Austro-Hungarian Empire

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Austro-Hungarian Empire PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA | HISTORY ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EUROPE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN 3.1 EMPIRE Austro-Hungarian compiled by the editors Empire A New Method: Assimilation | The Four Decrees of Maria Theresia | Little Success | Failed Attempts in Spain and Germany Already at an early stage, people had tried to stop the Roma from living their way of life and culture. On a larger scale, however, policies of assimilation to the majority population were only pushed ahead by rulers in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism. Empress Maria Theresia and her son Joseph II in particular pursued programs which aimed at the Roma’s settlement and assimilation. Instead of physical violence a new form of cruelty was used in order to transform the uncontrollable and, to the state, unproductive “Gypsies” into settled, profitable subjects: the Roma were given land, they were no longer allowed to speak Romani and marry among each other, they were registered, and finally their children were taken away. However, these measures succeeded only in Western Hungary, today’s Austrian Burgenland and adjacent areas. In the other territories of the Empire, as well as in Spain and Germany, where the pressure for assimilation was likewise increased, the rulers’ policy of assimilation failed. COMITATUS MOSON INTRODUCTION (WIESELBURG) The Age of Enlightened Absolutism was characterised by essential changes in the sovereigns’ policies toward the “Gypsies”. In the face of the complete failure of all attempts to banish them COMITATUS permanently from their dominion, the SOPRON sovereigns of the Enlightenment were (ÖDENBURG) searching for new methods and ways to solve the “Gypsy problem” from the second half of the 18th century onwards. Therefore, assimilation by decree of the state was added to the methods of expulsion and persecution of the Roma that are being practiced to this day. COMITATUS AUSTRIA VAS HUNGARY (EISENBURG) E U R O P E ROMA POPULATION IN BURGENLAND FROM 1762 TO 1789. Ill. 1 (based upon Mayerhofer 1988, p. 30) BURGENLAND former Hungarian county borders Burgenland today A New Method: Assimilation The Four Decrees of Maria Theresia Little Success Failed Attempts in Spain and Germany Ill. 2 Maria Theresia, Empress of the Austro- Ill. 3 (Detail) Hungarian Empire. List of “Gypsy” children “resettled” to Nagygencs in the year 1782. (from Vacha 1992, p. 295) (from Mayerhofer 1988, p. 29) The primary motives behind the of the “Gypsies” was replaced by the A NEW METHOD: enforcement of assimilation at that time destruction of their culture and traditi- ASSIMILATION undoubtedly were the aspiration of the onal ways of life. Only in comparison centralised state to control its subjects to the brutal persecution of former eras Measures forcing the Roma to give up and to integrate the Roma into the exis- could this new way of dealing with the their way of life were taken, in order ting economic system. However, the re- Roma be possibly seen as progressive. to do away with an “uncontrollable ligious beliefs of a few sovereigns also Moreover, the methods applied in “civi- nuisance” and to transform so-called played a role. They saw an honourable lising” the Roma – such as taking away “unproductive” parts of the popula- duty in the “civilisation” of the “Gyp- their children – were in many cases more tion into “respectable, obedient and sies” by enforcing their “re-education” brutal and inhumane. diligent people”. The most important into becoming “good Christians”. Very early attempts by the state aim of these measures was to keep the The policies of assimilation dur- to assimilate the Roma can be found in Roma from wandering about and to ing that time were based on the way En- Spain. As early as in 1619 the authorities make the hitherto “roving and vaga- lightenment viewed human beings: the wanted to force the wandering Roma to bond Gypsies” settle down permanent- individual was regarded as “capable of settle, and used methods of assimilation ly. The coercion to live rural lives or learning and improving”. At the same such as forbidding the use of Romani to learn civic trades, and the destruc- time, the measures that were taken to (1633), separating parents and children tion of their cultural identity, was sup- assimilate the Roma rested upon the as- and committing the children to orpha- posed to lead to an assimilation into sumption that their culture was inferior nages, and sending men and women to society. in principle. The physical extermination separate workhouses (1686, 1725). influenced many other sovereigns. Stri- The first decree (1758) forced The FOUR DECReeS OF ving to make the Roma settle down as the “Gypsies” to settle. They were de- MaRIA TheRESIA “new citizens” or “new farmers”, she nied the right to own horses and wa- issued four great decrees altogether du- gons in