The Power of Definition. Stigmatisation, Minoritisation1 and Ethnicity Illustrated by the History of Gypsies in the Netherlands*
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Porajmos Edito
ROMA MEMORY PORAJMOS EDITO I DEDICATE THIS RESEARCH ALBUM TO JE DÉDIE CET OUVRAGE À TOUTES CELLES ET CEUX ALL THOSE WHO, TODAY, LIE BENEATH QUI, AUJOURD’HUI, GISENT DANS DES FOSSES GARDENS, BENEATH FLOWERED FIELDS, COMMUNES SOUS DES JARDINS OU DES CHAMPS ENVELOPED AND FORGOTTEN IN THEIR FLEURIS SANS AUCUN MÉMORIAL. MASS GRAVES - WITHOUT A MEMORIAL. A TOUS LES PHOTOGRAPHES ET LES CAMÉRAMANS TO ALL THE TALENTED PHOTOGRAPHERS TALENTUEUX ET, SURTOUT, AUX ÉQUIPES DE AND CAMERAMEN WHO GAVE A JEUNES ROMS QUI, SÉJOUR APRÈS SÉJOUR, ONT VISUAL TRACE TO OUR RESEARCH. BUT RECHERCHÉ LES VISAGES ÂGÉS BIEN SOUVENT ESPECIALLY TO THE TEAMS OF YOUNG CACHÉS À L’OMBRE D’UNE PIÈCE BIEN TROP ROMA, WHO SO CAREFULLY AND SIMPLE ET QUI PORTAIENT EN EUX, DEPUIS DILIGENTLY, TRIP AFTER TRIP, SOUGHT 70 ANS, LA MÉMOIRE ET LES BLESSURES DES OUT THE ELDERLY FACES HIDDEN IN THE ACTES GÉNOCIDAIRES DES NAZIS ET DE LEURS SHADOWS OF HUMBLE HOUSES, WHO COLLABORATEURS. ARE THE LAST TO CARRY THE MEMORY AND THE WOUNDS OF THESE GENOCIDAL TOUT CE DÉVOUEMENT FUT NÉCESSAIRE POUR ACTS COMMITTED BY THE NAZIS AND RENDRE UN PEU DE DIGNITÉ À CELLES ET CEUX, THEIR COLLABORATORS 70 YEARS AGO. HOMMES ET FEMMES, QUI GISENT DANS NOS CHAMPS. ALL OF THIS DEDICATION IS NECESSARY TO RESTORE DIGNITY TO THOSE MEN, CET OUVRAGE CONSTITUE, POUR MOI, UN APPEL WOMEN, AND CHILDREN WHO LIE IN À L’EUROPE QUI NE PEUT SE CONSTRUIRE SUR OUR FIELDS, WAITING FOR SOMEONE AUCUNE FOSSE COMMUNE, Y COMPRIS CELLES TO NOTICE THEM, TO REMEMBER THEM. DES ROMS. THIS RESEARCH ALBUM CONSTITUTES, PÈRE PATRICK DESBOIS FOR ME, A CALL TO EUROPE. -
Online Event Evidence and Research for Roma Children— RECI
Online event Evidence and Research for Roma Children— RECI Reports: Decade of Collaboration Date: December 8, 2020 Time: 14:00-16:00 GMT/15:00-17:00 CET _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Agenda Welcome Keynote address RECI series – Achievements and challenges Presentation and reflections from RECI partners Q&A Panel discussion 1: What do we need to do to promote equal access to health and education for Roma children? What is the role of research in policy making, practice and advocacy? Q&A Panel discussion 2: Roma children’s inclusion today. (What has been achieved in the past 10 years? Where are countries now? What are the main problems? What is the impact of COVID1-19 on Roma children and their families? What data are available and what data are missing? Q&A Conclusions and takeaway messages _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Speakers with affiliation • Zuzana Havirova Balazova - Director of Roma Advocacy and Research Center, Slovakia • Ivelina Borisova - Regional Advisor, UNICEF • Redjepali Chupi, Interim Co-Director, Roma Education Fund • Dan Pavel Doghi - Senior Adviser on Roma and Sinti Issues, Chief of the CPRSI at OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE ODIHR) • Roland Ferkovics - independent advocacy expert • Jana Hainsworth - Secretary General, Eurochild • Jana Huttova - Consultant, OSF • Arthur Ivatts - Consultant, OSF • Anita Jones - Program -
Austro-Hungarian Empire
PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA | HISTORY ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EUROPE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN 3.1 EMPIRE Austro-Hungarian compiled by the editors Empire A New Method: Assimilation | The Four Decrees of Maria Theresia | Little Success | Failed Attempts in Spain and Germany Already at an early stage, people had tried to stop the Roma from living their way of life and culture. On a larger scale, however, policies of assimilation to the majority population were only pushed ahead by rulers in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism. Empress Maria Theresia and her son Joseph II in particular pursued programs which aimed at the Roma’s settlement and assimilation. Instead of physical violence a new form of cruelty was used in order to transform the uncontrollable and, to the state, unproductive “Gypsies” into settled, profitable subjects: the Roma were given land, they were no longer allowed to speak Romani and marry among each other, they were registered, and finally their children were taken away. However, these measures succeeded only in Western Hungary, today’s Austrian Burgenland and adjacent areas. In the other territories of the Empire, as well as in Spain and Germany, where the pressure for assimilation was likewise increased, the rulers’ policy of assimilation failed. COMITATUS MOSON INTRODUCTION (WIESELBURG) The Age of Enlightened Absolutism was characterised by essential changes in the sovereigns’ policies toward the “Gypsies”. In the face of the complete failure of all attempts to banish them COMITATUS permanently from their dominion, the SOPRON sovereigns of the Enlightenment were (ÖDENBURG) searching for new methods and ways to solve the “Gypsy problem” from the second half of the 18th century onwards. -
