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Project Education of Roma | History Roma Children Council Conseil of de l´Europe in Europe The Great “Gypsy” 3.3 Round-up in

The Great Antonio Gómez Alfaro “Gypsy” Round-up in Spain

A Preventive Security Measure l A Favourable Juncture l The Strategy l Funding the Round-up l The Prisoners’ Destination l Review of the Round-up l Problems with Freed “Gypsies” l The Reasons for the Pardon l An Unexpected Delay

The Age of Enlightened Absolutism provided the authorities with increasing opportunities to apply their measures on all the citizens in their range of power. In Spain, this resulted in the most painful episode in the history of the country’s “Gypsy” community: the general round-up carried out during the reign of Ferdinand VI, on July 30, 1749. The operation, which was as thorough as it was indiscriminate, led to the internment of ten to twelve thousand people, men and women, young and old, “simply because they were Gypsies.” The co-ordination of the different public authorities involved, the co-operation of the Church, which remained passive in the face of such injustice, the excesses committed by all those who made the operation possible, and the collaboration of the prisoners’ fellow citizens and neighbours made “Black Wednesday”, as the round-up is also called, an unchallenged event in the long history of European anti-“Gypsyism”.

a s t u r i a s basque Number of “GYPSY” families domiciled country Following a list by the Council of Castile, probably of 1749 N a v a r r e Ill. 1 (from Gómez Alfaro 1993, p. 22f.) León 3 Santo Domingo de la Calazada 1 a r a g o n g a l i c i a la 6 logroño x Number of families 4 rioja 7 Egea de los Caballeros Borders of autonomous communities 8 5 agreda 4 Toro 7 Aranda de Duero 2 6 4 calatayud Introduction zamora 4 c a S t i l e a n d l e o n

The appointed Governor of the Council 7 of Castile, at the time the highest poli- avila 4 l a c a r r a c a tical authority of the Spanish monarchy, Gaspar Vázquez Tablada, Bishop of castellón de la plana 18 Oviedo, presented a “consultation” pro- cuenca 5 villarreal 8 Plasencia 10 posing the adoption of “extraordinary Toledo 8 remedies” to put an end once and for all cáceres 9 v a l en c i a san clemente 8 to the “problems” of public order alle- 7 trujillo l a m a n c h a requena 12 14 alcira gedly created by the “Gypsies” to King e x t r a m a d u r a chinchilla 4 Ferdinand VI, on July 5, 1747. [Ill. 2] 5 8 15 san Felipe The “proposal” briefly reviewed villanueva da la Serena Infantes 3 8 Denia Almaden 12 the legal measures which from ancient Hellín 7 8 zafra 8 times had attempted to dilute the other- andújar 10 21 Baeza ness of the “Gypsies”; their evident córdoba 45 7 Ubeda 14 failure provided justification, from the a n d a l u S i a 4 Jaén 49 bishop-governor’s point of view, for se- Mancha Real 4 47 Lorca parating these irreducible persons from carmona 18 35 ecija 3 alcalá la Real the body of society by means of two al- 130 12 baza ternative options. The first of these con- 22 12 guadix 32 sisted of exiling them forever from the ronda 18 157 Puerto de Santa Maria cadiz Malaga A Preventive Security Measure A Favourable Juncture

Ill. 2 Ill. 3 King Ferdinand VI (1746 - 1759). The order to round up the “Gypsies”, issued by Gaspar Vázquez Tablada on 28, 1749 (from Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (1971) España, un enigma (to Orihuela authorities; first page). histórico. : Editorial Sudamericana, p. 560b) (from Gómez Alfaro 1993, p. 17) (Detail)

