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Recapturing Early Modern English Urban Defences: York and Kingston-Upon-Hull, C.1550-1700

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Recapturing Early Modern English Urban Defences: York and Kingston-Upon-Hull, C.1550-1700 Recapturing early modern English urban defences: York and Kingston-upon-Hull, c.1550-1700 Two Volumes, Volume I Simon Charles Webb, BA, MA PhD University of York Archaeology January 2015 Abstract This thesis is an interdisciplinary study of York and Kingston-upon-Hull’s early modern defensive walls from c.1550-1700. It seeks to consider the scope and historical value of studying structures that have either been restored or completely demolished over time. Through the use of extensive archival material and archaeological, historical, architectural and historical archaeological methodology, the thesis hypothesises that a corporation’s urban defences were utilised in the administration of a town or city, the projection of civic authority, formed part of a recognisable and burgeoning civic bureaucracy and were tied up with notions of civic identity. In considering the utilisation of these structures removed from their ostensibly medieval military exigency it is possible to comprehend an urban phenomenon that was ubiquitous throughout England and Europe during the early modern period. To date their study has often been limited to the discussion within the medieval period when they were first constructed. When discussed during the early modern period they are predominantly examined within a European and military context. This considers English urban defences as stylistically and military retrograde examples of early modern structures whose use was only rediscovered during the English Civil War of the 1640’s. The thesis seeks to definitively prove that these structures were neither retrograde nor limited to historical and military flashpoints. They are an overlooked historical resource that is able to provide a conduit to better comprehend the physical and theoretical perimeters of urban centres that were harnessed in the negotiation of the periods urban, civic, social, political and moral contexts both nationally and locally. 2 Contents Volume I Abstract………………………………………………………………………..………………2 List of Figures………………………………………………..………………..……………6 List of accompanying material…………………………………….………..…...…16 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..……….17 Declaration of Authorship……………………………………………………..……...19 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..…….20 Chapter 1- Literature review - European context……………………………................................................22 - Medieval castles and urban defences- war or status?.................31 - Early modern English urban defences………………………………...35 - Civic historiography within the early modern period…………..46 - Methodology and sources…………………………………………………..59 - Structure of the study………………………………………………………...68 Chapter 2- Architectural analysis and the building phases of York’s city defences - Introduction…………………………………………………………………...…70 - York’s enceinte…………………………………………………………………..72 - York Castle………………………………………………………………………..112 - St Mary’s Abbey precinct walls…………………………………….….....118 - Conclusion……………………………………………………………………......129 3 Chapter 3- Architectural analysis and the building phases of Kingston-upon- Hull’s town defences - Introduction……………………………………………………….………....131 - Kingston-upon-Hull’s enceinte…………………………….………....134 - Henrician Castle and Blockhouses……………………….………....164 - The walls and Citadel post-1700………………………….…………177 - Conclusion………………………………………………………….………....183 Chapter 4- Urban walls and their officials - Introduction………………………………………………………………….185 - The muremasters of York………………………………………………187 - The city husband- Edmond Gyles and the professionalization of the office………………………………..……196 - Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....215 - The common officers of Kingston-upon-Hull…………………..217 - Matthew Hardy and the institution of the town husband………………………………………………………………………..232 - Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....260 Chapter 5- The utilisation of urban defences - Introduction…………………………………………………………………265 - Commonplace officialdom and established practices……………………………………………………………………....268 - Undesirables………………………………………………………………...274 - The ‘resident disorderly’……….………………………………………280 - The plague…………………………………………………………………....290 - Ownership and leases……………………………………………………305 - Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....326 Chapter 6- Conclusion……………………………………………….……………..329 4 Bibliography - Manuscript primary sources……………………………………….342 - Printed primary sources……………………………………………..345 - Published secondary sources………………………………...……345 - Unpublished theses…………………………………………………….352 - Online resources………………………………………………………...353 Volume II Figures - Chapter 2 Figures 1-68………………………………………..