Botanical Specialist Report for Kleinfontein Kalkmyn, Kouga Municipality, Eastern Cape

Clayton Weatherall-Thomas

1 Lelane, 14 Cathcart Rd, Humewood, Port Elizabeth, 6070 E-mail [email protected] 18 April 2019 Cell. 083 401 8091

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1

Details of Specialist and Declaration of Interest ...... 1

Project Description ...... 1

Terms of Reference ...... 3

Assumptions and Limitations ...... 4

2 Methods ...... 4

3 Study Site Description ...... 8

National Context ...... 8

3.1.1 National Vegetation Assessment ...... 8

3.1.2 Threatened Ecosystems ...... 10

3.1.3 National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas Project ...... 10

Regional Context ...... 12

3.2.1 Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (ECBCP) (2007) ...... 12

4 Ecological Assessment ...... 13

Vegetation Community Composition ...... 13

Threatened and Protected Species ...... 17

Alien Invasive Plants ...... 17

Sensitivity Assessment ...... 18

5 Impact Assessment ...... 19

Direct loss of natural vegetation due to clearing ...... 19

Direct loss of Species of Conservation Concern and Threatened or Protected Species ...... 19

Loss of habitat of SCCs and ToPS ...... 20

Increased Environmental Risks ...... 21

Loss of Ecological Connectivity ...... 21

Disturbance of the surface resulting in increased risk of AIPs ...... 22

Rehabilitation of the mining right area and clearance of Alien Invasive Plants ...... 22

6 Recommendations ...... 23

3. References ...... 25

Appendix 1 CV of Specialist ...... 26

 Employment History ...... 26

o Environmental Assessment Practitioner ...... 26

o Student Demonstrator (Part-time, ad hoc basis) ...... 26

o Herbarium Assistant ...... 26

o Botanical Specialist ...... 26

o Conservation Officer ...... 26

o NMBMOSS Co-ordinator ...... 26

Appendix 2 Declaration of Interest ...... 29

SPECIALIST INFORMATION ...... 32

1. DECLARATION BY THE SPECIALIST ...... 32

2. UNDERTAKING UNDER OATH/ AFFIRMATION ...... 33

Appendix 3 List of Plant Species found at the proposed Driftsands Mining Mining Right Area, NMBM and their conservation significance ...... 1

Table of Figures

Figure 1 Dominant vegetation types at the proposed mining site, according to Mucina and Rutherford (2006), including Threatened Ecosystems...... 9

Figure 2 Kleinfontein Kalkmyn is situated in a Phase2FEPA, as well as a Fish Sanctuary. . 12

Figure 3 Proposed mining site in relation to Critical Biodiversity Areas identified by ECBCP (2007)...... 13

Figure 4 Vegetation types of Kleinfontein Kalkmyn Mining Right Area...... 15

Figure 5 Sensitivity Map of Kleinfontein Kalkmyn Mining Right area...... 18

ACRONYMS

ACME ALGOA CONSULTING MINING ENGINEERS

AIP ALIEN INVASIVE PLANTS

BID BACKGROUND INFORMATION DOCUMENT

CBA CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREA

ECECB EASTERN CAPE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION BILL OF 2003

NFA NATIONAL FORESTS ACT 84 OF 1998

NFEPA NATIONAL FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM PRIORITY AREA

NMBM NELSON MANDELA BAY MUNICIPALITY

POSA PLANTS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

SANBI SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE

SCC SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN

TOPS THREATENED OR PROTECTED SPECIES

III

1 Introduction

This report was prepared for Algoa Consulting Mining Engineers (ACME), who was appointed by ELC Perm 1 to obtain Environmental Authorisation (EA) from the competent authority, the DMR, for a mining right application in the Kouga Municipality, Eastern Cape. The aim of the report was to do a botanical assessment of the proposed site. The site assessment took place on 8 October, 2018. The site is large and only a representative portion was sampled; the author of this report cannot be held liable for any plant species missing, as time and budget constraints only allowed one site visit.

Details of Specialist and Declaration of Interest

Name of specialist: Clayton Richard Weatherall-Thomas

Qualifications and Expertise: Please see cv attached as Appendix 1

Declaration of Interest: Please see Appendix 2

Project Description

The project description is extracted from the Scoping Report supplied by ACME.

ELC Perm 2 (Pty) Ltd, trading as Kleinfontein Kalkmyn, has submitted an application for a mining right (EC30/5/1/2/2/1044MR) of an area of 201,5 ha for the mining of limestone, sand, stone aggregate and gravel, dolomitic limestone and dolomite on Portion 36 and 37 of the Farm Kleinfontein 172, situated within the Kouga Municipality in the Eastern Cape. The proposed minerals to be mined are destined for the local agricultural and road construction sectors, and will support the economy of the Kouga municipality. There is opportunity to transport minerals to the Port of Ngqura and export to other markets.

Vegetation will be cleared in the areas designated for mining, and used for mulch for rehabilitation. Topsoil, where present, will be removed to a depth of at least 30 cm and stored in stockpiles for future rehabilitation. The minerals to be mined are all found on or near to the surface and only opencast open pit mining methods with blasting are to be deployed. Blasting will take place according to the schedule dictated by secured offtake agreements. Presently it would be 4 times a year. It will be done in accordance with standards to prevent damage to any neighbouring buildings and structures. Where overburden is present, it will be transported to nearby old quarries for rehabilitation.

