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Porajmos Edito ROMA MEMORY PORAJMOS EDITO I DEDICATE THIS RESEARCH ALBUM TO JE DÉDIE CET OUVRAGE À TOUTES CELLES ET CEUX ALL THOSE WHO, TODAY, LIE BENEATH QUI, AUJOURD’HUI, GISENT DANS DES FOSSES GARDENS, BENEATH FLOWERED FIELDS, COMMUNES SOUS DES JARDINS OU DES CHAMPS ENVELOPED AND FORGOTTEN IN THEIR FLEURIS SANS AUCUN MÉMORIAL. MASS GRAVES - WITHOUT A MEMORIAL. A TOUS LES PHOTOGRAPHES ET LES CAMÉRAMANS TO ALL THE TALENTED PHOTOGRAPHERS TALENTUEUX ET, SURTOUT, AUX ÉQUIPES DE AND CAMERAMEN WHO GAVE A JEUNES ROMS QUI, SÉJOUR APRÈS SÉJOUR, ONT VISUAL TRACE TO OUR RESEARCH. BUT RECHERCHÉ LES VISAGES ÂGÉS BIEN SOUVENT ESPECIALLY TO THE TEAMS OF YOUNG CACHÉS À L’OMBRE D’UNE PIÈCE BIEN TROP ROMA, WHO SO CAREFULLY AND SIMPLE ET QUI PORTAIENT EN EUX, DEPUIS DILIGENTLY, TRIP AFTER TRIP, SOUGHT 70 ANS, LA MÉMOIRE ET LES BLESSURES DES OUT THE ELDERLY FACES HIDDEN IN THE ACTES GÉNOCIDAIRES DES NAZIS ET DE LEURS SHADOWS OF HUMBLE HOUSES, WHO COLLABORATEURS. ARE THE LAST TO CARRY THE MEMORY AND THE WOUNDS OF THESE GENOCIDAL TOUT CE DÉVOUEMENT FUT NÉCESSAIRE POUR ACTS COMMITTED BY THE NAZIS AND RENDRE UN PEU DE DIGNITÉ À CELLES ET CEUX, THEIR COLLABORATORS 70 YEARS AGO. HOMMES ET FEMMES, QUI GISENT DANS NOS CHAMPS. ALL OF THIS DEDICATION IS NECESSARY TO RESTORE DIGNITY TO THOSE MEN, CET OUVRAGE CONSTITUE, POUR MOI, UN APPEL WOMEN, AND CHILDREN WHO LIE IN À L’EUROPE QUI NE PEUT SE CONSTRUIRE SUR OUR FIELDS, WAITING FOR SOMEONE AUCUNE FOSSE COMMUNE, Y COMPRIS CELLES TO NOTICE THEM, TO REMEMBER THEM. DES ROMS. THIS RESEARCH ALBUM CONSTITUTES, PÈRE PATRICK DESBOIS FOR ME, A CALL TO EUROPE. WE PRÉSIDENT DE YAHAD-IN UNUM CANNOT BUILD OUR SOCIETY ON TOP SECRÉTAIRE GÉNÉRAL DE DIGNITÉ ROMS OF THE MASS GRAVES OF NAMELESS VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE, INCLUDING THE ROMA. WE MUST GIVE DIGNITY TO THE PAST TO BUILD A DIGNIFIED FUTURE. FATHER PATRICK DESBOIS PRESIDENT OF YAHAD-IN UNUM SECRETARY GENERAL OF ROMA DIGNITY Patrick Desbois ROMA MEMORY 3 Watch the Interviews Visionner les interviews Discover / Repérer P9 P39 P43 Gelem, Gelem Roma Anthem / Hymne rom THE FACES OF ROMA THE NAZI RACIAL THE ROMA GENOCIDE When this icon appears on the page, IN EASTERN EUROPE PROPAGANDA IN EASTERN EUROPE you will have the chance to discover the video ON THE ROMA 1941-1944 link to the testimony. Lorsque ce picto est associé à une photo, vous avez la possibilité de découvrir la vidéo A la rencontre des Roms liée au témoignage. en Europe de l'Est Propagandes raciales Le génocide des Roms nazies sur les Roms en Europe de l'Est How? / Comment ? Calderari Ursari 1941-1944 Rudari The arrest / L'arrestation Gabor The road / La route Install the application ONprint Katunari on your smartphone or tablet. TABLE OF Roma in the Soviet Union THE CRIME /LE CRIME Installer l’application ONprint The internment / L'enfermement sur votre smartphone ou votre tablette. CONTENTS The shooting / La fusillade Scan / Flasher SOMMAIRE P63 P66 P71 When the application ONprint is installed, ROMA PARTISANS THE WORDS THAT KILL ROMA RESEARCHERS it’s simple, you open the application and scan the photo that contains the icon. 1941-1944 Lorsque l’application est installée, flasher la photo et visionner directement Les mots qui tuent Investigateurs roms la vidéo du témoignage. Résistants roms 1941-1944 Watch / Visionner 4 ROMA MEMORY ROMA MEMORY 5 WHERE YAHAD-IN UNUM CONDUCTS INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ROMA GENOCIDE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR PAYS OÙ YAHAD - IN UNUM ENQUÊTE SUR LE GÉNOCIDE DES ROMS PENDANT LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE Russia Lithuania Belarus Poland Ukraine Dniester Bug Moldava Transnistria Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Cazanesti, Romania. July 2012. Calderari Cazanesti, Roumanie. Juillet 2012. Ursari Rudari Gabor Katunari Roma in the Soviet Union THE FACES OF ROMA IN EASTERN EUROPE A la rencontre des Roms en Europe de l'Est From the Calderari to the Rudari, a multitude of different customs and destinies give the Roma culture a multi-faceted richness. Through their research trips, the Yahad - In Unum teams have met a number of Roma groups in Eastern Europe. Des Calderari aux Rudari, autant de coutumes et de destins différents qui confèrent au peuple rom une grande richesse aux multiples visages. A travers les séjours de recherche, les équipes de Yahad - In Unum ont rencontré plusieurs groupes roms en Europe de l’Est. ROMA MEMORY 9 Calderari Ursari Rudari Gabor During its investigation on the genocide of the Katunari Roma during the Second World War, Yahad - In Roma in the Soviet Union Unum teams encountered and interviewed many Roma survivors. The interviews conducted with them, in their own language, enabled us to collect evidence related to this relatively unknown genocide, and also to better understand the Roma living within Europe today. These encounters indicate that