kingdom, setting a time limit for them to nately considered as socially dangerous, their mobility (the lack of a fixed abode) leave and “irremissibly” prescribing ca- if not – at least certain individuals – as and by working in occupations that were pital punishment for all those who retur- criminals. Irrespective of possible crimi- difficult to categorise. The word “Gypsy” ned, thus eliminating any possibility of nal behaviour deserving of specific pu- eventually became a legal label applied judicial intervention. If this measure of nishment, several contemporary accounts to a wide range of individuals who did expulsion “was to seem harsh“, a milder emphasise time and again the existence of not form a coherent, unified group. Since one could be adopted; this “milder“ “a second generic concept of idlers and responsibility for civil unrest is traditio- measure consisted of rounding up the people disobedient to laws”, among the nally assigned to groups whose mobility “Gypsies” and finding them a suitable “Gypsies”, “so that, as such, they should precludes effective state control, the sup- place to serve their prison sentence. be preventively separated in order to put pression of those referred to generally as The round-up was thus presented and end to their crimes and loafing”. “Gypsies” was about to become the pri- as an inevitable preliminary step in im- For a long time, the “Gypsies” had me aim of a police operation, in which posing preventive security measures on been suffering the consequences of being the army eventually became involved as a group whose members were indiscrimi- classified incorrectly, being defined by the custodian of public order.

“on a fixed and appointed day”. Prison Boys up to the age of 12 were A preventive was a preliminary stage in the enforce- to remain with the women, while tho- security measure ment of a preventive security measure se aged 12 to 15 were to be placed in that varied according to age and sex. apprenticeship in order to be initia- Relying in particular on the co-ope- [Ill. 3] ted into “useful“ trades, or were to be ration of the army, which had become Female “Gypsies” were to be entrusted to the Navy if they showed an essential for the round-up, the Gover- held in three “depots”, a mixture of pri- aptitude for maritime activities. Adults, nor of the Council of Castile, Vázquez son, barracks and factory, situated in i.e. “Gypsies” aged 15 or over, were to Tablada, recommended the preparation strategic locations, “one for , be sent to the arsenals of Cadiz, Carta- of a police operation under conditions another for Extramadura, la Mancha gena and El Ferrol as forced labourers of utmost secrecy, which would make and Murcia, and the third for Castile to replace those employed on the naval it possible to arrest all “Gypsies” at and the Kingdoms of the Crown of Ara- reconstruction programmes undertaken the same time throughout the country, gon, where fewer of them live.” in this period.

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The Great “Gypsy” 3.3 Round-up in Spain

order To the round-up

The order was prepared in sec- recy and distributed only in writ- ten letters which were mostly addressed to the “corregidor” (senior magistrate) of each regi- on where “Gypsies” were to be arrested. Every family in each town was indicated separate- ly; the “corregidor” was made responsible for arresting all of them. The original depicted here was addressed to the town of Ori- huela. Its initial sentence reads:

“The king (God save him) has resolved that the fourteen Gypsy families which are domiciled in that town with decrees from the council shall be moved …” Ill. 4 Ill. 3 Gypsy mule clippers in Spain, about 1800, lithograph by Gérard René Villain. Bibliothèque (from Gómez Alfaro 1993, p. 15) nationale, (from Fraser (1992) The Gypsies. Oxford / Cambridge: Blackwell, p. 167)

Male “Gypsies” over the age of supervision and employed on tasks ap- sease, the disabled and the elderly were 50 were to be sent to the large cities, propriate to their physical condition; to be sent to hospitals and homes “to be where they were to be kept under close those suffering from an incurable di- cared for and to die a Christian death”.

