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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Von Mao Tse-tung zu Konfuzius?“ Die Rolle der konfuzianischen Tradition in der Legitimationsstrategie der Kommunistischen Partei China nach 1978 Verfasser Simon Prossliner angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 300 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Politikwissenschaft Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung ............................................................................................................................... 1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................................. 2 Teil I: Legitimität – Zwischen himmlischem Mandat und Volkssouveränität ..... 13 1. Der (wissenschaftliche) Stand der Dinge .................................................................. 13 1.1 Legitimität und Stabilität ........................................................................................... 13 1.2 Über empirische Widersprüche ................................................................................. 18 1.3 Konfuzianische Kulturtradition ................................................................................. 20 2. Über die Relevanz „politische Kultur“ ..................................................................... 25 2.1 Das „andere“ China ................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Konfuzius im Wandel der Zeit .................................................................................. 29 3. Theorie der Legitimität .............................................................................................. 33 3.1 Ideengeschichtliche Verortung .................................................................................. 36 3.2 Operationalisierung ................................................................................................... 39 3.3 Legitimität und autoritäre Herrschaft ........................................................................ 40 3.3.1 Die Funktion der Ideologie im normativen Legitimationsprozess ............................ 43 3.3.2 Die Funktion politischer Mythen im normativen Legitimationsprozess ................... 47 4. Legitimationskonzeptionen im Reich der Mitte ...................................................... 49 4.1 Das Individuum als politisches Subjekt? Die Frage der Urteilsautonomie ............... 49 4.2 Das Individuum und die politische Gemeinschaft ..................................................... 51 4.3 Traditionelle Legitimationsstrategien ........................................................................ 54 4.3.1 Das Mandat des Himmels .......................................................................................... 55 4.3.2 Good governance – Das Wohlwollen des Volkes ..................................................... 55 4.3.3 Die Notwendigkeit tugendhafter Herrschaft .............................................................. 58 4.3.4 Utilitarismus – Wohlfahrt, politische Stabilität, Frieden ........................................... 58 Teil II: Konfuzius und die Kommunistische Partei ................................................. 60 5. Der sinisierte Marxismus und die chinesische Tradition ........................................ 60 5.1 Mao Tse-tung und die konkreten Bedingungen der chinesischen Revolution .......... 62 5.2 Marxismus und konfuzianische Tradition ................................................................. 64 5.2.1 Dialektik. Yin – Yang und die permanente Revolution ............................................ 66 5.2.2 Basis und Überbau. Der maoistischer Voluntarismus ............................................... 68 5.2.3 Anthropologisches Grundprämissen. Die individuelle Selbstverwirklichung .......... 72 5.2.4 Die Einheit von Theorie und Praxis .......................................................................... 72 6. mutatis mutandis – Die Rezeption der konfuzianischen Tradition ....................... 76 6.1 Mao Tse-tung und die Bewegung des Vierten Mai ................................................... 76 6.2 Yan'an-Periode. Die Kommunistische Partei vor der Machtergreifung .................... 76 6.3 Nach 1949 .................................................................................................................. 78 6.4 Die Kulturrevolution .................................................................................................. 81 6.5 Die 1980er Jahre ........................................................................................................ 83 6.5.1 Ideologischer Wandel ................................................................................................ 85 6.5.2 Kulturfieber ............................................................................................................... 85 6.5.3 Bildungspolitische Institutionalisierung .................................................................... 87 6.5.4 Die Formierung (neu-)konfuzianischer Positionen ................................................... 88 6.6 Die 1990er Jahre und danach ..................................................................................... 92 6.6.1 Der staatszentrierte, „neue Nationalismus“ ............................................................... 93 6.6.2 Historiographischer Revisionismus – „Abschied von der Revolution“ ................... 95 6.6.3 Die neue Wahrnehmung der Vergangenheit in der Gegenwart ................................. 99 6.6.4 Der Wandel im intellektuellen Diskurs ................................................................... 101 6.6.5 Kultureller Nationalismus und Neokonservativismus ............................................. 103 6.6.6 Konfuzianischer Diskurs ......................................................................................... 106 6.6.7 „Politischer Konfuzianismus“ ................................................................................. 111 6.6.8 Die Kommunistische Partei und der konfuzianische Diskurs ................................. 114 7. Legitimationswandel und ideologischer Transformationsprozess ....................... 118 7.1 Von 1949 bis 1978 ................................................................................................... 118 7.2 Nach 1978 – Gründe für die politische Neuorientierung ........................................ 122 7.3 Ideologische Wandel. Die Rolle der Ideologie in Transformationsprozessen ........ 124 7.4 Sukzessive Entdogmatisierung ................................................................................ 126 7.5 Pragmatische Flexibilisierung: „Die Wahrheit in den Fakten suchen“ ................... 127 7.6 Das „Anfangsstadium des Sozialismus“ und die „sozialistische Marktwirtschaft“ 129 7.7 Konsequenzen eudämonischer Legitimität .............................................................. 132 7.8 Tiananmen und danach ............................................................................................ 136 7.9 Grenzen nationalistischer Legitimation ................................................................... 138 7.10 Der 16. Parteitag 2002 – die endgültige Neuinterpretation der eigenen Rolle ........ 141 8. Konfuzianische Worthülsen für marxistische Ideologie? ..................................... 143 8.1 Das (personelle) Naheverhältnis zu konfuzianischen Organisationen .................... 143 8.2 Selbstdarstellung nach außen ................................................................................... 148 8.3 Konfuzianisch konnotierte, ideologische Motive .................................................... 151 8.3.1 Bescheidener Wohlstand ......................................................................................... 151 8.3.2 Harmonische Gesellschaft ....................................................................................... 151 8.4 Öffentliche und individuelle Moral ......................................................................... 155 Conclusio .............................................................................................................................. 159 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................................................ 168 Anhang ................................................................................................................................... 193 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 193 Lebenslauf .......................................................................................................................... 194 Danksagung Ganz besonders bedanken möchte ich mich an dieser Stelle bei Prof. Dr. Susanne Weigelin- Schwiedrzik, die mich im Laufe meiner Diplomarbeit umfassend betreut und unterstützt hat. Herzlichen Dank für die zahlreichen Denkanstöße, die konstruktive Kritik und die unendliche Geduld. Im Hinblick auf meinen Forschungsaufenthalt an der John F. Kennedy School of Government an der Harvard University möchte ich mich besonders bei Prof. Dr. Anthony Saich bedanken, welcher mich in dieser Zeit betreute und mich in zahlreichen Gesprächen mit Ratschlägen und Anregungen unterstütze. Ebenso bedanken möchte ich mich in diesem Zusammenhang bei
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