The excavated minerals will be placed onto dump trucks, and transported directly to the processing plant. The crusher and processing plant is situated outside of the mining right area and is owned and operated by a different company. The processed minerals will be stockpiled outside of the mining right area as well.

The majority of the site will be fenced, particularly along the public road that crosses the site, and access will be controlled. These fences would display sign boards towards the outside of the mine permit area to warn any person of the prohibition of unauthorised entry. Chains will be used to block access along existing roads within the mining right, and signs will be erected in all three local languages (Xhosa, Afrikaans and English) warning the public of possible dangers of entering the site.

The site would be accessed via an existing entrance that serviced the previous mining operation on site. The existing operational site office on the neighbouring farm Limebank will be used for this present mining operation as well. Chemical ablution facilities and potable drinking water for staff.

The mine will only operate during daylight hours, Monday to Friday. All vehicles are stored and maintained off site.

Rehabilitation will be done concurrently and will include the returning of the topsoil and active establishment of indigenous species.

The mining methods do not utilise electricity, as all machinery and equipment are self- propelled diesel driven vehicles. Water use by the proposed mine is limited, mainly for the suppression of dust along any dirt roads used by the mine. This is estimated to use approximately 50 000L a day. This water will be extracted from the neighbouring Klein River using infrastructure already in place and in use by the tourist operation called Loerie Ruskamp, situated on the neighbouring Farm Limebank 172. A Water Use Licence Application will be done in the name of the landowner

Site Preparation Phase

 Maintenance on existing access road with a road grader  Constructing a fence to demarcate the site  Erecting a security guard hut and ablution  Search & Rescue will be done for any identified Threatened or Protected Species, as well as Species of Conservation Concern, and will be maintained in a nursery for rehabilitation later  Clearing vegetation using a bull dozer and mulching it to be used for rehabilitation 2

 Removing topsoil and storing it in stockpiles on site

1) Operation Phase  Minerals will be loosened by drilling and blasting  Blasting will be done in a manner to produce benches that are 10 m in height and 10 m wide, producing a high wall with an angle of 45°  Where the dolomite or limestone is not on the surface, the overlying overburden, consisting of quartzite or shale, will be transported to existing nearby quarries for rehabilitation and will not be stockpiled  Excavated minerals will be placed onto dump trucks using an excavator on the benches, and a front end loader on the floor of the quarry  The material will be transferred to 2 35 tonne utility trucks  The material will be transported out of the mining right area to a crushing plant off site for processing, or directly to the Coega IDZ if of the appropriate  Mining will continue until the dolomite or limestone reserve is exhausted  Clearing of Alien Invasive Plants (AIPs) will occur on a regular basis  Roads will be continuously maintained with a road grader, and dust suppression will be done using a water truck

2) Rehabilitation Phase  Rehabilitation will occur concurrently with mining  Rehabilitation will occur by replacing the topsoil with added mulch on the mined areas, including the benches of the wall face, and replanting species that are dominant in the local vegetation type

Invasive Alien Plant clearing and monitoring of rehabilitation will continue during the life of the mine, and for two years after mine closure.

Terms of Reference

This botanical specialist report aims to:

 Review available literature and resources in order to determine the sensitivity of the proposed site to any potential impacts of the development

 Conduct a site investigation to identify and ground truth the botanical species composition of the proposed site, as well as any ecologically sensitive areas or attributes  Produce an annotated species list of the proposed site to determine what Protected and Species of Conservation Concern (SCCs) are present and may require permits before construction commences  Produce a sensitivity map indicating no-go areas  Assess all possible impacts on the botanical environment by the proposed mining activity  Compile a list of recommendations to avoid, mitigate or manage any potential impacts of the proposed development on the site

Assumptions and Limitations

A number of assumptions and limitations exist for this study. The sensitivity of the site is based on existing available data. The species list is based on a single site visit, and thus species composition and diversity will be underrepresented, in particular as the site investigation took place in late Summer, resulting in the reduction of grass and bulb species. Information about the nature and size of the impacts of the development is based on information received from the client and assumed to be correct.

2 Methods

The botanical assessment involved a desktop literature survey, as well as a site assessment that took place on the 2nd November 2018. A site visit was done by Clayton Weatherall- Thomas. A comprehensive plant species list was produced and annotated according to the relevant legislation. All Threatened or Protected Species were identified, as well as any Invasive Alien Plants (AIPs).

The approach used in this vegetation assessment is as follows:

 A desktop assessment of the potential vegetation and sensitivities of the site based on data extracted from o Mucina and Rutherford’s (2009) vegetation map o National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004): National List of Threatened Ecosystems (2011) o National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (NFEPA) project o Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (ECBCP) o Mining and Biodiversity Guidelines

 A site assessment on foot: o Describing habitats and species present. All plants were identified down to their lowest possible taxonomic level using Plants of Southern Africa (POSA), accessed during November 2018, and the Red List of South African plants (SANBI 2017), accessed during November 2018 o Document and describing present land use, as well as evidence of past land use activities. o A species list was created and annotated to indicate Species of Conservation Concern (SCCs) according to the SANBI Red List (2017.1); Threatened or Protected Species (ToPS) according to the National Forests Act 84 of 1998 (NFA) and the Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill of 2003 (ECECB); and declared Alien Invasive Plant (AIPs) species according the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act: Alien and Invasive Species List of 2017.  A vegetation map was produced illustrating the various vegetation communities identified  A sensitivity map was produced to classify and illustrate the sensitivity of the various identified vegetation types  An Impact Assessment of all possible impacts on the vegetation on site was done using the methodology supplied by ACME  Recommend possible measures to reverse, avoid, manage or mitigate possible environmental impacts,

Potential impacts of the proposed development were assessed according to the methodology received from ACME.