order to keep them from “no- Maria Theresia, the Empress of the Aus- ring her reign (1740-1780). By means madising”. Furthermore, the Roma tro-Hungarian Empire, set an example of these decrees the Roma should be were given land and seeds and became with her policies of assimilation which forced to give up their ways of life. liable to pay tribute from their crops COUNCIL OF EUROPE ROMA | HISTORY PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA CHILDREN IN EUROPE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN 3.1 EMPIRE THE “MANAGEMENT OF THE GYPSIES” Some basic principles of the guidelines “De Domiciliatione et Regulatione Zingaro- rum” (About the settlement and management of Gypsies), published on October 9, 1783, by Emperor Joseph II: - The Roma were no longer allowed to set up tents in the woods; rather, they should be urged to farm the land in towns in scarcely-wooded areas. - The jurisdiction of the voivodes was replaced by that of the High Judge. - The Roma were not allowed to keep horses for the sole purpose of selling them. Bondsmen were allowed to possess horses, but only for work, and couldn’t under any circumstances trade them. - 24 strokes with the cane were set as punishment for the use of the “Gypsy language”. - The same punishment applied to those who ate carrions. - Roma were not allowed to marry among each other. - The “jurassores” (district judges) had to report monthly about the Roma’s way of life. - The number of Roma musicians was restricted. - Roma children should, from the age of 4 onwards, be distributed among the neigh- bouring towns, at least every two years. Ill. 4 Ill. 5 (abbreviated and translated from Mayerhofer 1988, p. 27f.) Maria Theresia’s son, Josef II (from Vacha 1992, p. 322) just like the other subjects of the crown. tion. “Gypsy boys” would learn a trade however, was bound to an attestation of They were supposed to build houses or be recruited for military service at “a proper way of life and knowledge of and had to ask for permission and state the age of sixteen if they were fit for the Catholic religious doctrine”. Since an exact purpose if they wanted to leave service. the empress and her counsellors were of their villages. In 1767 Maria Theresia had the the opinion that the “civilisation” of the In the second decree (1761) the jurisdiction withdrawn from the voi- “Gypsies” was the basis for a success- term “Zigani”, which was commonly vodes and all “Gypsies” became sub- ful “domiciliation”, she ordered that all used for the Roma at that time, was re- ject to local jurisdiction (third decree). children over the age of five should be placed by the terms “Ujpolgár” (Hunga- At the same time, they were ordered to taken away from their parents and be rian for “new citizen”), “Ujparasztok” register and – based on this registration handed over to Hungarian farmers’ fa- (“new farmer”), “Ujmagyar” (“new – conscriptions were carried out for the milies who were supposed to take char- Hungarian”) or “Ujlakosok” (or Latin first time. ge of their Christian upbringing against “Neocolonus”, for “new settler”). They The fourth decree, issued in 1773, payment. The children should grow up were supposed to give up their way of prohibited marriages between the Roma. isolated from their parents in different life, together with their old name, in or- Mixed marriages were encouraged by comitatuses, go to school and later learn der to accelerate the process of integra- subsidies. Permission to get married, a trade or become farmers. [Ill. 3] assimilation even more rigorously. Not ve measures imposed by Maria There- LITTLE SUCCESS only were more restrictions – such as sia and Joseph II were effective only to the compulsory adoption of the clothing a certain degree. They only succeeded and the language of the village people permanently in what is Burgenland to- Although Maria Theresia’s successor, – imposed on the Roma, but they were day, where the Roma actually settled Josef II (1780-1790), released the Roma also threatened with harsh punishment down and have stayed up to the present of Bukovina that had been living in bon- for offences against these restrictions. day. A large number of Roma were suc- dage, he continued the policies of assi- For the use of the “Gypsy language”, cessfully assimilated there: frequently milation started by his mother. Issued in for example, the law provided a flog- children did not return to their own pa- 1783, the guidelines “de Domiciliatione ging of 24 blows. Despite the sanctions rents, stayed on the farms of their foster et Regulatione Zingarorum” enforced ordered in case of offences, the coerci- parents or learned a trade and married COUNCIL OF EUROPE ROMA | HISTORY PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA CHILDREN IN EUROPE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN 3.1 EMPIRE A travelogue written by a French writer of the 19th century recounts the terrible impressions the “theft” of Roma children had left on her: “On a certain day, terrible for that described.