Roma at a Glance
ROMA AT A GLANCE OVERVIEW Roma have origins in North India, and scholars estimate that their migration happened more than million Roma worldwide a thousand years ago. 15 There are currently upwards of 15 million Roma living across the world. Roma are citizens of the countries they live in unless institutional barriers million Roma in Europe hinder it. 10-12 Throughout the centuries, a persistent mechanism of oppression has been established against Roma populations. In Europe, for more than seven centuries, Roma went from one harmful policy to million Roma in Latin America another: enslavement for 500 years in Romania, 1.5 mass killings during the Holocaust, forced assimilation until the early 2000s in some Central and Eastern European countries. million Roma in North America More so, the history and the collective memory 1 of domination and violence, and power imposed through enslavement, mass killings, expulsions, forced assimilation, or forced sterilization of Romani women, has received no recognition, but still informs the inequalities and the anti-Roma thousand Roma in Australia sentiments prevalent today. 100 Roma or the Romani people is an umbrella term for groups identified, amongst others, as Roma, Gitanos, Sinti, Manush. Oftentimes, they are pejoratively called “Gypsies”. one in every four The ideas of “Gypsy criminality” and “Gypsy Roma in the EU has been discriminated against in the inferiority” have been embedded in European 1 culture. past year because of their ethnicity. 1 2016 FRA survey Across EU countries, only 1% of the Roma are enrolled in third-level education and only 12% in secondary education. In southeastern Europe, only 18% of Roma attend secondary school vs. -
Report on Romani Language
ROMANINET- A MULTIMEDIA ROMANI COURSE FOR PROMOTING LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND IMPROVING SOCIAL DIALOGUE: REPORT ON ROMANI LANGUAGE 1 Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Ribeira do Louro (Spain), Asesoramiento, Tecnología e Investigación S.L. (Spain), Fundación Secretariado Gitano (Spain), "ETHNOTOLERANCE" (Bulgary), Secretariado Diocesano de Lisboa da Obra Pastoral dos Ciganos (Portugal), Grup Scolar Industrial Victor Jinga (Romania), SC CONCEPT CONSULTING SRL (România), University of Manchester (United Kingdom) CONTENT REPORT ON ROMANI LANGUAGE .................................................................2 1. Spoken Dialects ...................................................................................2 2. Geographical spread .............................................................................8 3. Users - by group and number ................................................................. 11 4. The place of the language in the European curriculum .................................. 13 5. Educational materials and other information sources available in Romani language18 2 Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Ribeira do Louro (Spain), Asesoramiento, Tecnología e Investigación S.L. (Spain), Fundación Secretariado Gitano (Spain), "ETHNOTOLERANCE" (Bulgary), Secretariado Diocesano de Lisboa da Obra Pastoral dos Ciganos (Portugal), Grup Scolar Industrial Victor Jinga (Romania), SC CONCEPT CONSULTING SRL (România), University of Manchester (United Kingdom) REPORT ON ROMANI LANGUAGE 1. Spoken Dialects A. Origins and attestation Romani -
Roma and Sinti Under-Studied Victims of Nazism
UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Roma and Sinti Under-Studied Victims of Nazism Symposium Proceedings W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Roma and Sinti Under-Studied Victims of Nazism Symposium Proceedings CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 2002 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Third printing, July 2004 Copyright © 2002 by Ian Hancock, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Michael Zimmermann, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Guenter Lewy, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Mark Biondich, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Denis Peschanski, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by Viorel Achim, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2002 by David M. Crowe, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Contents Foreword .....................................................................................................................................i Paul A. Shapiro and Robert M. Ehrenreich Romani Americans (“Gypsies”).......................................................................................................1 Ian -
South-East Europe International Relations Quarterly
