Vicepræsidentposten I Amerikansk Politik Mads Fuglede

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Vicepræsidentposten I Amerikansk Politik Mads Fuglede Vicepræsidentposten i amerikansk politik Mads Fuglede Med John McCains valg af Sarah Palin er vicepræ - sidentposten kommet på alles læber. Men hvor vigtig er den post egentlig? Havde Benjamin Franklin ret, da han giftigt foreslog, at man skulle tiltale vicepræsidenten med: ‘Deres overflødig- hed?’ Her følger et historisk tilbageblik Tidligt i 2000, mens George W. Bush sidigt. Desuden forbød den ameri- kæmpede indædt mod John McCain kanske forfatning med sin 12. til - om sit partis nomination, fløj Joe føjelse, at to kandidater, der var bor- All baugh til Dallas for at mødes med gere i samme stat, stillede op sam- Richard Cheney. men. Joe Allbaugh var kampagneleder Joe Allbaugh fløj tilbage til Austin, for Bush og var i gang med at forbe- Texas, med uforrettet sag. Det inte - rede en liste over mulige vicepræsi- ressante ved samtalen er, at Cheneys dentkandidater. Ifølge journalisten argumenter var så dårlige, at de ikke Robert Draper spurgte Allbaugh, kan have været den egentlige be- om Cheney kunne tænke sig at være væggrund bag afvisningen. Det er Bushs vicepræsident, men fik det mere sandsynligt, at Cheney vidste, svar, at det ville være en dårlig idé af at det embede, han blev tilbudt, to grunde: Begge havde en bag- ikke var særligt eftertragtet. grund i olieindustrien (Cheney var Richard Cheney havde været tæt på det tidspunkt administrerende på magten før, som stabschef (1975- direktør for Halliburton, og Bush 77) for præsident Gerald Ford og havde stiftet olieselskabet Arbusto forsvarsminister (1989-93) for præsi- Energy tilbage i 1977), hvilket ville dent George H. W. Bush, og vidste, få deres kandidatur til at fremstå en- at vicepræsidentembedet var usæd- udenrigs 3·2008 43 TEMA: USA’S VALG vanligt vanskeligt at bestride og ho- spurgte, om han ikke ville være be- vedsagligt var underlagt præsiden- hjælpelig med at finde en vicepræsi- tens luner. dentkandidat for ham. Historien I offentligheden opfattede man har vist, at vicepræsidenter oftere embedet som et, der blot bestod i, at skader præsidentkandidaten end de man skulle være parat til at træde til, hjælper ham under valgkampen. hvis præsidenten skulle dø. Blandt historikere og politologer Vicepræsidenten og valgkampen var der en udbredt opfattelse af, at vicepræsidentembedet var tæt på at Den eneste vicepræsident i USA’s hi- være indholdsløst og ikke rummede storie, som med sikkerhed har haft meget andet end en mulighed for en afgørende indflydelse på valgre- selv på sigt at blive præsident (siden sultatet, er Lyndon B. Johnson, der embedets undfangelse er 1 ud af 4 havde så gode kontakter i texansk vicepræsidenter senere blevet præsi- politik og var så populær samme- dent enten ved valg, dødsfald eller steds, at staten med et lille flertal fordi, præsidenten selv har trukket stemte demokratisk ved præsident- sig). valget i 1960. Cheney havde tidligere ønsket at Derimod fik Walter Mondale et- stille op som præsident, men havde hvert håb om at få Det Hvide Hus indset, at han simpelthen ikke hav- vristet fra Ronald Reagan ødelagt i de appel nok hertil – og i 2000 hav- 1984 af sit valg af vicepræsidentkan- de han heller ikke helbredet til em- didat. Mondale havde satset på at bedet. bringe ny energi og fokus tilbage i Det er således sandsynligt, at Che - valgkampen ved at stille op sammen ney måtte sende Allbaugh hjem til med USA’s første kvindelige vice- Austin, Texas, med et nej, fordi han præsidentkandidat, Geraldine Fer- var enig med USA’s første vicepræsi- raro. dent, John Adams (1789-97), i at po- Det virkede, lige indtil en skatte- sten var det mest ubetydelige embe- sag om Ferraros mand stjal al op- de nogensinde udtænkt af menne- mærksomheden og fik vælgerne til skeheden. Benjamin Franklin fore- at tvivle på Mondales dømmekraft. slog, at man skulle tiltale vicepræsi- Situationen var lignende i 1972, da denten med: ‘Deres overflødighed’ det blev afsløret, at Thomas Eagle- (Your Superfluous Excellency). ton flere gange havde været indlagt En tiltale, der senere aldrig skulle med psykiske problemer og var ble- blive rettet mod Richard Cheney vet behandlet med chokbehandling som vicepræsident. to gange. George McGovern, der var Senere samme forår ringede demokraternes præsidentkandidat, George W. Bush selv til Cheney og havde valgt Eagleton som sin mulige 44 udenrigs 3·2008 Vicepræsidentposten i amerikansk politik vicepræsident og kom nu i strid Udvælgelseskriterier modvind for sin evne til at træffe vigtige beslutninger. Der kan være mange grunde til at I en tid, hvor amerikanerne inden vælge en specifik vicepræsidentkan- for en kort årrække havde måttet didat. De mest almindelige overvej - begrave John og Robert F. Kennedy elser ser ud som følgende: samt Martin Luther King som ofre for politisk motiverede mord, var Geografiske hensyn: Vicepræsident- det bestemt ikke uvæsentligt, hvem kandidaten