The Impact Assessment Methodology is shown below:

The ranking of impacts / determination of significance is estimated consider the factors / criteria listed in the legislation. The definitions of each of the Assessment Criteria are provided below:

i. Extent of impact :

A spatial indication of the area impacted (i.e., how far from activity the impact is realised).

ii. Duration of impact :

A temporal indication of how long the effects of the impact will persist, assuming the activity creating the impact ceases. For example, the impact of noise is short lived (impact ceases when activity ceases) whereas the impact of removing topsoil exists for a much longer period of time.

iii. Probability of impact occurring:

An estimated indication of the potential for an impact to occur.

iv. Intensity of the impact:

The magnitude of the impact in relation to the sensitivity of the receiving environment, taking into consideration the degree to which the impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources.

v. Significance of an impact:

Considering the factors defined above, Significance is an indication of how serious a negative impact is anticipated to be and how beneficial a positive impact may be.

Table 1 Methodology for rating significance of proposed activities.

Category Category Rating Description

Site only 1 SITE SCC/TE

Least Project site Concern/Threatened

Local 2 Effects immediate Near Threatened surrounding areas Extent

Municipal 3 Effects municipal Vulnerable area

Regional 4 Effects regional area Endangered

National 5 Effects R.S.A. Critically Endangered

Very short 1 Duration Less than 1 year term

Short term 2 1 to 5 years

Medium term 3 5 to 20 years

Long term 4 Longer than 20 years

Permanent 5 Permanent

Improbable 0 Less than 30% chance

Possible 1 30 to 50% chance Probability / Likelihood Probable 2 50 to 75% chance

Definite 3 Greater than 75% chance

Very low 1 No effect on natural, cultural or social conditions

Low 2 Marginal effect on natural, cultural or social conditions

Moderate 3 Modification of natural, cultural or social Intensity conditions

Temporary threat to existence of natural, High 4 cultural or social conditions

Permanent Threat to existence of natural, Very high 5 cultural or social conditions

Very low 0 to 24

Low 25 to 47 The Significance is a measurement of the Significance product of the individual ratings of the Extent, Medium 48 to 94 Duration, Probability and Intensity. High 95 to 188

Very high 189 to 375

3 Study Site Description

National Context

3.1.1 National Vegetation Assessment

The Vegetation Map for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (VegMap) by Mucina & Rutherford (2009) is the most up-to-date and widely accepted classification of South Africa’s vegetation. It includes information on the conservation status and indicator species for each recognised vegetation type in the country. This biodiversity planning product also forms the basis for the NEM Biodiversity Act list of Threatened Ecosystems.

Mucina & Rutherford (2012) have mapped the study area as Gamtoos Thicket (Figure 3) with a small strip of Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos along the southern boundary. Gamtoos Thicket occurs on low mountain slopes in steeply sloping areas and on low ridges in the coastal basin of the Gamtoos River Valley and other smaller river valleys such as the Kromme River. The vegetation is tall and dense with few distinct strata as lianas are common and link the understorey with the canopy. Important taxa of Gamtoos Thicket are listed in Table 4. Four endemic species, namely Cussonia gamtoosensis (Rare), Huernia bayeri (DDT), Gasteria pulchra (LC) and Lachenalia latimerae. The vegetation type is classified as Least Threatened, with 13% transformed, and only 6% protected in statutory conservation areas. The conservation target for Gamtoos Thicket is 23%. Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos occurs on the moderatingly undulating plains dissected by major rivers, in particular the Gamtoos River, as well as in the lower Kwazunga Valley near Uitenhage. It consists of a low shrubland to grassland with sparse emergent tall shrubs, and rich in succulents and geophytes. One endemic specis, Erepsia aristata, is present in this vegetation type. Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos is classified as Least Threatened, with 11% statutorily conserved and 9% transformed; the target for this vegetation type is 23%.

Figure 1 Dominant vegetation types at the proposed mining site, according to Mucina and Rutherford (2006), including Threatened Ecosystems.

Table 2 List of plant species in Gamtoos Thicket. Dominant species are indicated with (d).

Species Trees Succulent Trees: Euphorbia triangularis (d), Aloe africana, A. speciosa, Euphorbia grandidens. Small Trees: Apodytes dimidiata, Canthium spinosum, Cussonia spicata, C. thyrsiflora, Maytenus undata, Pappea capensis, Ptaeroxylon obliquum, Schotia afra var. afra, Sideroxylon inerme, Vepris lanceolata. Shrubs Tall Shrubs: Allophylus decipiens, Azima tetracantha, Carissa bispinosa subsp. bispinosa, Crotalaria capensis, Ehretia rigida, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Euclea racemosa, E. undulata, Grewia occidentalis, Gymnosporia capitata, G. heterophylla, G. polyacantha, Hippobromus pauciflorus, Maerua cafra, Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Nylandtia spinosa, Olea europaea subsp. africana, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhus glauca, R. incisa, R. longispina, R. lucida, R. pterota, R. refracta, Scolopia zeyheri, Scutia myrtina. Low Shrubs: Felicia muricata (d), Anthospermum aethiopicum, Asparagus striatus, Chaetacanthus setiger, Eriocephalus africanus, E. algoensis, E. spathaceus, Jamesbrittenia microphylla, Lauridia tetragona, Oedera genistifolia, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, Pteronia incana, Senecio linifoliusa. Succulent Shrubs: Portulacaria afra (d), Exomis microphylla var. axyrioides, Cotyledon campanulata, C. orbiculata var. oblonga, C. tomentosa subsp. tomentosa, Crassula cultrata, Delosperma ecklonis, Euphorbia mauritanica, E. polygona, Glottiphyllum linguiforme,