cedure to be settled between the civil order to achieve “the good and desired A favourable juncture and ecclesiastical courts, another pon- effect”, that is to round up the “Gyp- tifical decree was issued, authorising sies”, it would be sufficient to issue the same nuncio to delegate his powers the corresponding instructions to the The governor of the council was con- to the bishops as far as their respective authorities of the 75 towns where they vinced of the success of the operation, dioceses were concerned. should still be residing. Scrutiny of the in view of the combination of two spe- The second factor were the posi- council archives enabled its officials cific circumstances which were consi- tive results of a resettlement operation to draw up a list, which was the ba- dered as a “favourable juncture”. which had been set in motion in 1717 sis for the work of the the strategists The first circumstance concer- by a law which was an update with a of the round-up. This list revealed the ned the possibilities offered by a re- couple of amendments of the Pragma- existence of 881 families settled in 54 cent pontifical decree, which to some tica of Charles II from 1695. Its prin- of the 75 towns, in the proportion le- extent was the culmination of a leng- cipal novelty lies in designating forty- gally stipulated in a provision of 1746: thy process of diplomatic negotiations one cities as the sole authorised places one family, that is “the husband and with the Holy See to deprive the “Gyp- of residence for “Gypsies”. A provision wife, with their children and orphaned sies” of the right to local ecclesiasti- of 1746 would add 34 new cities to this grandchildren, if not married”, for eve- cal immunity. Thereby it was possible list. [Ills. 5, 6] ry 100 inhabitants. With the distribu- to neutralise any possible resistance The council had retained centra- tion at a ratio of one “Gypsy” family through the use of holy places as sanc- lised control over this rehousing ope- per hundred inhabitants the authorities tuaries. After the nuncio had been em- ration, so that it knew the addresses of were to ensure that they were taking powered to order the transfer of re- over 800 “Gypsy” families in the, by responsibility for supervising these fa- fuge-seekers to the prison churches, then, 75 towns where individuals of milies’ lifestyles and activities, taking where they would retain immunity for this category were authorised to live. particular care to keep them separated as long as it took for the appeal pro- Vázquez Tablada considered that, in from each other. [Ill. 1]

  The Strategy Funding the Round-up The Prisoners’ Destination

Characteristic measures of the PragmaticA of Charles II in 1695

Numerous laws were passed in order to own language. They were allowed to remedy the “failures” of all earlier le- leave their place of residence only to go gislation. The first of these, signed by to work in the fields and they must not Charles II in 1695, ordered all “Gyp- travel to another locality without writ- sies” to register with the authorities of ten authorisation from the authorities. their place of residence within thirty The typical punishment for those who days. Following a period of a further failed to obey was six to eight years thirty days, all “Gypsies” had to be in the galleys (for men aged between gone from the country. The sole occup- seventeen and sixty years) or 100 to ation authorised for “Gypsies” was the 200 lashes or banishment (for women). cultivation of the soil. It was forbidden Boys between fourteen and seventeen for “Gypsies” to possess or make use were sent to forced labour for several of horses; they were forbidden to pos- years. However, persons travelling in sess firearms; buying, selling and tra- groups of more than three and carrying ding animals of all kinds was prohibi- a weapon were, for example, sentenced ted. “Gypsies” were not allowed to live to death. Ill. 5 together in the same quarter, nor wear The Pragmatica of Charles II, costumes that were distinct from those Ill. 6 issued on June 12, 1695. of other inhabitants, or to speak their (abbreviated from Leblon 1995, p. 37ff.) (from Leblon 1995, p. 34)