Recommended publications
  • The Great “Gypsy” Round-Up in Spain
    PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA | HISTORY ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EUROPE THE GREAT “GYPSY” 3.3 ROUND-UP IN SPAIN The Great Antonio Gómez Alfaro “Gypsy” Round-up in Spain A Preventive Security Measure l A Favourable Juncture l The Strategy l Funding the Round-up l The Prisoners’ Destination l Review of the Round-up l Problems with Freed “Gypsies” l The Reasons for the Pardon l An Unexpected Delay The Age of Enlightened Absolutism provided the authorities with increasing opportunities to apply their measures on all the citizens in their range of power. In Spain, this resulted in the most painful episode in the history of the country’s “Gypsy” community: the general round-up carried out during the reign of Ferdinand VI, on July 30, 1749. The operation, which was as thorough as it was indiscriminate, led to the internment of ten to twelve thousand people, men and women, young and old, “simply because they were Gypsies.” The co-ordination of the different public authorities involved, the co-operation of the Church, which remained passive in the face of such injustice, the excesses committed by all those who made the operation possible, and the collaboration of the prisoners’ fellow citizens and neighbours made “Black Wednesday”, as the round-up is also called, an unchallenged event in the long history of European anti-“Gypsyism”. Oviedo A S T U R I A S CANTABRIA BASQUE NUMBER OF “GYPSY” FAMILIES DOMICILED COUNTRY Following a list by the Council of Castile, probably of 1749 N A V A R R E Ill.
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting the Social Inclusion of Roma
    EU NETWORK OF INDEPENDENT EXPERTS ON SOCIAL INCLUSION PROMOTING THE SOCIAL INCLUSION OF ROMA HUGH FRAZER AND ERIC MARLIER (NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH, CEPS/INSTEAD) DECEMBER 2011 SYNTHESIS REPORT On behalf of the Disclaimer: This report reflects the views of its authors European Commission and these are not necessarily those of either the DG Employment, Social Affairs European Commission or the Member States. and Inclusion The original language of the report is English. EU NETWORK OF INDEPENDENT EXPERTS ON SOCIAL INCLUSION PROMOTING THE SOCIAL INCLUSION OF ROMA HUGH FRAZER AND ERIC MARLIER (NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH, CEPS/INSTEAD) DECEMBER 2011 SYNTHESIS REPORT Overview based on the national reports prepared by the EU Network of Independent Experts on Social Inclusion Disclaimer: This report reflects the views of its authors and these are not necessarily those of either the European Commission or the Member States. The original language of the report is English. On behalf of the European Commission DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion SYNTHESIS REPORT Contents Preface 3 Summary, conclusions and suggestions 4 A. Summary 4 A.1 Overview of the situation of the Roma in the European Union (EU) 4 A.2 Assessment of existing policy and governance frameworks and identification of key policy priorities to be addressed in national Roma integration strategies 6 B. Conclusions and suggestions 12 1. Overview of the Situation of the Roma in the EU 16 1.1 Roma population across the EU 16 1.2 Geographical variations within countries 20 1.3 Poverty and social exclusion of Roma 22 1.3.1 Income poverty and deprivation 23 1.3.2 Educational disadvantage 24 1.3.3 Employment disadvantage 27 1.3.4 Poor health 30 1.3.5 Inadequate housing and environment 32 1.3.6 Limited access to sport, recreation and culture 34 1.4 Widespread discrimination and racism 35 1.5 Gender discrimination 38 1.6 Extensive data gaps 39 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Status of the Romani Language in Europe. Mercator Working Papers
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 479 303 FL 027 781 AUTHOR Bakker, Peter; Rooker, Marcia TITLE The Political Status of the Romani Language in Europe. Mercator Working Papers. SPONS AGENCY European Union, Brussels (Belgium). REPORT NO WP-3 ISSN ISSN-1133-3928 PUB DATE 2001-00-00 NOTE 37p.; Produced by CIEMEN (Escarre International Centre for Ethnic Minorities and Nations), Barcelona, Spain. Contains small print. AVAILABLE FROM CIEMEN, Rocafort 242, bis, 08020 Barcelona,(Catalunya), Spain. Tel: 34-93-444-38-00; Fax: 34-93-444-38-09; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.ciemen.org/mercator. For full text: http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/ pdf/wp3-def-ang.PDF. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Civil Rights; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Language Usage; Language of Instruction; *Minority Groups;,Public Policy; *Regional Dialects; Sociolinguistics IDENTIFIERS European Union; *Gypsies; Roma ABSTRACT This paper examines the political status of Romani. the language of the Gypsies/Roma, in the European Union (EU). Even though some groups do not call themselves "Roma," all Romani speaking groups use the name "Romanes" for their language and "Romani/Romano/Romane" for everything related to their group. All groups use the same language, and all languages can be subdivided into dialects. Three aspects make Romani dialects more diverse than other EU dialects: absence of centuries long influence from a standard language or prestige dialect; influence from a variety of local languages; and a great number of communities of Romani speakers (with speakers not all in contact with each other).