Senecio oxyodontus, Tylecodon striatus, Zygophyllum debile. Semiparasitic Shrub: Osyris compressa. Semiparasitic Epiphytic Shrub: Viscum rotundifolium Climbers Woody Climbers: Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia (d), Rhoicissus digitata (d), Asparagus aethiopicus, A. racemosus, Jasminum angulare, Plumbago auriculata, Rhoiacarpos capensis. Woody Succulent Climber: Sarcostemma viminale. Herbaceous Climbers: Cynanchum ellipticum, Senecio deltoideus Graminoids: Ehrharta calycina (d), E. erecta (d), Panicum deustum (d), Setaria sphacelata (d), Aristida congesta, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria natalensis, Enneapogon desvauxii, E. scoparius, Eragrostis obtusa, Eustachys paspaloides, Ficinia indica, F. nodosa, Heteropogon contortus, Karroochloa curva, Leptochloa fusca, Melica racemosa, Panicum maximum, P. stapfianum, Pycreus polystachyos var. laxiflorus, Sporobolus africanus, S. fimbriatus, Stipa dregeana, Themeda triandra, Tribolium hispidum. Herbs Succulent Herbs: Crassula expansa, C. muscosa, C. orbicularis, Plectranthus grandidentatus, P. madagascariensis, Senecio radicans. Geophytic Herbs: Asplenium cordatum, Bonatea speciosa var. antennifera, Bulbine alooides, B. frutescens, Chasmanthe aethiopica, Ornithogalum longibracteatum, Oxalis obtusa, Pelargonium pulverulentum, Sansevieria hyacinthoides. Herbs: Hypoestes aristata (d), Abutilon sonneratianum, Acalypha ecklonii, Blepharis integrifolia var. clarkei, Hibiscus pusillus, Indigastrum costatum subsp. macrum, Indigofera hedyantha, Peristrophe cernua, Stachys aethiopica.

Table 3 List of Species of Conservation Concerns, as well as Threatened and Protected Species, that may occur on the proposed mine right site,

3.1.2 Threatened Ecosystems

The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004): National List of Threatened Ecosystems (2011) identifies national threatened terrestrial ecosystems that are threatened by extinction, includes preventing further degradation and loss of structure function and composition of threatened ecosystems. Gamtoos Thicket and Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos are both Least Threatened Ecosystems.

3.1.3 National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas Project

The National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (NFEPA) project is a collaborative effort aimed at identifying Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (FEPAs) to meet national biodiversity goals for freshwater ecosystems, and to develop a basis for enabling effective implementation of measures to protect FEPAs, including freeflowing rivers (Nel et al. 2011).

NFEPA project identified River FEPAs and associated sub-quaternary catchments, wetland and estuary FEPAs, wetland clusters, as well as Phase 2 FEPA and associated sub- quaternary catchment areas. Fish Sanctuaries (FishSA), together with Fish Migration Areas and Upstream Management Areas, were defined to conserve populations of threatened freshwater fish species in South Africa.

Fish sanctuaries were identified at the scale of sub-quaternary catchments. Five types of conservation areas were identified for each species: Fish Sanctuaries (areas required to meet fish population targets); Fish Migration Corridors (areas required for migration between required habitats, usually between mainstem and tributary habitat); Rehabilitation and Translocation Areas (areas crucial to the survival of the highly threatened fish species they support); and Upstream Management Areas (areas that need to be managed to prevent degradation of downstream Fish Sanctuaries and Fish Migration Corridors).

The proposed mining right occurs in a Phase 2 FEPA. These were identified in moderately modified rivers (C ecological category), only in cases where it was not possible to meet biodiversity targets for river ecosystems in rivers that were still in good condition (A or B ecological category). River condition of these Phase 2 FEPAs should not be degraded further, as they may in future be considered for rehabilitation once FEPAs in good condition (A or B ecological category) are considered fully rehabilitated and well managed. It is also situated within a Fish Sanctuary (FishFSA), identifying a sub-catchment area that contains a threatened species of fish. The relevant species is Barbus (Enteromius) anoplus, or Chubby head barb, and Pseudobarbus afer cf Gamtoos. However, the latest assessment by IUCN classifies Barbus (Enteromius) anoplus as Least Concern (LC) (Woodford 2017).

Figure 2 Kleinfontein Kalkmyn is situated in a Phase2FEPA, as well as a Fish Sanctuary.

Regional Context

3.2.1 Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (ECBCP) (2007)

The Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (2007) is a regional systematic biodiversity conservation plan for the Eastern Cape (Figure 2). The plan set certain development guidelines based on calculated biodiversity score for different landscapes. Basically the terrestrial areas covered by the plan are designated as Critical Biodiversity 1, 2, or 3 areas, each with specific development recommendations. The proposed mining area falls within the Terrestrial Critical Biodiversity (CBA) Area 1 - T1, indicated by the Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (2007). It encompasses the western third of the site, thus there is possibility of having features such as — critically endangered vegetation types (STEP). The ECBCP systematic conservation assessment has identified critically endangered vegetation types (ecosystems); areas essential for meeting biodiversity targets for biodiversity features (SA vegetation types, expert mapped priority areas); and there could be critically endangered forest patches in terms of the National Forest Agreement, as well as forest clusters that have been identified as critical in the forestry planning process (Berliner et al., 2007).

