Le Donne E Il Lavoro Sognato

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Le Donne E Il Lavoro Sognato UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA FACOLTA’ DI PSICOLOGIA Ordinamento Quadriennale TITOLO TESI UNA COMUNITA’ BANGLADESE TRA INTEGRAZIONE E CHIUSURA : LE DONNE E IL LAVORO SOGNATO. Traduzione in Inglese A Bangladeshi Community Between Integration and Closure : Women and the Dreamed Work. RELATORE LAUREANDO Prof. Giovanni Battista Mariano Mutton Novello Paglianti MATRICOLA 105112 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2007/2008 1 2 INDICE. 1 Introduzione 8 2 Informazioni generali sul Bangladesh 9 3 Caratteristiche dell’immigrazione bangladese In Italia 13 3.1 Storia dell’immigrazione bangladese in Italia 13 3.2 L’immigrazione bangladese nel Veneto 13 3.2.1 Suddivisione di genere 16 3.3 L’immigrazione bangladese nella provincia di Treviso 17 3.3.1 Presenza degli immigrati bangladesi in provincia di Treviso (dati relativi all’anno 2003) 17 3.3.2 Presenza degli immigrati bangladesi in provincia di Treviso (dati relativi all’anno 2007) 22 3.4 Caratteristiche socio-economiche della zona del Quartier del Piave 31 3.4.1 Caratteristiche geografico-ambientali e socio- economiche 33 4 L’inserimento lavorativo delle donne bangladesi : cronistoria di un tentativo non riuscito 39 4.1 Il lavoro preliminare 39 4.2 Il primo incontro con Hossain Mokarrom 40 4.2.1 Considerazioni 42 4.3 L’associazione BASCO 43 4.4 Primo incontro con l’Associazione BASCO 46 4.5 Secondo incontro con l’Associazione BASCO 48 4.5.1 Considerazioni 50 4.6 Incontro con il Consorzio Intesa (CCA) 51 4.6.1 Considerazioni 53 4.7 Epilogo del Progetto di Cooperativa 54 5 Ritorno a casa : la condizione femminile nel Bangladesh 60 5.1 La condizione della donna nel mondo rurale 60 3 5.1.1 La condizione lavorativa della donna rurale 60 5.1.2 La partecipazione delle donne alle attività economiche nell’ambiente rurale 79 5.2 La condizione della donna nell’ambiente urbano e gli aspetti salienti della socializzazione femminile 90 5.2.1 Il ruolo della donna nella cultura bangladese 90 5.2.1.1 Premessa 90 5.2.1.2 Dimensioni della condizione femminile nella cultura e nella società bangladese 91 5.2.2 Il diritto per le donne Musulmane in Bangladesh 92 5.2.2.1 Premessa 92 5.2.2.2 Successione e diritto di proprietà 94 5.2.2.3 Matrimonio e divorzio 95 5.2.2.4 Il mantenimento 98 5.2.2.5 La tutela e la custodia dei figli 99 5.2.2.6 I diritti fondamentali 100 5.2.3 Aspetti sociali del matrimonio in Bangladesh 101 5.2.3.1 Aspetti generali 101 5.2.3.2 L’emergenza del costume della dote nel Bangladesh odierno 104 5.2.4 Il sistema del Purdah 108 5.2.4.1 Introduzione 108 5.2.4.2 Mondi separati e protezione simbolica 113 5.2.4.2.1 L’osservanza del purdah 116 5.2.4.2.2 La religione ed il ruolo della donna nella tradizione Hindu e Musulmana 120 5.2.4.3 Mondi separati 121 5.2.4.3.1 Complementarietà 122 5.2.4.3.2 Interdipendenza 122 5.2.4.4 La protezione simbolica 124 5.2.4.5 Il controllo delle pulsioni 126 5.2.4.6 L’osservanza del purdah in base alla classe 4 sociale di appartenenza 131 5.2.4.7 Le donne non protette 131 5.2.5 Considerazioni conclusive 134 5.3 La globalizzazione nel settore tessile : le Ready Garment Workers (le lavoratrici del settore tessile) 146 5.3.1 La nascita dell’industria tessile in Bangladesh 146 5.3.2 L’organizzazione sociale del lavoro nelle fabbriche tessili 150 5.3.3 Chi sono e da dove vengono le operaie tessili 154 6 Dhaka e Londra : due diverse risposte alla globalizzazione ed all’integrazione 157 6.1 La negoziazione del potere all’interno del gruppo familiare e nella realtà sociale di Dhaka 157 6.1.1 L’indagine di Naila Kabeer : il campione e gli scopi 157 6.1.2 Analisi dei risultati dell’indagine 159 6.1.3 Dinamiche familiari in relazione alla scelta di lavorare 168 6.1.4 Oltre la famiglia 186 6.2 Il campione londinese nell’analisi di Naila Kabeer 194 6.2.1 Il formarsi della comunità bangladese britannica 194 6.2.2 L’industria tessile britannica e l’immigrazione bangladese 196 6.2.3 Le donne del campione londinese 201 6.2.3.1 I dati sul campione londinese 204 6.2.4 Il processo di presa di decisione e l’influenza dell’ambiente sociale circostante 207 6.2.4.1 Le modalità del processo di decisione 210 6.2.4.2 I modelli unificati e di negoziazione del benessere familiare 212 6.2.4.3 Il ruolo della comunità 215 6.2.5 La negoziazione del potere all’interno delle famiglie a Londra 219 5 6.2.5.1 L’impatto dei redditi femminili sul reddito familiare 223 6.3 Le dinamiche psicologiche della