many Roma communities belong to groups that specialize in traditional crafts, as is the case for the Calderari, the Ursari, the Rudari, the Gabor as well as the Katunari. Others, meanwhile, also root their identity in the village, the town or the region where they live. Such is the case, for example, for the Roma of Craiova, of Severin and of Banat. Others identify more in relation to their country, such as the Roma of Russia. We wanted to listen to them and enable their voices to be heard, spanning their rich cultural heritage and diversity. MITA S. ~ 1937. She survived the deportation to Transnistria. Elle a survécu à la déportation en Transnistrie. Lors de leurs enquêtes sur le génocide des Roms pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les équipes de Yahad - In Unum ont rencontré et interviewé de nombreux survivants. Les entretiens menés avec eux, dans leur propre langue, ont permis de recueillir les preuves de ce génocide mal connu, mais aussi de mieux connaître les Roms vivant aujourd'hui en Europe. Ces rencontres nous ont appris que beaucoup d'entre eux appartiennent à un groupe pratiquant des métiers traditionnels. C'est le cas des Calderari, des Ursari, des Rudari, des Gabor en encore des Katunari. D'autres, en revanche, trouvent leur identité dans le village, la ville ou la région où ils habitent. C’est le cas, par exemple, des Roms de Craiova, de Severin ou du Banat. D'autres encore, dans leur pays, comme les Roms de Russie. Nous avons fait le choix de les écouter et de leur donner la parole, à travers leur richesse et leur diversité. Costel Nastasie, President of Roma Dignity, during the interview of a Roma survivor in Cluj Napoca, Romania, August 2015. Costel Nastasie, président de Dignité Roms, durant l'interview d'un survivant rom à Cluj Napoca, Roumanie, Août 2015. ROMA MEMORY 11 Harlau, Romania. March 2015. / Harlau, Roumanie. Mars 2015. SVESTIANA S. ~ 1936 Resident of Garla Mare (November 2010). / Habitante de Garla Mare (Novembre 2010). CONSTANTIN N. ~ 1935 Resident of Punghina, Romania (November 2010). / Habitant de Punghina, Roumanie (Novembre 2010). 12 ROMA MEMORY ROMA MEMORY 13 Calderari Ursari Rudari Gabor Katunari Roma in the Soviet Union The Calderari are the Roma group that the Yahad team has met the most often in Romania, particularly in the Eastern region of the country. Their name originates from the Romanian cáldare, meaning “cauldron.” They were known as specialists in copper and sold kitchen utensils, including pails. Certain Calderari whom the team met recounted that their parents were nomadic and went from village to village to sell cauldrons. Les Calderari sont sans doute le groupe de Roms que l’équipe de Yahad - In Unum a rencontré le plus souvent en Roumanie, en particulier dans l’est du pays. Leur nom provient du roumain cáldare signifiant Merghendeal, Romania. August 2015. « chaudron ». Ils étaient notamment spécialistes du Merghendeal, Roumanie. Août 2015. cuivre et vendaient des ustensiles de cuisine, des seaux. Certains Calderari rencontrés nous apprirent que leurs parents étaient nomades et allaient de village en village pour vendre des chaudrons. ISTRATE L. Calderari from Cazanesti, Romania (July 2012). Calderari de Cazanesti, Roumanie (Juillet 2012). CALDERARI ROMA MEMORY 15 Village of Muteni, Romania. November 2013 / Village de Muteni, Roumanie. Novembre 2013 Calderari Ursari Rudari Gabor Katunari Roma in the Soviet Union My mother went to the villages to tell fortunes.” “Ma mère allait῾῾ dans les villages pour dire la bonne aventure.” GOGU B. ~1920 Calderari from Braila, Romania (November 2013). / Calderari de Braila, Roumanie (Novembre 2013). We made cauldrons and large copper bowls. When we went into the villages, we sold them and in exchange, we received silver and some food.” “On faisait des chaudrons et de grandes gamelles en cuivre. Lorsqu'on allait dans les villages, on les vendait et en échange on recevait de l'argent et de la nourriture.” GHEORGHE S. ~ 1928 ῾῾ Calderari from Liesti, Romania (November 2013). / Calderari de Liesti, Roumanie (Novembre 2013). 16 ROMA MEMORY ROMA MEMORY 17 The Yahad team during the interview of a Ursari woman, Florica, Romania, July 2012. Calderari L'équipe de Yahad pendant l'interview d'une Ursari femme ursari, Florica, Roumanie, juillet 2012. Rudari Gabor Katunari Roma in the Soviet Union Yahad - In Unum met Roma from the Ursari group in the southeast of Romania. Today, the Ursari, originally from Valachie, are dispersed throughout Europe. They are known for training wild animals, such as bears and monkeys. A Ursari stated that his father bought bear cubs from shepherds in Romania’s large forests. He then trained them and displayed them at markets in the large towns. Yahad - In Unum a rencontré des Roms ursari dans le sud-est de la Roumanie. Mais ces derniers, originaires de Valachie, sont aujourd’hui dispersés à travers toute l’Europe.
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