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Second Migration Compiled by the Editors PROJECT EDucaTION OF ROma | HISTORY ROma CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EuROPE SECOND 4.0 MIGRATION Second Migration compiled by the editors Migration Routes of the Vlax-Roma l Arrival in Western Europe l The Americas l The Wanderers’ Reception in the Target Countries In the mid-19th century, a second migratory movement took place, which changed the Roma population worldwide. Kalderaš, Lovara and other Roma groups from Central and South-Eastern Europe moved east- and westward and even reached America and Australia. This second migration, so-called after the first wave of Roma migration in Europe around 1400, was caused by far-reaching social changes, particularly the abolition of slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia, and emerging industrialisation. INTRODucTION MAIN ROUTES OF THE 2ND MIGRATION Ill. 1 FINLAND EsTONIA In 1857, one year after slavery had been completely abolished, there SWEDEN LaTVIA were 33,267 now free Roma families DENmaRK RUssIA in Wallachia; 6,241 of them had been USA & CANADA LITHuaNIA slaves of the state, and 12,081 slaves of the Church. 14,945 families had ENGLAND THE NETHER- BELARus belonged to the nobility. In Molda- LANDS POLAND via, there were an estimated 20,000 BELGIum GERMANY families. If every family consisted of an average of five people, then ap- LuXEmbOURG FRANCE proximately 250,000 Roma lived in CZECH REPubLIC UKRAINE the two principalities. In the whole amERIca SLOVAKIA of Central and South-Eastern Euro- ausTRALIA SWITZER- AusTRIA-HuNgaRY MOLDAVIA pe, there was a Roma population of SOUTH afRIca LAND considerable strength. SLOVENIA TRANsyLVANIA Political, economic and so- ITALY CROATIA WaLLacHIA cial revolutions caused emigration BOSNIA HERZ. from that region from around 1850 SPAIN SERBIA onwards. National emancipatory mo- BULgaRIA vements, wars, the industrial revolu- MACE- tion as well as the increasing attrac- DONIA ALbaNIA tiveness of target countries like the United States were the reasons for TURKEY people of all ethnic groups to leave Areas of origin: their areas of settlement. The Roma GREECE were not more “willing to emigrate” than other population groups. But and Wallachia, as well as from the Hungary and from Slovakia. Main- the abolition of slavery in Moldavia neighbouring regions of Bessarabia, ly Vlax-Roma, but also Roma from and Wallachia opened up new terri- Western Transylvania, Banat and other groups moved eastward to Rus- tories in their urgent search for new North-Eastern Serbia. Later on, the- sia, and northward to Scandinavia, economic niches. [Ill. 2] re is evidence of the Roma’s emig- to Western Europe, Northern and Mainly, the Roma emigrated ration from almost the whole Balkan Southern America, and even to Aus- from the border areas of Moldavia Peninsula, and, consequently, from tralia. [Ill. 2] Migration Routes of the Vlax-Roma Arrival in Western Europe The Americas The Wanderers’ Reception in the Target Countries “VLAX”-ROma The term “vlax” (pronounced: vlach) has been used since the 20th century for Roma whose language shows a strong Wallachian (Romanian) in- fluence. The Vlax-Roma comprise, among others, the Kalderaš, Lova- ra, Gurbet and Džambaz-Roma. The Vlax-Roma are considered as triggers and upholders of the Second Migra- tion. In many target countries, they kept themselves apart from the alrea- Ill. 3 dy settled Roma and made up a new Kalderaš women on the march in England, 1911. (from Fraser 1992, p. 232) stratum within the Roma population. Science, as well as the Vlax- JOHAN DIMITRI-TaIKON‘S Way TO SWEDEN Roma’s self-image, often considers them as more “traditional”, archaic “Carl Herman Tillhagen can tell about the origin of the Swedish Taikoni, the family of the groups than those which maintained great story teller Johan Dimitri-Taikon: a predominantly INdo-Aryan langu- Up until the year 1906, Taikon or Milosch, his Gypsy name, seems to have stayed mainly age and culture. Angus Fraser, the in Russia, which he knows from Baku in the southeast to Archangelsk in the northwest. In the British Roma historian, however, has same year, he travelled on to the Balkans, and to Poland and Finland. He seems to have been, in drawn our attention to the fact that passing, also in Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Germany. A few years before World War I he these assumptions cannot be consi- visited Sweden, where he travelled about for many years. He spent the last 30 years in Sweden dered proven. exclusively, where he earned his and his family’s living as coppersmith, fairground artist and Ill. 2 musician. Since 1942 he and his entourage have stayed in Sweden every year during the winter.” Ill. 4 (translated from Vossen 1983, p. 61) Transylvania and Banat had Austrian they must have stayed in Russia before. MIGRATION ROUTES OF THE travel documents at their disposal. The [Ill. 4] VLAX-ROMA Russian Romani specialist, Lev Tche- Many Kalderaš and Čurara moved renkov, mentions that the Kalderaš are on towards Scandinavia. Consequently, The Romanian Kalderaš are considered still being called “Ostrijaki” (Austri- Išvan Demeter’s relatives settled not as the most mobile group of Roma. As ans) by the settled Polska-Roma today. only in France, Italy and Germany, but slaves, they belonged to the state, that Some new immigrants in Poland tried to also in Sweden. The family names also is, they had already been (partly) noma- achieve a dominant position among the prove that many Scandinavian immig- dic and had exercised their profession by already settled Roma; the Kwiek family rants had stayed in Russia first. roaming certain regions. The Kalderaš even founded a dynasty of “kings”. In the mid-19th century, the Lova- left the area on two main routes. One Many Kalderaš and Čurara ra settled within today’s Hungarian bor- led them northward, the other to the moved on from Poland to Russia and ders, in Transylvania and Banat. In a Balkans, particularly to today’s Serbia; Scandinavia. Išvan Demeter, one of the first wave of migration, in 1860-70, the from there, many Roma moved farther first Roma immigrants in Russia, said Lovara moved from Hungary to Czechia west. The migration of the Kalderaš and decades later that his family emigrated and Slovakia, and then on to Germany. other groups in the Balkans is not do- mainly because of the high dowries for Some of them followed the army in cumented, particularly as far as its be- women. The Demeters travelled through the Austro-Prussian war and settled in ginnings are concerned. Most probably Russia, reached Manchuria and later Czechia before they eventually came to it took place relatively late towards the stayed in Central Russia. Išvan‘s father Austria. Others went to Poland and later end of the 19th century. There is, howe- and his family even reached Algiers. to Russia. The wanderings of the vari- ver, a lot of evidence for the northbound Išvan Demeter‘s group was no isolated ous Lovara groups came to an end only route. case. Most Kalderaš in France, for in- in 1914, after the outbreak of World In 1860, the first Kalderaš rea- stance, had not arrived before 1870, but War I; it was a temporary end, because ched Krakow, which at the time was on immigrated later from Russia. Their di- already during the Hungarian Uprising the territory of Austria-Hungary. Being alect shows words from Russian collo- in 1956, numerous Lovara came to Aus- Austrian citizens, many Roma from quial speech, which is a clear sign that tria again. COUNCIL OF EUROPE ROma | HISTORY PROJECT EDucaTION OF ROma CHILDREN IN EuROPE SECOND 4.0 MIGRATION PRAISED DEXTERITY, GRANDIOSE PRICES “While they were in Britain they brought a touch of oriental splend- our to drab city waste-grounds. The women, with gold coins woven into their hair-plaits and strung around their necks and bosoms, presented a formidable spectacle, quite different from that of their English counter- parts in their finery […]; and the men, in baggy trousers tucked into Ill. 6 top-boots, brightly coloured shirts, Kalderaš tents at Garratt Lane, Wandsworth, London in August 1911. (from Fraser 1992, p. 231) and coats and waistcoats with rows of huge buttons of silver (some as ImmIGRATION TO COLOmbIA large as a hen‘s egg) were just as resplendent. Much of the men’s time In 1998, a Colombian Rom gave an account of his predecessors’ immigration: was spent in seeking out copper “The European Roma emigrated to Central America, from Central America they vessels to repair in factories, bre- emigrated to Southern America, they came to Peru, they came to Brazil, they came to Co- weries, hotels, restaurants, and lombia. [...] They emigrated via Panama, from Panama they crossed the Atrato and they the like: their dexterity and work- started in Antioquia [...] in the plains of Bogotá, on the coasts, in different parts. According manship were widely praised; their to the Colombian Roma, those born here in Colombia, 150 to 160 years have passed since grandiose prices were just as widely then. Because my grandfather died at the age of 75, he had already been born in Colombia, deprecated.” my grandmother, deceased, too, had also been born there.” Ill. 5 (from Fraser 1992, p. 231 ff.) Ill. 7 (translated from Deman, Katharina (2005) Untersuchung zur Grammatik der Romani-Varietät der Kumpanja in Bogotá/Kolumbien. Graz (Phil. Diss), p. 11) hs appeared in the Netherlands. Their came from Greece, the European parts of ARRIVAL IN tents and wagons, as well as the con- Turkey, from Serbia, Bulgaria and Ro- WESTERN EUROPE trast between their poor clothes and the mania. The following year they left the openly shown silver and gold, left a gre- country again. In 1885-7 and 1907-8 the Some Roma came with Austrian passports, at impression on the population.
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