king and, in a letter dated August 12th, true purpose of their detention, came The strategy he attributed the failings to the bishop- forward voluntarily in many places in governor “owing to the carelessness response to the public notices asking with which the news of this venture was them to report to the “corregimiento” An opinion was sought from the Jesuit disclosed”. Vázquez Tablada had been (this word denotes both the office and Father Francisco Rávago, confessor to dismissed two days earlier and replaced the jurisdiction of the “corregidor”). Ferdinand VI, whose immediate reply by the Bishop of . Ensenada Regarding sanctuary in holy removed all doubts and scruples from then assumed full responsibility for the places, which could have hampered the his royal penitent’s conscience: “The operation and issued very detailed ins- arrests, there were only a few isolated means proposed by the governor of the tructions with the aim of extending it to cases which were promptly resolved. council to root out this bad race, which “all Gypsies living in these kingdoms, Because mixed were a is hateful to God and pernicious to man, whether or not they have a fixed abode, reality found in many parts of the coun- seem good to me. The king will be ma- regardless of sex, civil status and age, try in this period of history, the autho- king a great gift to God, Our Lord, if he and without sparing any sanctuary in rities were forced to ask the council to manages to get rid of these people.” which they might have found refuge.” lay down specific rules for deciding All that remained was to devise [Ill. 9] the fate of non-“Gypsy” spouses and a strategy for the operation, a subject The available documentation children of mixed ethnicity. The coun- dealt with exhaustively by the Mar- indicates that the arrests proceeded cil declared the husband’s status to be quis of la Ensenada, the driving force smoothly. There is only evidence of one predominant, that means, that married behind all the major projects underta- violent incident, when three “Gypsies” women were to be included in the same ken during this period. The round-up fleeing from Seville were killed du- category as their husbands, although was scheduled for July 30, 1749, and ring a confrontation that took place on this general principle did not prevent Ensenada took a very close look at the the road to La Cartuja. The “Gypsies” that special value was attached to so- initial results. These were not to his li- themselves, perhaps unaware of the cially integrated behaviour. [Ill. 7]

Ensenada’s instructions specified that the in the Ancien Régime. The only new de- property of all those interned would be velopment seen in the round-up was an Funding the round-up seized and auctioned in order to meet all element of solidarity in the way the auc- the costs incurred – the common practice tion proceeds were used by the “corre-

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The Great “Gypsy” 3.3 Round-up in Spain

Most detailed instructions

The instructions for the “corregidores” aimed at providing thoroughly detailed answers for any problem which might arise during the round-up. Having ac- counted for the preliminary steps and the arresting itself, they went on [...]: “After all the mentioned families have been ar- rested, the men must be separated with the boys of over seven, and the women with the younger ones. When this sepa- ration has been carried out, and with the respective testimonies listing the names, they must be delivered to the officer when he has prepared his march, in two groups, arranging the stages according to their destinations, and for the transport of the prisoners the corregidor must prepare the Ill. 7 wagons, baggage and guides necessary”. Instructions for the “corregidores” (to Orihuela authorities, first page) (from Gómez Alfaro 1993, p. 28) (from Gómez Alfaro 1993, p. 30) (Detail)

gidores”. This money was used to cover train them in order to prevent them from preferential creditors to recover their the most varied of costs: the pay of the escaping. Neighbours participated in money or their property. This was the “alguaciles” (the subordinate police offi- auctions of this kind without showing the case with a religious order that owned cers attached to a judge or a court) and least scruple when it came to purchasing the land on which a “Gypsy” family had court registrars, and the office paper used the internees’ property at attractive pri- been able to build its home under a roy- by the latter to record the details of the ces. The property was of little value in alty contract. operation. Furthermore the money was many cases, but of some considerable Furthermore, while detentions used to pay the upkeep of the internees value in others, such as owned or rented and seizures were facilitated by the work in prison and during transfers, the hiring housing, animals used in farming or work of informers, there was also a consider- of the carts and draught animals used for tools used by some blacksmiths, who able number of cases where people and the journey, the medical assistance given were well-known as property owners. property were hidden, despite threats by to some prisoners during the journey, and Some auctions were halted be- the “corregidores” to punish all those the irons, chains and ropes used to res- cause of legal actions brought in by who helped the “Gypsies”.

