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TEORI ARSITEKTUR 3 ARSITEKTUR MODERN DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA FAKULTAS TEKNIK PRODI ARSITEKTUR JL. Ahmad Yani Pontianak 78124 telp. (0561) 740186. 736439 kotak pos 1049 dosen penanggung jawab: Hamdil Khaliesh, ST. •Victorian architecture 1837 and 1901 UK •Neolithic architecture 10,000 BC-3000 BC •Jacobethan 1838 •Sumerian architecture 5300 BC-2000 BC •Carpenter Gothic USA and Canada 1840s on •Soft Portuguese style 1940-1955 Portugal & colonies •Ancient Egyptian architecture 3000 BC-373 AD •Queenslander (architecture) 1840s–1960s •Ranch-style 1940s-1970s USA •Classical architecture 600 BC-323 AD Australian architectural styles •New towns 1946-1968 United Kingdom Ancient Greek architecture 776 BC-265 BC •Romanesque Revival architecture 1840–1900 USA •Mid-century modern 1950s California, etc. Roman architecture 753 BC–663 AD •Neo-Manueline 1840s-1910s Portugal & Brazil •Florida Modern 1950s or Tropical Modern •Architecture of Armenia (IVe s - XVIe s) •Neo-Grec 1848 and 1865 •Googie architecture 1950s USA •Merovingian architecture 400s-700s France and Germany •Adirondack Architecture 1850s New York, USA •Brutalist architecture 1950s–1970s •Anglo-Saxon architecture 450s-1066 England and Wales •Bristol Byzantine 1850-1880 •Structuralism 1950s-1970s •Byzantine architecture 527 (Sofia)-1520 •Second Empire 1865 and 1880 •Metabolist Movement 1959 Japan •Islamic Architecture 691-present •Queen Anne Style architecture 1870–1910s England & USA •Arcology 1970s-present •Carolingian architecture 780s-800s France and Germany Stick Style 1879-1905 New England •Repoblación architecture 880s-1000s Spain •Structural Expressionism 1980s-present Eastlake Style 1879-1905 New England •Ottonian architecture 950s-1050s Germany Shingle Style 1879-1905 New England •Postmodern architecture 1980s •Russian architecture 989-1700s •National Park Service Rustic 1872–present USA •Romanesque architecture 1050-1100 •Deconstructivism 1982–present •Chicago school (architecture) 1880s and 1890 USA •Norman architecture 1074-1250 •Memphis Group 1981-1988 •Neo-Byzantine architecture 1882–1920s American •Blobitecture 2003–present •Gothic architecture •Art Nouveau/Jugendstil c. 1885–1910 •Interactive architecture 2000-present Early English Period c.1190—c.1250 Modernisme 1888-1911 Catalonian Art Nouveau Decorated Period c.1290–c.1350 Vienna Secession 1897-c. 1905 Austrian Art Nouveau Perpendicular Period c.1350–c.1550 •American Craftsman 1890s–1930 USA, California & east Brick Gothic c.1350–c.1400 •Richardsonian Romanesque 1880s USA •Isabelline Gothic 1474-1505 (reign) Spain •City Beautiful movement 1890–1900s USA •Tudor style architecture 1485–1603 •Colonial Revival architecture 1890s–1915 •Manueline 1495-1521 (reign) Portugal & colonies Dutch Colonial Revival c.1900 New England •Spanish Colonial style 1520s–c.1550 •Mission Revival Style architecture 1894-1936 •Elizabethan architecture (b.1533–d.1603) •American Foursquare mid. 1890s-late 1930s USA •Dutch Colonial 1615-1674 (Treaty of Westminster) New England HISTORICAL •Functionalism c.1900-1930s Europe & USA •Palladian architecture 1616–1680 (Jones) Danish Functionalism 1960s Denmark ARCHITECTURAL STYLE •English Baroque 1666 (Great Fire)–1713 (Treaty of Utrecht) •Pueblo style 1898-1990s •Sicilian Baroque 1693 earthquake–c.1745 DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL •Prairie Style 1900–1917 USA •Chilota architecture 1600-present Chiloé and southern Chile UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA •Heliopolis style 1905–c.1935 Egypt •Ukrainian Baroque late 1600-1800s •Futurist architecture 1909 Europe FAKULTAS TEKNIK •Georgian architecture 1720-1840s UK & USA •Expressionist architecture 1910–c.1924 American colonial architecture 1720-1780s USA PRODI ARSITEKTUR •Amsterdam School 1912–1924 Netherlands JL. Ahmad Yani Pontianak 78124 telp. (0561) 740186. 