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS QUARTERLY, Vol. 5. No.1. (Spring 2014/1) ROMA COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE JÓZSEF-GYÖRGY FEKETE (Abstract) The aim of this paper is to present the Roma1 people and their status in Southeast Europe; since they are the largest and most heterogeneous ethnic minority of the region. We are focusing on the Post-Yugoslav countries, Albania, Romania and Bulgaria. Hungary is not integrated organically to the studied countries, however for the easier comparison; we took the data of the Hungarian Gypsies into the analysis. The Roma people are not a homogeneous community, the religion, the language and the historical background both could differentiate them. Some ethnic groups who are attached the Gypsies also wish to distinguish themselves from the Romanies. The phenomenon of "preferred identity" can be observed within the Roma communities, which means that they do not identify themselves as Roma to avoid discrimination; and because of the assimilation (linguistic, religious and cultural) and "social progress" (especially in the more educated social layer). The socio-economic inequalities are increasing among both the Roms and the rest of the population; and within the Roma population as well. There are people in each country who live under or fall below the poverty line; however this process is much more intense and more drastic amongst the Roma population. This paper also aims to shed the light on the current situation of the Romani people living in the Balkans. For the sake of the objective we found important to present the history of the Roma in each country. We carried out a comprehensive analysis of the Hungarian and foreign literature, therefore, to the maximum extent possible, we tried to get to know previous studies of those researchers as widely as possible the, who live in the countries concerned. -
Roma As Alien Music and Identity of the Roma in Romania
Roma as Alien Music and Identity of the Roma in Romania A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Roderick Charles Lawford DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………………… Date ………………………… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed ………………………………………… Date ………………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated, and the thesis has not been edited by a third party beyond what is permitted by Cardiff University’s Policy on the Use of Third Party Editors by Research Degree Students. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed ………………………………………… Date ………………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ………………………………………… Date ………………………… ii To Sue Lawford and In Memory of Marion Ethel Lawford (1924-1977) and Charles Alfred Lawford (1925-2010) iii Table of Contents List of Figures vi List of Plates vii List of Tables ix Conventions x Acknowledgements xii Abstract xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 - Theory and Method -
Roma Labelling: Policy and Academia Elena Marushiakova, Vesselin Popov
4 66 • 2018 ARTICLES ROMA LABELLING: POLICY AND ACADEMIA ELENA MARUSHIAKOVA, VESSELIN POPOV https://doi.org/10.26363/SN.2018.4.02 ©Institute of Ethnology and Social Anthropology of SAS Professor Elena Marushiakova, PhD, School of History, University of St Andrews, St Katharine’s Lodge, The Scores 14, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA, Scotland, UK; e-mail: [email protected] Professor Vesselin Popov, PhD, School of History, University of St Andrews, St Katharine’s Lodge, The Scores 14, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA, Scotland, UK; e-mail: vp43@ st-andrews.ac.uk For centuries in different countries of Central, South-eastern and Eastern Europe groups of people have lived who are all called by their surrounding population with different appellations, which is usually translated into English as “Gypsies”. In the last quarter of a century, instead of these names, a new common designation has been established in the region’s public discourse, based on their self-appellation “Roma”. The processes of labelling and imposition of the new name on these communities did not stop in this region, and the label “Roma” is increasingly spreading in the remaining parts of Europe and even beyond. This process of imposing “from above” of a “politically correct” labelling, however, has led to, for some perhaps unexpectedly, to others predictably, an impact on the field. Some local communities labelled today “Roma” started to demonstrate publicly their reluctance to comply with the designation imposed on them from the “outside”. The proposed article will reveal the historical sources of labelling of these communities and main dimensions of these contradictory processes. -
Europe's Poverty-Stricken Roma Communities