……..356-391 - Chapter 3 Figures 69-105…………………………………………..392-425 - Chapter 5 Figures 106-121………………………………………...426-441 5 List of Figures - Figure 1- Plan of York’s defences with the numbering of the towers used within the text (Mee & Wilson 2005a, xii-xiii) - Figure 2- Detail, Edmond Barker, The South-East Prospect of the Ancient City of York, 1718, etching, York Art Gallery, York (Mee & Wilson 2005a, 34) - Figure 3- Section of wall between Towers 1 & 2, author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 4- Tower 2, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 5- Tower 5, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 6- Victoria Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 7- Tower 7, adjoining wall and impact damage, author’s collection May 2012. Impact damage is shown on the far left - Figure 8- Wall after Tower 11, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 9- External façade of Micklegate Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 10- Inner facade of Micklegate Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 11- Tower 13, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 12- Arch insertion between Towers 13 & 14, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 13- Three phases of building between arches, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 14- Wall leading to North Street Postern with musket loops in the parapet, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 15- George Nicholson, North Street Postern, York, May 18th 1825, 1825, Pencil, York Art Gallery, York (Mee & Wilson 2005a, 42) - Figure 16- Lendal Tower, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 17- Lendal Hill House and Whistler House, author’s collection May 2012 6 - Figure 18- John Storey after Nathaniel Whittock, Bird’s Eye view of the City of York, 1858, coloured lithograph, Private collection (Brown 2012, 176) - Figure 19- Joseph Halfpenny, Multangular Tower, 1807, etching, York Art Gallery, York (Mee & Wilson 2005a, 45) - Figure 20- Exterior facade of Bootham Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 21- Internal facade of Bootham Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 22- Tower 27, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 23- Tower 28, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 24- Moat and rampart along Lord Mayor’s Walk, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 25- External facade of Monk Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 26- Internal façade of Monk Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 27- Joseph Halfpenny, Laythorp Postern, 1807, etching, York Art Gallery, York (Mee & Wilson 2005a, 57) - Figure 28- The Red Tower, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 29- Foundation arches and building phases and cruciform arrow slits in merlons, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 30- External facade of Walmgate Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 31- Walmgate Bar barbican, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 32- Internal façade of Walmgate Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 33- Thomas White, Walmgate Bar, 1800, watercolour, York Art Gallery, York (Brown 2012, 121) - Figure 34- Fishergate Bar, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 35- Tower 39, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 36- Fishergate Postern, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 37- Fishergate Tower, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 38- William Lodge, York from Fishergate Postern, 1678, etching, The British Museum, London 7 - Figure 39- Francis Place, York Castle from the mill Bank, 1699, pen & ink, York Art Gallery, York, author’s collection 2009 - Figure 40- Henry Cave, Castlegate Postern, 1813, etching, York Art Gallery, York (Mee & Wilson 2005a, 34) - Figure 41- Davy Tower surrounded by floodwaters, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 42- William Lodge- View of ruined [Clifford’s] tower on mound with York on left, 1678-90, Etching, The British Museum, London, Prints and Drawings, reg. no. 1867,0309.625 - Figure 43- York Castle from the south, author’s collection May 2012 - Figure 44- View looking towards the York Crown Court and Castle Museum, author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 45- Clifford’s Tower from the southeast, author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 46- Detail, Jacob Richards, The City of York, 1685, reproduction, York Archives and Local History, York (RCHME 1972, plate 62) - Figure 47- Francis Place, York, from opposite St Mary’s tower, 1647- 1728, pen & ink, The British Museum, London, Prints and Drawings, reg no. 1850,0223.832 - Figure 48- Detail, Francis Place, York, from opposite St Mary’s tower, 1647-1728, pen & ink, The British Museum, London, Prints and Drawings, reg no. 1850,0223.832 - Figure 49- The Water Tower, author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 50- Postern doorway and first tower on St Mary’s precinct walls, author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 51- Section of wall between the first and second tower, author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 52- St Mary’s Lodge, author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 53- St Mary’s Gatehouse. Author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 54- Wall extending out from St Olave’s Church, author’s collection, May 2012 - Figure 55 –29 Marygate, author’s collection, May 2012 8 - Figure 56- Evidence
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