were to be taken to Malaga and the at- general proudly emphasised in a later The prisoners’ destination tempt to enforce the council’s order by report. Not long afterwards, 200 adults the councillors of that city, it was ne- and 40 boys were moved from Alicante cessary to suspend the transfers and re- to the arsenal of Cartagena, where the The secrecy in which the round-up had direct the prisoners towards Seville due authorities ended up housing them in been prepared, which was a positive to serious overcrowding. galleys, which were destined for the factor in terms of its success as a police The Captaincy General of Va- breaker’s yard, lying at anchor in the operation, had negative effects when it lencia was in charge of conducting the harbour. came to deciding where the prisoners round-up not only in the Kingdom of The women were divided up were to be sent; the lack of prison in- but also in extensive areas of between the castles of Oliva and frastructures for their accommodation Castile, such as Murcia, Cuenca, la Al- Gandía. Because of the duplication of made it necessary to resort to impro- carria, la Mancha and Toledo. The men costs involved, it was considered ex- visation, with all the problems that en- were transported to Alicante castle and pedient to collect them together in one tails. To give just one example: despite the women to Denia castle, without one place again, and this was done in an old the order that all Andalusian “Gypsies” single prisoner escaping, as the captain convent outside the city walls of Valen-

  Review of the Round-up Problems with Freed “Gypsies” The Reasons for the Pardon / An Unexpected Delay

The Marquis of la Ensenada, as prime minister, effectively ran the country from 1743 to 1746 and continued to play a leading role until he was dismissed in 1754. It is said that he desired a stable, peaceful atmosphere surrounding Spain in which the country could reform her institutions. In 1749 he personally ensured that the round-up operation lead to proper results, that is to say “that this category of people [the “Gypsies”] will disappear”.

The order to complete the imprisonment of the “Gypsies”

The order of the Marquis of la Ensenada to complete the imprisonment of the “Gypsies”, dated 12 August 1749. “His Majesty now orders that by all means, and in every place, the impri- sonment should be sought and executed of those who had remained, reserving no sanctuary whatsoever which they may have taken. [...] And although I have already communicated this to the said magistrates in similar terms, I now entrust them again with the most vigilant and exact enforcement of the [...] order, so that the purpose may be achieved, which is so important [...] for if the slightest omission is confirmed, they shall be responsible, and the most serious measure shall be taken. [...] The said magistrates will carry out everything as it is expressed, punctually Ill. 8 and completely, as befits a question of this importance [...].” The Marquis of la Ensenada (1743-1746) Ill. 9 (from Vaca de Osma, José Antonio 1997: Carlos III. (from Gómez Alfaro 1993, p. 63ff.) Madrid: Ediciones RIALP, p. 255)

cia, which had been used as a hospital safe accommodation for the prisoners and repeated attempts to escape are a for soldiers during the wars at the begin- and for the troops guarding them, lack chapter of its own in this story. Due to ning of the century. of proper work training among the pri- the complicity between prisoners, it was The arrival of “Gypsies” at the soners and, as a result, foreseeable de- impossible to establish responsibilities arsenal of La Carraca (Cadiz) also rai- lays in the work when, as planned, they from the interrogations to which they sed a whole series of problems: lack of replaced the free workforce. Mutinies were subjected.

the round-up was conceived. The only which ones should be exempt from the Review of the round-up thing we know for sure is that he issued mentioned general decree.” an order concerning “Gypsy” prisoners The select committee recom- who held an “ejecutoria”, that is a judg- mended the general application of this “The most important thing remains to ment by a court without a possibility to rule and eventually, in an instruction be done, in other words finding them appeal (in this instance, the Council of issued on October 28, 1749, accepted a destination, so that a great deal of Castile) or a “provision”, which means the existence of “Gypsies” who, “out harm can be avoided and this catego- a written order sent to the representa- of tiredness, fear or repentance”, ob- ry of people will disappear, if that is tives of the justice system by the coun- served the decrees which regulated possible”, admitted the Marquis of la cil for enforcement: “In the areas where their lives and, in consequence, “never Ensenada on September 7, 1749 when there are Gypsies imprisoned, and their could, nor should have been included he ordered to set up a select committee families, who before the decree for in that royal decision because, being composed of members of the council to their general arrest possessed letters innocent, they are exempt from any study certain points that he considered patent or measures from the council, or charge and any punishment.” The ope- especially important concerning the other formal declarations that they are ning of secret files was ordered (files “Gypsies” arrested in the recent police not Gypsies, they should be retained drawn up without the participation of operations. and the sale of their property suspen- those concerned), and from this time on It is not known whether Ensen- ded, while by means of secret reports it two classes of “Gypsies” were official- ada was already convinced of the need is discovered if their lives correspond ly distinguished: “good Gypsies”, who to make corrective changes to the in- to these such declarations, and it can were legitimately married, held judg- itial indiscriminate nature with which be determined from this information ments or orders declaring them non-