EUROPE’S POVERTY-STRICKEN ROMA COMMUNITIES Askold Krushelnyck The next few years will be crucial for the Roma people. There are at least 6 million Roma in Europe with the majority in former communist countries, several of which joined the European Union (EU) in May 2004. Roma people hope that the tolerance espoused by the EU will break a centuries-long cycle of prejudice and persecution. Romania, scheduled to join the EU in 2007, has Europe’s largest Roma population of around 2million people. But the name Roma is not derived from Romania, where they were enslaved until 1864. The Nazis slaughtered between 500,000 and 1.5 million Roma in a little known holocaust. The Roma, or Romani (meaning ‘man’ or ’people’), have also been called Gypsies, Tsigani, Tzigane, Ciganoand Zigeuner, which most of them consider derogatory terms. Many identify themselves by their tribes and groups, which include the Kalderash, Machavaya, Lovari, Churari, Romanichal, Gitanoes, Kalo, Sinti, Rudari, Manush, Boyash, Ungaritza, Luri, Bashaldé, Romungroand Xoraxai. There is no universal Roma culture, although there are attributes common to all Roma: Roma populations have the poorest education, health and employment opportunities, and the highest rates of imprisonment and welfare dependency. They have the lowest life expectancy levels of all Europeans. They also have the highest birthrate, giving credibility to evidence that authorities in one Central European country were recently pressuring Roma women to undergo sterilization. The Roma still have a reputation as nomadic peoples; but the nomadic lifestyle owed as much to Roma people being banned from entering towns as to any desire to wander. -
The Roma Between Past and Future
Under the auspices of the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, Mr. Thorbjørn Jagland Report on conference THE ROMA BETWEEN PAST AND FUTURE REFLECTIONS UPON GENOCIDE, RECOGNITION AND THE RESURGENCE OF EXTREMISM AND ANTI-GYPSYISM 6 May 2012 De Nieuwe Kerk Amsterdam, The Netherlands NIOD/Holocaust and Genocide Studies Anne Frank House International Gipsy festival This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be 0 held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Table of contents Introduction.........................................................................................................................2 Main questions to be addressed at this conference Huub van Baar......................................................................................................................2 The process of exclusion and persecution of Roma and Sinti in the 1930s and 1940s Gerhard Baumgartner..........................................................................................................4 Zoni Weisz interviewed by Dieuwertje Blok…………………………………………………………………….15 Anti-Gypsyism and Romaphobia in contemporary European countries Jarmila Balážová.................................................................................................................15 Voices of the past heard today, memories of the future Michelle M. Van Burik........................................................................................................17 -
The OSCE and Roma1
July 13, 2018 IN BRIEF The OSCE and Roma1 Roma are the largest ethnic minority in Europe and are present in most of the participating States of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Eu- rope. Concentrated in post-communist Central and Southern Europe, the Romani population is esti- mated at over 12 million in EU countries, with sig- nificant numbers in former Soviet republics, the Balkans, and Turkey. Roma have been part of every wave of European immigration to North American since the colonial period. There may be as many as one million Americans with Romani an- cestry. The First International Commitments Relating Roma have historically faced persecution in Eu- to Roma and Human Rights rope and were the victims of genocide during The 1990 OSCE Copenhagen Document was the World War II. In post-communist countries, Roma first international agreement to recognize explicitly suffered disproportionately in the transition from the human rights problems faced by Roma. In ad- command- to market-economies, in part due to en- dition to advancing human rights commitments, the demic racism and discrimination. Copenhagen Document included historic provi- sions relating to free and fair elections, the rule of Over the past three decades, Helsinki Commission- law, independence of the judiciary, and other ele- ers have led the effort in Washington to condemn ments of democracy. Upon its adoption, leading racially motivated violence against Roma, includ- experts on international human rights law hailed it ing pogroms, murders, other violent attacks, and as a new Magna Carta. police abuse. The Helsinki Commission has also advocated for recognition of the enslavement and The Copenhagen Document also included a spe- genocide of Roma and redress for sterilization cific reference to anti-Semitism.