    [Show full text]
  • Online Event Evidence and Research for Roma Children— RECI
    Online event Evidence and Research for Roma Children— RECI Reports: Decade of Collaboration Date: December 8, 2020 Time: 14:00-16:00 GMT/15:00-17:00 CET _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Agenda Welcome Keynote address RECI series – Achievements and challenges Presentation and reflections from RECI partners Q&A Panel discussion 1: What do we need to do to promote equal access to health and education for Roma children? What is the role of research in policy making, practice and advocacy? Q&A Panel discussion 2: Roma children’s inclusion today. (What has been achieved in the past 10 years? Where are countries now? What are the main problems? What is the impact of COVID1-19 on Roma children and their families? What data are available and what data are missing? Q&A Conclusions and takeaway messages _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Speakers with affiliation • Zuzana Havirova Balazova - Director of Roma Advocacy and Research Center, Slovakia • Ivelina Borisova - Regional Advisor, UNICEF • Redjepali Chupi, Interim Co-Director, Roma Education Fund • Dan Pavel Doghi - Senior Adviser on Roma and Sinti Issues, Chief of the CPRSI at OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE ODIHR) • Roland Ferkovics - independent advocacy expert • Jana Hainsworth - Secretary General, Eurochild • Jana Huttova - Consultant, OSF • Arthur Ivatts - Consultant, OSF • Anita Jones - Program
    [Show full text]
  • CPRSI Newsletter
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights CPRSI Newsletter August 1996 Vol.2 No. 4 A group numerically inferior to the rest of the population of the state, in a non-dominant position, whose members being nationals of the State - possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population and show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards presenting their culture, traditions, religion or language. INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Editorial............................................................................................................................... The Travelling Communities - History, Culture and Educational Opportunities, by Arthur Ivatts ..................................................................................................................................... Roma As National Minority, by Noboru Miyawaki ............................................................... The Marginalisation of Gypsies (Exerts), by Helen O'Nions LL.M.................................... Czech Photoproject.............................................................................................................. Book reviews: Struggling for Ethnic Identity............................................................................................... The Great Gypsy Round-Up................................................................................................. Reports submitted to the CPRSI.............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Definition. Stigmatisation, Minoritisation1 and Ethnicity Illustrated by the History of Gypsies in the Netherlands*
    THE POWER OF DEFINITION. STIGMATISATION, MINORITISATION1 AND ETHNICITY ILLUSTRATED BY THE HISTORY OF GYPSIES IN THE NETHERLANDS* LEO LUCASSEN Introduction Various groups of immigrants have settled in the Netherlands over the past centuries. This process generally took place without big problems, apart from the almost ritual phase of a not very flattering stereotype, with the result that none of the original immigrants still exist as a group. There are no German, Huguenot or southern Dutch minorities left. The history of Jews and gypsies was quite different. Although they have lived in the Netherlands for centuries, they have always stayed minorities. The question is why? Was integration or assimilation blocked because they were totally ‘different’, or was the attitude of the host society to blame? In this article I will restrict myself to the gypsies and try to shed some light on this hitherto unsolved problem by means of an historical analysis. I use the term ‘stigmatisation’ (following Van Arkel 1985) because there was (and is) a lot of confusion about who should be considered ‘gypsies’. Contrary to studies that start from the assumption that it is mainly a matter of self-definition, 1 consider that stigmatisation can stimulate group formation – and along with it ethnic consciousness – to a great extent. Two aspects of ‘stigmatisation’ are distinguished for analytical purposes: a) the dissemina- tion of negative ideas about a specific group (stigma) by an authoritative body; and b) the attachment of this stigma on specific groups (labelling) A separate analysis of labelling is of paramount importance in situations where it is unclear who is considered as a group-member; this was the case not only with gypsies, but also with other groups such as homosexuals and political opponents.