Within the Terrestrial CBA 1 T1 areas, there are Biodiversity Land Management Class (BLMC) that are included. Mainly, BLMC 1 for natural landscapes and BLMC 2 which are for near- natural landscapes. Each BLMC has specific land use objectives, with the land BLMC1 being used to maintain the biodiversity in a state that is as natural as possible; and to manage the land is such a way where there is no biodiversity loss. It is recommended that land in BLMC 2 is maintained in a near natural state with minimal loss of the ecosystem integrity. In addition, there should be no transformation of the natural habitat should be permitted. The site falls in a BLMC1 area.

Figure 3 Proposed mining site in relation to Critical Biodiversity Areas identified by ECBCP (2007).

4 Ecological Assessment

Vegetation Community Composition

Three natural vegetation communities were identified on site, as well as two transformed communities (Figure 4). Transformed areas due to mining included a variety of rehabilitated areas after mining. The unrehabilitated areas were dominated by Alien Invasive Plants such as Acacia cyclops and A. longifolia, as well as indigenous species, mostly weedy annuals including Conyza bonariensis, Mesembryanthemum aitonis, Aizoon rigidum and grasses Cynodon dactylon, Melinis repens. Where active rehabilitation has taken place, vegetation is dominated by a grass cover including species such as Cynodon dactylon, Chloris gayana,

Sporobolus africanus, Melinis repens, as well as larger shrubs and short trees including Clutia daphnoides, Diospyros dichrophylla, Searsia pallens, S. crenata, and Vachellia karroo.

Small areas of the property were previously utilised for agriculture, or for residences in the south of the erf. The variety of woody species is greater here, including Azima tetracantha, Carissa bispinosa, Clutia daphnoides, Diospyros dichrophylla, Searsia crenata, S. pallens. Vachellia karroo. Dominant grass species found are Cynodon dactylon, Sporobolus africanus, Panicum maximum, Brachiaria deflexa. A number of small succulent species are present (Crassula ericoides, C, muscosa, Delosperma ecklonis, Bulbine frutescens, Carpobrotus deliciosus).

The majority of the site is dominated by Gamtoos Thicket, a dense woodland where open patches occur on flat areas. Gamtoos Thicket is dominated by woody species such as Allophylus decipiens , Azima tetracantha. Canthium spinosum, Carissa bispinosa, , Euclea racemosa, E. undulata Gymnosporia capitata, G. heterophylla, G. polyacantha, Hippobromus pauciflorus, Maerua cafra, Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Nylandtia spinosa, Olea europaea subsp. africana, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhus glauca, R. incisa, R. longispina, R. lucida, R. pterota, R. refracta, Scolopia zeyheri, Scutia myrtinaMaytenus undata, Pappea capensis, Ptaeroxylon obliquum, Schotia afra var. afra, Sideroxylon inerme, Vepris lanceolata. Succulent trees identified were Aloe africana, Aloe ferox, Euphorbia triangularis, E. grandidens. One Portulacaria afra specimen was seen.

Grassy shrublands occur between the dense bushclumps. These shrublands are dominated by renosterveld species, mostly Asteraceace and Poaceae, with elements of Fynbos occurring as well. On north facing slopes, succulents are more common. The open shrublands are dominated by Felicia muricata, Anthospermum aethiopicum, Asparagus striatus, Chaetacanthus setiger, Eriocephalus africanus, E. spathaceus, Jamesbrittenia microphylla, Lauridia tetragona, Oedera genistifolia, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, Pteronia incana, Senecio linifolius, Crassula cultrata, Delosperma ecklonis, Euphorbia mauritanica, Senecio oxyodontus, Osyris compressa. Limestone mosac vegetation occurs between the Gamtoos Thicket were dolomite or limestone is found on the surface. The vegetation is similar to Gamtoos Thicket, but with a much reduced cover, and the grass species Themeda triandra becomes dominant in almost monospecific stands. The soil is thin and succulent species cover is higher.

Figure 4 Vegetation types of Kleinfontein Kalkmyn Mining Right Area.

In the valleys and south facing slopes, a form of Thicket more mesic than Gamtoos Thicket occurs. Succulent cover is considerably reduced, and the vegetation is dominated by taller specimens of Sideroxylon inerme, Vepris lanceolata, Common climbers include Cynanchum spp., Senecio deltoideus, Rhoicussus tomentosa,

Photo 1 Top Left: Recently mined areas not yet rehabilitated. Top Right: Dolomite on the surface. Centre Left: Rehabilitated area Centre Right: Tall Mesic Thicket. Bottom Left: Limestone mosaic vegetation. Bottom Right: Relatively open Gamtoos Thicket.

Threatened and Protected Species

To identify list of Species of Conservation Concern, a species list was derived from the Plants of South Africa (POSA) website for the QDS 3324DD and classified using the Red List of South Africa. All Protected species were identified using the National Forests Act, Act 84 of 1998, and the Eastern Cape Environment Conservation Bill 9 of 2003. It must be noted that the majority of these species are fynbos species and not Thicket species, and are therefore unlikely to occur on site.