736439 kotak pos 1049 •Pombaline style 1755 earthquake-c.1860 Portugal •Spanish Colonial Revival style 1915–1940 USA •Gothic Revival architecture 1760s–1840s •Bauhaus 1919–1930s dosen penanggung jawab: List of Gothic Revival architecture Hamdil Khaliesh, ST •Mediterranean Revival Style 1920s–1930s USA •Neoclassical architecture •Art Deco 1925–1940s Europe & USA Adam style 1770 UK List of Art Deco architecture Federal architecture 1780-1830 USA •Constructivism 1925–1932 USSR Empire (style) 1804-1814, 1870 revival •Jeffersonian architecture 1790s-1830s Virginia, USA •Modern movement 1927–1960s •Florida cracker architecture c.1800-present Florida, USA •International style (architecture) 1930–present Europe & USA •Italianate 1802 •Postconstructivism 1930–1935 USSR •Egyptian Revival architecture 1809–1820s, 1840s, 1920s •Streamline Moderne 1930–1937 •American Empire (style) 1810 •Nazi architecture 1933-1944 Germany •Biedermeier 1815–1848 •Stalinist architecture 1933–1955 USSR •Russian Revival 1826-1917, 1990s-present •Usonian 1936–1940s USA •Tudorbethan architecture 1835–1885 DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR ARSITEKTUR MODERN LATAR BELAKANG Dalam dunia arsitektur seringkali terjadi perubahan yang selaras dengan perkembangan teknologi, politik, sosial, ekonomi modernisasi timbul ketika revolusi industri pada tahun 1960-1863. Pada keadaan inilah yang membawa perubahan dalam mayarakat yang akan mempengaruhi pula perubahan dalam arsitektur. Gagasan modernisme dalam arsitektur dan tumbuh semenjak akhir abad ke19 di Eropa barat yang diakibatkan oleh berbagai kemajuan dibidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. terjadinya spesialisasi dan terpisahnya dua keahlian, yaitu arsitek dalam hal fungsi; ruang dan bentuk disatu pihak dan akhli struktur dan konstruksi dalam hal perhitungan dan pelaksanaan. Perubahan dalam kebudayaan ditandai dengan style neo clasic yang semakin pudar, menuju ke arah ‘Form follow function’ Ornamen diyakini sebagai suatu kejahatan karena dianggap tempelan dari ukiran dan merupakan kebenaran palsu, yang hal ini diungkapkan oleh Adolf Loos. Kondisi arsitektur modern dipenuhi dengan ambisi, ketegangan, hilangnya referensi lama, dan juga ketergeseran akan nilai kemanusiaan karena adanya industrialistis yang mendominasi kehidupan pada saat itu DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR ARSITEKTUR MODERN PERKEMBANGAN SEJARAH • Gerakan Avant Garde memberi kehidupan baru dalam teori perencanaan dan pelaksanaan arsitektur. arsitektur modern mengkristal menjadi suatu aliran yang disebut dengan International Style, • Dalam pandangan arsitektur modern selanjutnya (1910-1940-an) terjadi perubahan dalam pola dan keindahan arsitektur, dimana keindahan muncul semata mata oleh adanya fungsi dari elemen elemen bangunan. Oleh karenanya disebut sebagai aliran arsitektur Fungsionalisme, • Teori bentuk dan konsep lama baik tentang keindahan dan seni arsitektur masa lalu telah ditinggalkan dengan munculnya aliran Cubism • arsitektur Kubisme dan Fungsionalisme berkembang sangat cepat di Eropa Amerika bahkan Asia, hal ini sejalan dengan perkembangan budaya , pola pikir dan pola hidup modern masyarakat dalam hal seni, keindahan dan teknologi yang berdasarkan ratio, Progressive Individualistis yang didukung oleh Industrialis Materialistis DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR GERAKAN PADA ARSITEKTUR MODERN 01. ART