    [Show full text]
  • VOLUME 2 • NUMBER 1 • 2019 Aims and Scope
    CRITICAL ROMANI STUDIES CRITICAL Volume 2 ■ Number 1 ■ 2019 Articles Timeo Danaos Blaming the Victim in Roma Inclusion Policies Csaba Fényes “They’re Saying That to Us?” The Unspeakable Racism of Spanish Gadjo Feminism Sarah Werner Boada A Transatlantic Perspective on Romani Thoughts, Movements, and Presence beyond Europe Esteban Acuña Cabanzo Nomads, “Gypsies,” and Criminals in England and India from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century Cristina-Ioana Dragomir Book Reviews Reni Eddo-Lodge. 2017. Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People about Race. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Izabella Anna Wódzka Sam Beck and Ana Ivasiuc, eds. 2018. Roma Activism: Reimagining Power and Knowledge. New York: Berghahn Books. Blair Biggar Arts and Culture Accessorizing (with) “Gypsyness” in the Twenty-first Century: 2 • NUMBER 1 2019 VOLUME Cultural Appropriations in the Fashion Industry Mihaela Moscaliuc VOLUME 2 • NUMBER 1 • 2019 Aims and Scope Critical Romani Studies is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal providing a forum for activist-scholars to critically examine racial oppressions, different forms of exclusion, inequalities, and human rights abuses of Roma. Without compromising academic standards of evidence collection Editors and analysis, the Journal seeks to create a platform to critically engage with academic knowledge production, and generate critical academic and policy Maria Bogdan knowledge targeting – amongst others – scholars, activists, and policymakers. Heidelberg University Scholarly expertise is a tool, rather than the end, for critical analysis of social Jekatyerina Dunajeva phenomena affecting Roma, contributing to the fight for social justice. The Journal Pázmány Péter Catholic University especially welcomes the cross-fertilization of Romani studies with the fields of critical race studies, gender and sexuality studies, critical policy studies, diaspora Tímea Junghaus studies, colonial studies, postcolonial studies, and studies of decolonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Covid-19 and Minority Rights: Overview and Promising Practices
    HUMAN RIGHTS AT THE HEART OF RESPONSE TOPICS IN FOCUS COVID-19 AND MINORITY RIGHTS 4 JUNE 2020 COVID-19 AND MINORITY RIGHTS: OVERVIEW AND PROMISING PRACTICES WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MINORITIES? COVID-19 has a broad range of disproportionate and adverse impacts upon national, ethnic, religious and linguistic minority communities. Some minority groups have suffered death rates several times higher than other groups during the pandemic. Emergency measures, including lockdowns, in response to COVID-19 have had a profound impact on people from minority groups, particularly migrants. Minority communities also face greater impacts from the economic downturn engendered by the pandemic. In countries where official data exist, a disproportionate number of deaths affecting minorities has been confirmed, revealing substantial, structural inequalities in society1. While COVID-19 poses a huge challenge to the whole of society, the impact on minorities can be more severe in a number of ways, and for a variety of reasons. Experiences differ, of course, between minority communities and in different contexts. But there are a number of areas of concern that have quickly emerged as particularly relevant for minorities in many locations. The pandemic has been most devastating for the lives, health and well-being of those with lower socio-economic status – a category that tracks closely with minority status in most countries2. In certain regions or countries, minorities are more likely to live in over-crowded housing conditions, making physical distancing and self- isolation more challenging, and some live in conditions with inadequate access to water and sanitation or where those utilities are communal.
