrates are monophyletic and derived from a Ceratocystis−like ancestor. The two new supertree analyses demonstrate the dramatic influence of the relative contributions of each initial assumption of plate homologies (and underlying anatomical interpretations), in original source trees, on the final topology of supertrees. Key words: Echinodermata, Stylophora, Cornuta, Mitrata, Ankyroida, Calcichordata, supertree, Palaeozoic. Bertrand Lefebvre [bertrand.lefebvre@u−bourgogne.fr], Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 boulevard Ga− briel, F−21000 Dijon, France. Introduction disparate, character−derived trees (Purvis 1995; Bininda− Emonds et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf/47/3/446/5370666/S0094837321000026a.Pdf by Guest on 25 September 2021 the RISE to DOMINANCE of LANTERNFISHES 447
    Paleobiology, 47(3), 2021, pp. 446–463 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2021.2 Article The rise to dominance of lanternfishes (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the oceanic ecosystems: a paleontological perspective Werner Schwarzhans* and Giorgio Carnevale Abstract.—Lanternfishes currently represent one of the dominant groups of mesopelagic fishes in terms of abundance, biomass, and diversity. Their otolith record dominates pelagic sediments below 200 m in dredges, especially during the entire Neogene. Here we provide an analysis of their diversity and rise to dominance primarily based on their otolith record. The earliest unambiguous fossil myctophids are known based on otoliths from the late Paleocene and early Eocene. During their early evolutionary history, myctophids were likely not adapted to a high oceanic lifestyle but occurred over shelf and upper-slope regions, where they were locally abundant during the middle Eocene. A distinct upscaling in otolith size is observed in the early Oligocene, which also marks their earliest occurrence in bathyal sediments. We interpret this transition to be related to the change from a halothermal deep-ocean circulation to a thermohaline regime and the associated cooling of the deep ocean and rearrangement of nutrient and sil- ica supply. The early Oligocene myctophid size acme shows a remarkable congruence with diatom abun- dance, the main food resource for the zooplankton and thus for myctophids and whales. The warmer late Oligocene to early middle Miocene period was characterized by an increase in disparity of myctophids but with a reduction in their otolith sizes. A second and persisting secular pulse in myctophid diversity (particularly within the genus Diaphus) and increase in size begins with the “biogenic bloom” in the late Miocene, paralleled with diatom abundance and mysticete gigantism.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossils of the Silurian and Devonian Rocks
    FOSSIL SHELLS OF THE SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN ROCKS. BY HENRY NETTELROTH. PART II. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. FOSSILS OF THE SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN ROCKS. COELENTERATA. SPONGIA. Genus Brachiospongia. Marsh. Described by Marsh in Am. Journal of Scie. and Arts., 2d series. Vol. 44, 1867—Etymology: brachium, an arm; spongia; a sponge. Brachiospongia digitata. OWEN Plate XXXV., figure 3, and Plate XXXVI., figures 1 and 3. Scyphia digitaia, Owen. First Ky. Geol. Rep., Vol. II., p. 111—1857. This fossil i s v ery peculiar, and very interesting; Prof. D. D. Owen, who described it in his Kentucky Report, placed it in the genus Scyphia of Schweigg, but its proper place is in the later established genus Brachiospongia of Marsh. It consists of a circular or elliptical central body, which is hollow, and has on its lower side an elliptical aperture occupying about one-third of the lower surface. This a perture i s s urrounded by a n e levated t hick brim, w hich r ises in t he specimen before me more than an inch and a quarter above the general surface; its greater diameter measures four and its smaller two inches and a quarter. From the circumference of t he cen tral body r adiate i n m y shell t welve l arge, cy lindrical, geniculated tubes, while in fossils seen by Prof. Owen he counted only from eight to e leven. T hese t ubes s tart f rom t he pe riphery w ith a dow nward di rection f or about a little more than an inch, where they make an abrupt turn of about ninety degrees u pwards, to t he extent o f m ore than t hree i nches.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous Rocks and the Tertiary Ojo Alamo Sandstone, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah
    Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous Rocks and the Tertiary Ojo Alamo Sandstone, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 521-E Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of .Indian -L1Jfairs and the Navajo Tribe ;. ~:0 ..J :i.ui._lll{c,/1 II- Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous > Rocks and the Tertiary Ojo I Alamo Sandstone, Navajo and .. .... Hopi Indian Reservations, .. Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah By R. B. O'SULLIVAN, C. A. REPENNING, E. C. BEAUMONT, and H. G. PAGE HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE NAVAJO AND HOPI INDIAN RESERVATIONS, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, AND UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 521-E Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Navajo Tribe .I .. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1972 ~· ·. UN.ITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. A. Radlinski, Acting Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 76-180659 ·~ For sale by the Sup~rintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-1184 CONTENTS Page Page Abst1·act ------------------------------------------ El Upper Cretaceous rocks-Continued Introduction -------------------------------------­ 2 Mesaverde Group-Continued Location and land-net system ------------------ 2 Lower part of the Mesaverde Group in San Present work -------------------------------­ 3 Juan Basin-Continued Previous investigations and nomenclature ------ 5 Crevasse Canyon Formation ---------- E31 Lower
    [Show full text]
  • A Remarkable New Genus of Carangidae from the Upper
    © Zoological Institute, St.Petersburg, 2002 A remarkable new genus of Carangidae fron1 the Upper Paleocene of Turkmenistan (Osteichthyes: Perciformes) A.M. Prokofiev Prokofiev,A.M. 2002. A remarkable new genus ofCarangidae fromthe Upper Paleocene of Turkmenistan (Osteichthyes: Perciformes).Zoosystematica Rossica, 11(1): 219-228. A new genus and species of Carangidae, Uylyaichthys eugeniae gen. et sp. n., is de­ scribed from the Upper Paleocene (middle part of the Danata Formation) of Turkmenistan. It belongs to the subfamily Trachinotinae s. str. and differs from all known members of the family in the combination of low vertebral count (21 or possibly 22), parasphenoid strongly curved mesially, and unique predorsal formula0/0+0+0/l/. Uylyaichthys is con­ sidered to be a sister taxon for Trachinotus + Paratrachinotus, and Trachinotinae s. str. regarded as a sister group of Scomberoidinae. The genus Lichia is excluded from Trachinotinae s. str. and considered to be a sister taxon ofScomberoidinae + Trachinotinae s. str. A.M. Prokofiev, Department of Fishes and Fish-like Vertebrates, Palaeontological Insti­ tute, Russian Academy ofSciences, Profwyuznaya ul. 123, Moscow 117997, Russia. Introduction Material and methods Daniltshenko ( 1968) described the Upper Paleo­ Specimens described herein were collected by cene ichthyofauna of Uylya-Kushlyuk locality Dr. E.K. Sytchevskaya from the middle part of (Turkmenistan) and established 20 species. Danata Formation in Uylya-Kushlyuk locality. Among them, Daniltshenko described two forms, Uylya-Kushlyuk locality is situated 2 km NE of which he placed into the family Carangidae (Ar­ Uylya-Kushlyuk village, SW Turkmenistan, on chaeus oblongus and Trachicaranxtersus). Later, the western slope of the Kopetdagh Mountains Trachicaranx was transferredto the familyApo­ (38°38'N, 55°48'E).
    [Show full text]