The following legislation was consulted to determine the conservation value of the vegetation:

 Red List of South African Plants (version 2017.1);  National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act No. 10 of 2004 – Alien and Invasive Species Lists (published 29 July 2016);  National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 – Amendment of Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable and Protected Species List (14 December 2007);  Eastern Cape Environment Conservation Bill 9 of 2003  National Forests Act No. 84 of 1998 – List of Protected Trees (published 8 September 2017);

There are approximately 108 Threatened or Protected Species within the mining right area of Kleinfontein Kalkmyn. However, the majority of these were not found during the field survey, and many are not likely to be on site, such as the Ericaceae. Many of these species are Protected Plants under ECECA, in families such as Apocynaceae and Aizoaceae, and are relatively common to very common. 20 Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) were identified as possibly occurring on site, of which 11 are Threatened species. Of these 11, Gymnosporia elliptica (Vulnerable) was identified on site. Four Near Threatened species, namely Aloe micrantha, Indigofera tomentosa, Pelargonium reniforme and Tritonia dubia were present. Cussonia gamtoosensis, a protected species and classified as Rare, occurs on site.

Alien Invasive Plants

Four declared invaders under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act No. 10 of 2004 – Alien and Invasive Species Lists (published 29 July 2016) were identified on site. The dominant invasive species are Acacia cyclops, A. longifolia, A. mearnsii and Opuntia ficus-indica. These species must form part of an Alien Eradication Plan.

Sensitivity Assessment

The majority of the site is classified as having a MEDIUM sensitivity, as it is mostly intact Gamtoos Thicket, classified as Least Threatened (See Figure 5). A number of threatened and protected species occur here. Mining can occur with adequate mitigation measures in place.

Where mining has occurred recently and plant cover is considerably reduced, the area is considered VERY LOW. Areas with a LOW sensitivity are well rehabilitated previously mined areas, as well as areas transformed by agriculture.

All drainage lines are classified as HIGH, except where they occur in previously mined areas, where they are considered having MEDIUM sensitivity. All High sensitivity areas must be declared No-Go Areas, as well as certain areas classified as Medium, to maintain an adequate representation of Gamtoos Thicket on site. All remaining intact Medium sensitivity areas should be avoided if possible.

Figure 5 Sensitivity Map of Kleinfontein Kalkmyn Mining Right area.

5 Impact Assessment

The possible impacts of this development on the proposed site were rated according to ACME’s Impact Rating Methodology.

Direct loss of natural vegetation due to clearing

Site preparation will result in the clearing of vegetation and the loss of Gamtoos Thicket (LT) and Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos (Vu). However, portions of the site, in particular the flat tops of hills and previous mining areas, are moderately to highly degraded or transformed, and a number of invasive species are present.

INTENSI SIGNIFICAN PHASE IMPACT EXTENT DURATION PROBABILITY TY CE

MEDIUM Vegetation Permanent Moderate Local (2) Definite (3) NEGATIVE Loss (5) (3) (90)

LOW WITH NEGATIVE MITIGATION (30)

1. Design an Environmental Awareness Programme that highlights the local environmental sensitivities and risks 2. Minimise vegetation clearance for mining and the footprint for the Site disturbed area as far as possible Preparati 3. Conduct a Search and Rescue for all SCCs and TOPs within the on site before the commencement of mining. Operation 4. Clearly designate, using signboards, areas outside of the mining MITIGATION: footprint as No-Go areas and prohibit any activities within them 5. Where required, rehabilitate and revegetate areas as soon as possible using indigenous plant species 6. Exclude all areas regarded as having high sensitivity 7. Relevant permits must be applied for to remove all protected species 8. Topsoil must be correctly stockpiled and managed for rehabilitation 9. A nursery must be created and managed to store rescued plants, and to grow and produce indigenous species for rehabilitation 10. Clear Alien Invasive Species from the entire mining right area, including those areas not mined

Direct loss of Species of Conservation Concern and Threatened or Protected Species

A number of SCCs and ToPS were identified on site. Species such as milkwoods (Sideroxylon inerme) and cheesewood (Pittosporum viridiflorum) should be conserved in situ, as much as possible, as well as those found in intact fynbos vegetation. Outside the designated no-go

19 areas, permits must be applied for in order to translocate all SCCs or TOPs to the rehabilitation nursery. Rehabilitation must utilise the rescued plants, as well as other indigenous species.

INTENSI SIGNIFICAN PHASE IMPACT EXTENT DURATION PROBABILITY TY CE

HIGH SCCs and Endangere Permanent Moderate Definite (3) NEGATIVE TOPS loss d (4) (5) (3) (180)

LOW WITH NEGATIVE MITIGATION (36)

1. Appoint an ECO to monitor site clearing and the operation of the Site Preparati mine on 2. Design an Environmental Awareness Programme that highlights Operation the local environmental sensitivities and risks 3. Conduct a Search and Rescue for all SCCs and TOPs within the MITIGATION: site before the commencement of mining 4. Relevant permits must be applied for to remove all protected species before mining commences 5. Rehabilitaiton should occur concurrently with mining

Loss of habitat of SCCs and ToPS

The clearance of Gamtoos Thicket and Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos will permanently reduce the habitat available for a number of endemic species, as well as SCCs and ToPS.

INTENSI SIGNIFICAN PHASE IMPACT EXTENT DURATION PROBABILITY TY CE

HIGH SCCs and Endangere Permanent Moderate Definite (3) NEGATIVE TOPS loss d (4) (5) (3) (180)

LOW WITH NEGATIVE MITIGATION (36) Site Preparati 1. Appoint an ECO to monitor site clearing and the operation of the on mine Operation 2. Design an Environmental Awareness Programme that highlights the local environmental sensitivities and risks MITIGATION: 3. Conduct a Search and Rescue for all SCCs and TOPs within the site before the commencement of mining 4. Relevant permits must be applied for to remove all protected species before mining commences

5. Rehabilitaiton should occur concurrently with mining

Increased Environmental Risks

Increased number of people in the area will result in the possible increase in certain risks without proper management, for example fires, poaching, illegal plant collecting and harvesting, trampling of vegetation in no-go areas, littering.