    [Show full text]
  • Roma at a Glance
    ROMA AT A GLANCE OVERVIEW Roma have origins in North India, and scholars estimate that their migration happened more than million Roma worldwide a thousand years ago. 15 There are currently upwards of 15 million Roma living across the world. Roma are citizens of the countries they live in unless institutional barriers million Roma in Europe hinder it. 10-12 Throughout the centuries, a persistent mechanism of oppression has been established against Roma populations. In Europe, for more than seven centuries, Roma went from one harmful policy to million Roma in Latin America another: enslavement for 500 years in Romania, 1.5 mass killings during the Holocaust, forced assimilation until the early 2000s in some Central and Eastern European countries. million Roma in North America More so, the history and the collective memory 1 of domination and violence, and power imposed through enslavement, mass killings, expulsions, forced assimilation, or forced sterilization of Romani women, has received no recognition, but still informs the inequalities and the anti-Roma thousand Roma in Australia sentiments prevalent today. 100 Roma or the Romani people is an umbrella term for groups identified, amongst others, as Roma, Gitanos, Sinti, Manush. Oftentimes, they are pejoratively called “Gypsies”. one in every four The ideas of “Gypsy criminality” and “Gypsy Roma in the EU has been discriminated against in the inferiority” have been embedded in European 1 culture. past year because of their ethnicity. 1 2016 FRA survey Across EU countries, only 1% of the Roma are enrolled in third-level education and only 12% in secondary education. In southeastern Europe, only 18% of Roma attend secondary school vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Negotiating Roma Identity in Contemporary Urban Romania: an Ethnographic Study
    NEGOTIATING ROMA IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN ROMANIA: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY Anca N. Birzescu A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2013 Committee: Radhika Gajjala, Advisor Karen M. Kakas Graduate Faculty Representative Lara Martin Lengel Lynda Dixon © 2013 Anca Birzescu All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Radhika Gajjala, Advisor This dissertation is a critical ethnography of the Roma ethnic minority in post- communist Romania within the socio-economic and political context of the country’s post-accession to the European Union. The focus broadly is on the identity negotiation of the Roma minority in Romanian urban space. To this end, I explore Roma communicative practices in capital city of Bucharest. I examine the urban intercultural contact zones that represent Roma-non Roma relations and interactions. I draw on the productive “travelling” postcolonial theories and translate them into an examination of the Roma minority in Romanian physical space. My ethnography is informed by postcolonial theoretical frameworks that challenge the seemingly dichotomous colonizer/colonized relation. I look at discursive practices among Roma individuals suggesting alternative epistemes to allow for a nuanced understanding of the Roma-non Roma encounter. My methods include in-depth interviews, participant observation, and direct observation. The personal narratives of the 35 participants involved in this study emphasize a range of identity negotiation patterns. These reveal in turn complex, interrelated configurations of internalized oppression, passing, and hybridity that make possible both resistance and conformity to the dominant cultural production of the Gypsy Other.
    [Show full text]
  • Roma and Sinti Under-Studied Victims of Nazism
    UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Roma and Sinti Under-Studied Victims of Nazism Symposium Proceedings W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Roma and Sinti Under-Studied Victims of Nazism Symposium Proceedings CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 2002 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Third printing, July 2004 Copyright © 2002 by Ian Hancock, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Michael Zimmermann, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Guenter Lewy, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Mark Biondich, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Denis Peschanski, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Viorel Achim, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by David M. Crowe, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Contents Foreword .....................................................................................................................................i Paul A. Shapiro and Robert M. Ehrenreich Romani Americans (“Gypsies”).......................................................................................................1 Ian
    [Show full text]
  • The Appropriate Response of Spanish Gitanos: Short-Run Orientation Beyond Current Socio-Economic Status
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive The appropriate response of Spanish Gitanos: Short-run orientation beyond current socio-economic status Martin, Jesus and Branas, Pablo and Espín, Antonio M. and Gamella, Juan and Herrmann, Benedikt Universidad de Granada, Middlesex University London 10 February 2018 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/84591/ MPRA Paper No. 84591, posted 18 Feb 2018 18:12 UTC The appropriate response of Spanish Gitanos: Short- run orientation beyond current socio-economic status Jesús Martín1, Pablo Brañas-Garza2*, Antonio M. Espín1,2, Juan F. Gamella1 & Benedikt Herrmann3 Authors’ affiliation 1. Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain. 2. Middlesex University London, Hendon Campus, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, United Kingdom. 3. University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Author´s Contributions JM performed the statistical analyses and wrote the paper; PBG designed and conducted the experiment and wrote the paper; AME designed and conducted the experiment, performed the statistical analyses and wrote the paper; JFG designed and conducted the experiment and wrote the paper; BH designed the experiment and wrote the paper. Declaration of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ECO2013- 44879-R) and the Regional Government of Andalusia (P12-SEJ-1436) is gratefully acknowledged. Acknowledgements We thank T. E. Dickins for his helpful comments, and J. A. Abril, A. Cortés, J. Martín, E. M. Muñoz, L. A. Palacios, M. Parravano, L. E. Pedauga, A. Quesada, M. Román and J.
    [Show full text]