negoziazione del potere. Confronto tra le realtà di Dhaka e di Londra 227 7 Il sogno allontanato e ritrovato 234 7.1 Modelli di costruzione del Sé 234 7.1.1 La teoria del Sé indipendente e del Sé interdipendente 234 7.1.1.1 L’interpretazione indipendente del Sé 235 7.1.1.2 L’interpretazione interdipendente del Sé 236 7.1.2 Autonomia interpersonale e autonomia intrapsichica 239 7.1.2.1 L’autonomia intrapsichica 241 7.1.2.2 L’autonomia interpersonale 241 7.1.2.3 L’autonomia intrapsichica nei soggetti asiatici 242 7.1.3 La famiglia sud-asiatica 247 7.1.3.1 Il modello ideale della famiglia sud-asiatica 247 7.1.3.2 Struttura e processo 248 7.1.3.3 Strutture di parentela extra-familiare 249 7.1.3.4 La famiglia nel processo migratorio 250 7.1.3.5 Continuità e cambiamento 251 7.1.3.6 La seconda generazione 253 7.1.3.7 Fonti di unità nell’ambiente urbano 255 7.1.3.8 Fonti di divisione 255 7.1.3.9 Considerazioni finali 256 7.1.4 Il significato dell’autonomia e della relazionalità nella costruzione del Sé 257 7.1.4.1 Due dimensioni sottostanti 258 7.1.4.2 La questione psicologica : l’individuo 258 7.1.4.3 Il ruolo della ricerca sugli adolescenti 259 7.1.4.4 La ricerca cross-culturale e l’individualismo- collettivismo (I – C) 260 7.1.4.5 Un modello del Sé autonomo-relazionale e della famiglia nel contesto globale 260 7.1.5 Considerazioni conclusive 265 7.2 Lettura delle interviste 269 6 7.2.1 Le singole interviste 269 7.2.2 Considerazioni conclusive 298 7.2.2.1 Tutte le interviste 298 7.2.2.2 Le interviste femminili 305 7.2.2.3 Le interviste maschili 308 7.2.3 Appendice – 3 interviste significative 314 7.3 Il ruolo delle istituzioni 329 7.3.1 L’ULSS 7 – I Piani di Zona ed il progetto di integrazione. Incontro con il dr. Nardin 332 7.3.2 La mediazione culturale : incontro con Thiam Massamba 333 7.3.3 Le reti per l’intercultura. Incontri con le prof.sse Marchi e Buso 335 7.3.4 Il ruolo della formazione professionale 338 7.3.5 L’Amministrazione Comunale di Pieve di Soligo 339 7.3.6 Il Sindacato 343 7.3.7 Il mondo del volontariato 345 7.3.8 Tre anni dopo 347 7.3.9 Considerazioni conclusive 350 7.4 Il sogno ritrovato : il vissuto femminile come limite del vissuto della comunità 353 7.4.1 L’esperienza delle donne della comunità bangladese 353 7.4.1.1 Tania, una voce fuori dal coro 353 7.4.1.2 Valutazione del progetto cooperativo 357 7.4.2 Le prospettive future 370 8 Bibliografia 382 7 1) – INTRODUZIONE. Il presente lavoro, è stato suddiviso in 8 capitoli. Il primo, l’introduzione, funziona da mappa di lettura dell’intero lavoro, spiegandone la suddivisione. Il secondo, fornisce una breve introduzione al paese asiatico dal quale proviene la comunità di immigrati studiata nella tesi : il Bangladesh. Il terzo capitolo, cerca di delineare le ragioni e la storia della presenza dell’immigrazione bangladese in Italia e specificatamente, nella regione del Veneto e nella provincia di Treviso, nella parte nord-orientale della quale si svolgono gli eventi narrati. Il quarto capitolo, racconta la prima parte “sul campo” del lavoro, la presa di contatto con la comunità bangladese ed il tentativo di costituire con alcuni suoi membri, una cooperativa di produzione, formata da donne. L’esito dell’esperimento è stato negativo, ma come vedremo, è stato l’avvio di un’interrogarsi sul perché di questo “fallimento”, che mi ha portato a riconsiderare in modo diverso la prospettiva stessa della problematica dell’impiego femminile. La parte finale del capitolo comprende anche una esposizione metodologica del tipo di ricerca effettuata. Il quinto capitolo, descrive i tratti salienti della condizione femminile nel Bangladesh. Il titolo è “Ritorno a casa”, proprio perché solo un ritorno alle condizioni di partenza delle donne immigrate e di tutta la comunità bangladese, avrebbe permesso di comprendere gli esiti “negativi” del lavoro intrapreso col progetto di cooperativa femminile. Nel sesto capitolo, vengono esaminate due realtà di insediamento delle donne bangladesi, legate all’inserimento lavorativo nell’industria tessile : Dhaka, nel Bangladesh e Londra, nel Regno Unito. Sono due esempi di diverso esito dell’esperienza migratoria, una interna, dalle zone rurali del paese a quelle urbane ed una extra-nazionale, fino al Nord-Europa, la più grossa realtà di insediamento migratorio bangladese al mondo, che ci permettono di iniziare a vedere come la diversa realtà sociale della società di insediamento può condizionare gli esiti del processo di integrazione comunitaria.
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