skal supplere præsident- der var landets vicepræsident – han kandidaten ved at være fra en anden kunne meget vel ende som præsi- region af USA. Især hvis præsident- dent, og få ønskede, at den person, kandidaten er fra New England, så der havde adgang til verdens mest vil vicepræsidentkandidaten med moderne a-våben-arsenal i perioder, stor sandsynlighed være fra Midt - kunne væ re psykisk uligevægtig. vesten eller Syden. Der havde været rygter om Tho - En anden vigtig faktor er, at vice- mas Eagletons indlæggelser, da han præsidentkandidaten meget gerne blev valgt til senatet for Missouri, må være fra en af de såkaldte swing men de havde aldrig nået offentlig- states, hvor valget reelt afgøres. Og heden, da pressen havde vurderet, meget gerne fra swing states som at der er en væsentlig forskel på at Florida, Pennsylvania eller Ohio. være senator og vicepræsident. Lyndon B. Johnson, Hubert H. McGovern endte med at droppe Humphrey, Dan Quayle, Lloyd Bent- Eagleton, men skaden var sket. sen og John Edwards er alle eksemp- I 1992 var der heller ikke mange, ler på vicepræsidentkandidater, der der mente, at Dan Quayle var et ak- hører under denne kategori. tiv for George H. W. Bushs mislykke- des forsøg på at blive genvalgt. Der- Ideologisk balance: Ofte medfører pri- for foregår der en proces, amerika- mærvalgene, at fløjene hos demo- nerne kalder for vetting, hvor alle kraterne og republikanerne kriges mulige kandidater gennemgås me- så voldsomt, at det er nødvendigt at get kritisk for især at undersøge, om pege på en vicepræsidentkandidat, der falder et skelet ud af skabet, der der kan udligne præsidentkandida- kan skade præsidentkandidaten. tens position for at sørge for, at par- Når man har en liste af vettede kan- tiet ikke falder fra hinanden. Valget didater, begynder man at veje deres af vicepræsidentkandidaterne Lyn- forskellige styrker og svagheder for don B. Johnson, Hubert H. Humph - at se, hvad de kan bidrage med. Det rey, Spiro T. Agnew, George H. W. var denne proces, George W. Bush Bush og Dan Quayle er eksempler bad Cheney om at forestå. herpå. udenrigs 3·2008 45 TEMA: USA’S VALG Til støtte for arbejdet med Kongressen: På han eller hun deler ideologisk stå - en lang række områder er den ud - sted. I visse tilfælde er der snarere øvende magt i USA usædvanlig svag tale om en art parløb, selvom dette i forhold til den lovgivende. Noget hurtigt afslører sig som en fiktion, af det værste, der kan ske for en da deres magtbeføjelser er så for- præsident, er at blive det, amerika- skellige. Walther F. Mondale, Geral- nerne kalder en lame duck, som bety- dine Ferraro, Al Gore, John Ed- der, at præsidenten er lammet af wards og Richard Cheney delte alle Kongressen, og at USA mere eller udpræget ideologisk ståsted med mindre bliver ledet hen over hove- præsidentkandidaten. det på præsidenten af lederskabet i Der er en lang række andre moti- Kongressen. ver, der gør sig gældende. Barry Det skete i lange perioder for præ - Goldwater forklarede sit valg af Wil- sident Bill Clinton og er en position, liam E. Miller med, at han vidste, at der kan undgås ved at vælge en med denne drev modkandidaten Lyndon et stort netværk i Washing ton som B. Johnson til vanvid. Nixons valg af vicepræsidentkandidat. Lyndon B. Spiro T. Agnew syntes til dels at være Johnson, William E. Miller, Walter styret af et motiv om at have en Mondale, Joe Biden og Richard medkandidat, som ikke ville stjæle Cheney er alle eksempler på denne rampelyset fra ham. type vicepræsident. Richard Cheney indvilligede i at hjælpe Bush, der gav ham en meget For at veje op mod præsidentkandidaten simpel karakteristik af den vicepræ - aldersmæssigt: Hvis præsidentkandi- sidentkandidat, han ledte efter. En daten er meget ung eller gammel, lettere omskrivning af Bushs krav kan det være en overvejelse at pege lød: “Jeg ved ikke, hvad der ender på en vicepræsidentkandidat, der af- på min dagsorden i Det Hvide Hus, balancerer dette. Det har helt sik- så jeg har brug for en ved min side, kert spillet en rolle for John Mc - der har set det hele før”. Dernæst Cains valg af Alaskas kvindelige gu- ønskede Bush ikke en vicepræsi- vernør Sarah Palin son sin vicepræsi- dent, der havde politiske ambitio- dentkandidat, akkurat som det også ner, som kunne give sig udslag i il- spillede en rolle ved valget af Ri- loyal opførsel. Richard Cheney chard Cheney, Joe Biden og Dan vendte snart tilbage og accepterede, Quayle. at han var den bedst egnede vice- præsidentkandidat. Ideologisk fællesskab: En udvikling, Deres parløb skulle markere et man har set af især det nyere præsi- foreløbigt zenit for det miskreditere- dentembede, er at præsidenten øn- de embede. Aldrig tidligere i ameri- sker en vicepræsident, med hvem kansk historie har en vicepræsident 46 udenrigs 3·2008 Vicepræsidentposten i amerikansk politik haft så afgørende indflydelse på den hed bestod i at træffe beslutninger førte politik. I starten (måske endda hele tiden.
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