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The Great “Gypsy” 3.3 Round-up in Spain

Carlos III (1759-88), besides cutting down the overgrown power of the monastic orders, abolished much antiquated and restricting legislation and had infrastructural renewal carried out. He also went on the records as the king who compelled the people of Madrid to give up emptying their slops out of the windows or, for example, introduced Christmas cribs following Neapolitan models. The fact that he finally ordered the “Gypsies” to be freed from internment is practically unknown to the public.

“Your most unfortunate vassals …”

An appeal from Bernardo Martínez de Malla, Cristóbal Bermúdez, Miguel Cor- rea, Salvador Bautista and Pedro González, Roma detained in the arsenal at Cartagena, reads: “Sir, the new Castilians, who are imprisoned in the arsenal at Cartagena bow to Your Majesty‘s royal feet. […] They humbly beg Your Majesty to deign to mercifully attend to their humble pleas, and grant them freedom so they can remove their abandoned property; and join their poor wives, children and fami- lies, who are equally dispersed with the affliction of being separated from one another, having by nature and love such close links as those of blood and mar- riage: Your most unfortunate vassals respectfully hope for Your Majesty‘s royal generous mercy […].” Ill. 10 Ill. 11 Carlos III (1759-88) (from Gómez Alfaro 1993, p. 101) (from Sánchez-Albornoz 1971, cover)

“Gypsies”, and were law-abiding citi- measures from the council, they were age was followed by more moderate zens; “bad Gypsies”, to whom a variety sentenced to forced labour and assig- enforcement, according to subsequent of epithets were applied: “delinquent”, ned to public works, and if they should reports by certain authorities who felt “guilty”, “disobedient”, “offending”, escape, they were to be sent to the gal- that attempts to escape could even be “pernicious” and “deviant”. Even if lows without any possibility of appeal. considered “excusable” on the part of they had letters patent, declarations or However, this perfunctory legal langu- people so lacking in prospects.

kingdom found itself almost as full of sum, if any, among the freed “Gypsies”, Problems with Gypsies as before”. who accepted the balance without crea- freed “Gypsies” After an order had been issued to ting any problems. the effect that seized property was to be Those “Gypsies” who had not Regretting that the royal instruction did restored to “Gypsies” returning to their managed to overcome the barrier repre- not provide for any control mechanisms homes, a number of incidents took place sented by the secret files sent numerous in respect of matters left to the sole ju- to which the “corregidores” found a diffe- appeals to the council from the arsenals risdiction of intermediate authorities, a rent solution in each case. The most com- where they were still interned. From 1757 report by the Count of Campomanes in mon solution was to subtract the sums onwards, these complaints were no lon- 1764 stressed that, following the release obtained at the auctions and all the costs ger accepted, thus depriving the unfortu- of most of those imprisoned in 1749, “the incurred and then to share the remaining nate prisoners of all hope. [Ill. 11]

of an epidemic which had broken out on Ferrol sent a letter to the Ministry of the The reasons for the par- board during this unforeseen journey. Navy in which they suggested the release don Over the years, the situation of the survi- of a number of “old, crippled and valetu- vors became a decisive factor in the gran- dinarian” “Gypsies” and vagrants “who, The “Gypsies” imprisoned at the arsenal ting of an amnesty, which put an end to absolutely unfit for any form of work, of La Carraca (Cadiz) were sent to the the police operation designed to eliminate are constantly in hospital and give rise arsenal of El Ferrol () by sea in the Spanish “Gypsy” community in 1749. to costs for their upkeep and treatment 1752. They arrived decimated because On August 12, 1762, the authorities of El without yielding any profit”.