AND CRAFT MOVEMENT Art and Craft movement (Inggris) terbebani oleh kondisi kerja di pabrik, • adalah suatu gerakan pada akhir masa namun dapat bekerja dengan revolusi industri yang mementingkan kebanggaan karena keterampilannya komitmen kerja dan keindahan. dan kemampuannya. Penganutnya menolak estetika yang • Di periode ini, barang-barang dihasilkan oleh produksi secara manufaktur seringkali buruk dalam massal, yang dianggap sebab utama kualitas dan desain. Ruskin, Morris hilangnya keindahan individual. Arts dan anggota lain memberi proposal and Crafts Movement berkembang di bahwa akan lebih baik jika Inggris saat paruh akhir abad ke-19. keterampilan tangan individual dapat Gerakan ini juga dilakukan desiner dihidupkan kembali maka para pekerja amerika, dengan sedikit hasil yang akan mampu menghasilkan benda berbeda. Di Amerika Serikat, gaya Arts yang indah hasil keterampilan tangan and Crafts juga disebut Mission Style yang baik dibandingkan hasil produksi • Gerakan ini, yang menantang selera massal yang buruk. Sehingga era Victoria, terisnpirasi oleh pemikir tujuannya adalah menciptakan desain hal reformasi sosial seperti Walter yang “dibuat oleh masyarakat untuk Crane dan John Ruskin, bersama masyarakat, dan merupakan sumber dengan ideal yang dipikirkan oleh kesenangan bagi pembuat dan desainer dan pembaharu, William pemakai” Morris. • Pemikiran mereka mengenai desain yang bagus memiliki hubungan dengan pemikiran mereka mengenai masyarakat yang ideal. Hal ini adalah pandangan mengenai situasi masyarakat dimana para pekerja tidak DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURAFAKULTAS TEKNIKPRODI ARSITEKTUR DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONALUNIVERSITAS
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  • Balboa Park Historic Context Statement

    Balboa Park Historic Context Statement

    Draft - 8/3/08 Historic Context Statement Balboa Park Area Plan & Historic Resource Survey San Francisco, California August 3 2008 Prepared for the San Francisco Planning Department prepared by TBA West, Inc. 631 Pointe Pacific Drive #6, Daly City, California 94014 650.756.8888 / www.tbaarchitects.com 1 Draft - 8/3/08 Table of Contents I. Introduction and Theme…………………………………………………………...3 A. Time Period B. Period of Significance C. Geographic Limits II. Synthesis of Information/History 6 A. Natural History B. Native Americans C. Spanish-Mexican Periods D. American Period 1. The Industrial School 2. House of Correction/Ingleside Jail 3. San Francisco and San Jose Railroad 4. Ocean Avenue Corridor a. Ingleside Coursing Park b. Ingleside Jail 5. Residential Development 6. Balboa Park - a Rationalistic park 7. Balboa Park Area Transportation History 8. Westwood Park 9. Commercial Development 10. Demographic Patterns III. Balboa Park Area Plan: Architecture 26 A. Property Types B. Commercial Corridors C. Architectural Styles in Subject Area IV. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..47 V. Appendices 48 A. Study Area Map B. Inventory of Construction Dates, Type, Styles C. Inventory of Character Defining Features 2 Draft - 8/3/08 Exhibit 1: Subject Area, 1878 map of San Francisco, UCLA. I. Introduction and Themes The Balboa Park Area (Subject Area) acts as a hub and boundary line in San Francisco, a crossroad between the Ingleside, Westwood Park, Sunnyside, Excelsior and Outer Mission neighborhoods. It also acts as a crossroad of historic themes: Balboa Park embodies distinctive characteristics of 20th Century recreational landscaping, as naturalistic, romantic treatments of city parks gave way to more rationalistic uses, including the incorporation of civic structures and game fields.