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The Great “Gypsy” 3.3 Round-up in Spain

Initially, the ministry seemed med a small group of 165 individuals, of Ferdinand VI, had decided to pardon receptive to the proposal and asked for whose forced labour had ceased to be all the “Gypsies” who were in the arse- figures so that estimates could be made; profitable in the majority of cases. nals as a result of the 1749 round-up. the same request was also made to the On June 16, 1763, the Minister Appended to the memorandum were authorities in charge of the other two ar- of the Navy sent a brief memorandum lists of the “Gypsies” drawn up by the senals at Cartagena and at La Carraca. It to the governor of the council stating arsenals, in which it was indicated that was thus ascertained in Madrid that the that King Charles III, who ascended the the council was to specify the places potential beneficiaries of a pardon for- throne in 1759 and was the half-brother where these people would live.

“Gypsies” be freed without any further milar to those carried out on all the 1749 An unexpected delay delay. They were released in mid-July prisoners. In 1762, however, they mana- 1765, sixteen years after the round-up ged to have their situation declared in a had started. way comparable to that of the “Gypsies” However, effective enjoyment of the Imprisonment lasted even longer still in the arsenals, and thus became be- pardon was delayed for a further two for a group of men, who Brigadier Diego neficiaries of the amnesty. years because the council agreed to a de Cárderas, the Governor of Puerto de Shortly afterwards, the king aut- suggestion by its prosecutors, which Santa María, had interned in 1745. The horised the continuation of the proce- went far beyond the scope of their brief. most robust individuals were sentenced dure initiated by the council’s prosecu- They thought that freedom for the in- to forced labour in the mines of Almadén tors, who drafted detailed provisions for ternees was to be part of a whole series and the least robust were sent to the penal solving the social “problem” posed by of measures for regulating the lives of colonies of Africa, for a period of four the “Gypsies”. These were included in a all “Gypsies” and, to that end, began an years. Unfortunately, the completion of draft bill. One of the articles mentions the exhaustive study on this subject. The their sentences coincided with the period measures carried out for the same purpo- delay to which this inevitably gave rise when the “Gypsy” community was expe- se during the reign of Ferdinand VI, the prompted immediate complaints from riencing the worst consequences of the immediate predecessor of Charles III. those who were convinced that an end general round-up. The council decided The latter asked his advisors to remove to their problems was imminent. It was to include these men ex lege among the this reference, saying that what had been King Charles III himself who put an “bad Gypsies”, thus denying them the done at the time “did not do credit to the end to this procedure, ordering that the possibility of a secret investigation si- memory of his beloved brother”.

Conclusion subjected to forced labour, punished, up as a language-blend of Romani and hurt and killed, the community’s inner Castilian. Thus not only individuals and For the Spanish “Gypsy” community, structures had changed completely. A families but the whole Roma community the round-up, needless to say, had de- clear picture of the change gives “Caló”, of Spain did not manage to fully recover vastating effects. With thousands of the language of Spanish Roma: within a from the injuries they received by the Roma having been deported, interned, few decades after the round-up it ended agents of the dark Age of Enlightenment.

Bibliography

Gómez Alfaro, Antonio (1992) El expediente general de . Madrid: Editorial de la Universidad Complutense | Gómez Alfaro, Antonio (1993) The Great Gypsy Round-up. Spain: the general imprisonment of Gypsies in 1749. Madrid: Editorial Presencia Gitana | Leblon, Bernard (1985) Les gitans d‘Espagne. Le prix de la différence. Paris: Presses universitaires de | Leblon, Bernard (1995) Gypsies and . The emergence of the art of flamenco in Andalusia. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press | Sánchez , Helena (1977) Los gitanos españoles. El periodo borbónico. Madrid: Castellote

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