INTENSI SIGNIFICAN PHASE IMPACT EXTENT DURATION PROBABILITY TY CE

Increased MEDIUM Long Term Moderate Environmental Local (2) Definite (3) NEGATIVE (4) (3) Risk (72)

LOW WITH NEGATIVE MITIGATION (30) Site Preparati 1. Design an Environmental Awareness Programme that highlights on the local environmental sensitivities and risks Operation al 2. Relevant permits must be applied for to remove all protected species MITIGATION: 3. Clearly designate, using signboards, areas outside of the mining footprint as No-Go areas and prohibit any activities within them 4. Provide adequate waste disposal facilities

Loss of Ecological Connectivity

The loss of vegetation will result in the loss of ecological connectivity between present intact vegetation patches, as well as faunal habitat. However, the vegetation is already mostly moderately to severely degraded and transformed, with few patches of intact vegetation. The area was historically a mobile dunefield and therefore little natural vegetation would have occurred, and has been transformed for over 100 years. There are also high levels of illegal hunting in the area.

INTENSI SIGNIFICAN PHASE IMPACT EXTENT DURATION PROBABILITY TY CE

Site Loss of MEDIUM Long Term Preparati ecological Local (2) Definite (3) Low (2) NEGATIVE (4) on connectivity (72)

Operation LOW WITH NEGATIVE MITIGATION (32)

1. Design an Environmental Awareness Programme that highlights the local environmental sensitivities and risks 2. Produce an Alien Eradication Plan, including dominant alien MITIGATION: species, a clearing schedule and control methods 3. Monitor all areas for alien invasive plants 4. Clearing will be limited to the mining footprint

Disturbance of the surface resulting in increased risk of AIPs

Site preparation and mining operation will result in soil disturbance, greatly increasing the chance of the establishment of alien invasive plants.

INTENSI SIGNIFICAN PHASE IMPACT EXTENT DURATION PROBABILITY TY CE

MEDIUM Long Term Increased AIPs Local (2) Definite (3) Low (2) NEGATIVE (4) (72)

LOW WITH NEGATIVE Site MITIGATION (32) Preparati on 5. Design an Environmental Awareness Programme that highlights Operation the local environmental sensitivities and risks 6. Produce an Alien Eradication Plan, including dominant alien MITIGATION: species, a clearing schedule and control methods 7. Monitor all areas for alien invasive plants 8. Clearing will be limited to the mining footprint

Rehabilitation of the mining right area and clearance of Alien Invasive Plants

The rehabilitation of the mining right area and clearance of all AIPs presents an opportunity to restore the area to a functional state of coastal fynbos.

INTENSI SIGNIFICAN PHASE IMPACT EXTENT DURATION PROBABILITY TY CE

Site MEDIUM Long Term Preparati Increased AIPs Local (2) Definite (3) Low (2) NEGATIVE (4) on (72)

Operation LOW WITH NEGATIVE MITIGATION (32)

1. Design an Environmental Awareness Programme that highlights the local environmental sensitivities and risks 2. Create a rehabilitation plan that ensures rehabilitation with indigenous species 3. Rehabilitate concurrently with mining 4. Produce an Alien Eradication Plan, including dominant alien MITIGATION: species, a clearing schedule and control methods 5. Monitor all areas for alien invasive plants 6. Ensure the mining right area is monitored for AIPs until mine closure is granted 7. Mine closure is dependent on the mining right area being clear of AIPs

6 Recommendations

The following recommendations are made to avoid, manage or mitigate any possible environmental impacts on the biological environment:

1. Employ an ECO to implement the EMPr, including all recommendations of this report 2. Design an Environmental Awareness Programme that highlights the local environmental sensitivities and risks 3. Minimise vegetation clearance for construction and the footprint for the disturbed area as far as possible 4. Conduct a Search and Rescue for all SCCs and TOPs within the site before the commencement of construction 5. Avoid all Sideroxylon inerme and Pittosporum viridiflorum trees 6. Clearly designate, using signboards, areas outside of the mining footprint as No-Go areas and prohibit any activities within them 7. Rehabilitate and revegetate areas as soon as possible using indigenous plant species 8. Mining and rehabilitation should take place sequentially in 5 ha blocks, with never more than 2 blocks of 5 hectares uncovered at any stage. 9. Exclude all areas regarded as having high sensitivity 10. Relevant permits must be applied for to remove all protected species 11. 12. Topsoil must be correctly stockpiled in designated area and managed for rehabilitation

13. Produce an Alien Eradication Plan, including dominant alien species, a clearing schedule and control methods 14. Monitor all areas for alien invasive plants 15. Clearing will be limited to the construction footprint 16. Ensure the mining right area is monitored for AIPs until mine closure is granted 17. Mine closure is dependent on the mining right area being clear of AIPs 18. Explore options with the landowner of declaring the mining right area a protected area after mine closure

3. References

Deventer, H., Funke, N., Swartz, E.R., Smith-Adao, L. B., Mbona, N., Downsborough, L. and S Nienaber (2011) Technical Report for the National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas project. WRC Report No. 1801/2/11.

Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Nel, J.L., Murray, K.m., Maherry, A.M., Peterson, C.P., Roux, D.J., Driver, A., Hill, L., van SANBI. 2015. Statistics: Red List of South African Plants version 2017.1. Downloaded from Redlist.sanbi.org on 2018/12/05.

Woodford, D. 2017. Enteromius anoplus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T63249A100115110.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20173.RLTS.T63249A100115110. en. Downloaded on 21 January 2019.

Appendix 1 CV of Specialist

Clayton

Richard  Employment History Weatherall- Thomas o Environmental Assessment Practitioner March 2017-ongoing Algoa Consulting Mining Engineers, Port Elizabeth 1 Lelane Conducting of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs); Compiling Environmental 14 Cathcart St Management Programme Reports (EMPr); Environmental Authorisations (EA); Humewood Environmental Audits, Conduct Public Participation and correlating reports Port Elizabeth o Student Demonstrator (Part-time, ad hoc basis) 6001 2004-2015 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMBM), Port Elizabeth 083 401 8091 Demonstrating and Assisting various Botany modules; marking practicals environment@algoacme .co.za o Herbarium Assistant

March 2008-December 2008 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMBM), Port Elizabeth

Identification of plant species o Botanical Specialist

2006-February 2017 Self-employed, Port Elizabeth

Ad hoc basis Botanical and Ecological Specialist reports for Environmental Impact Assessments; Species identification and assistance with the writing of Water Research Commission (WRC) reports o Conservation Officer

October 2011-December 2012 Wildlife and Environmental Society of South Africa (WESSA), Port Elizabeth

Co-ordinate the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan’s Biodiversity Stewardship Programme (NMBMBSP), including site assessments, communication with landowners and other stakeholders, management plans; The capacitation of Custodians of Rare and Endangered Wildflowers (CREW) volunteers and NMBM staff o NMBMOSS Co-ordinator

January 2012-June 2013 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMBM), Port Elizabeth

Facilitate the gazetting of the NMBM Environmental Management Framework (EMF); Support the NMBM Land Use Co-ordinator in terms of conflict resolution regarding the NMB MOSS; implement the rezoning process in terms of Land Use Planning Ordinance of 1985 to ensure that the correct legal zoning is enacted; Provide ecological comments on EIAs Education 2002-2004 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth

BSc Biological Sciences Graduated cum laude 2005 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth

BSc Hons Botany Graduated cum laude Terrestrial Ecology focus 2006-2008 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth

MSc Botany “Seed germination and seedling survival in the mesic thickets of the Eastern Cape” Graduated cum laude 2009-incomplete Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth

PhD Botany “Determination of the Utilization Threshold for the maintenance of Thicket floral diversity”

Other Courses: 2018 IWRM, the NWA and Water Use Authorisations, focusing on WULAs and IWWMPs

Experience relating to Environmental Impact Assessments

BASIC ASSESSMENT REPORTS 2019 Basic Assessment Report for Ngqura Sand, NMBM: Ongoing 2018 Basic Assessment and EMPr for Schoenmakers Mining, NMBM 2017 BA and EMPr for the proposed Loerie Lime limestone mine near Loerie in the Eastern Cape 2017 BA and EMPr for Sandman Quarries cc, NMBM

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORTS 2019 EIA Report and EMPr for Driftsands Mining, NMBM – Ongoing 2018: EIA Report and EMPr for Kleinfontein Mine, Loerie 2017 EIA Report and EMPr for the proposed Lloyds Clay Mine near Motherwell in the Eastern Cape 2017 EIA Report and EMPr for the proposed Prieska Gypsum Mine near Prieska in the Northern Cape

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS Environmental Audit for Glendore Rover Sandpit, NMBM

Environmental Audit for Glendore Rover Limestone, NMBM 2017 Environmental Management Programme Performance Assessment for Sandman Quarries cc

Other Experience

Chairperson of the Algoa branch of the Botanical Society of South Africa

Custodians of Rare and Endangered Wildflowers Champion

Member of the organizing committee of the Thicket Forum

Competent in MS Word, Excel and Power Point, ArcGIS

References

Mr Rudi Gerber

Managing Director

Algoa Consulting and Mining Engineers

Tel: 041 379 1899

Cell: 082 653 2568

[email protected]

Prof. Eileen Campbell

Botany Lecturer and Botanical Specialist

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

Tel: 041 504 2329

Cell: 072 658 9688

[email protected]

Appendix 2 Declaration of Interest

DETAILS OF THE SPECIALIST, DECLARATION OF INTEREST AND UNDERTAKING UNDER OATH

(For official use only)

File Reference Number:

NEAS Reference Number: DEA/EIA/

Date Received:

Application for authorisation in terms of the National Environmental Management Act, Act No. 107 of 1998, as amended and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, 2014, as amended (the Regulations)

PROJECT TITLE

SOGEA SATOM PRE CAST CONCRETE WIND TOWER FACTORY

Kindly note the following:

1. This form must always be used for applications that must be subjected to Basic Assessment or Scoping & Environmental Impact Reporting where this Department is the Competent Authority. 2. This form is current as of 01 September 2018. It is the responsibility of the Applicant / Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) to ascertain whether subsequent versions of the form have been published or produced by the Competent Authority. The latest available Departmental templates are available at https://www.environment.gov.za/documents/forms. 3. A copy of this form containing original signatures must be appended to all Draft and Final Reports submitted to the department for consideration. 4. All documentation delivered to the physical address contained in this form must be delivered during the official Departmental Officer Hours which is visible on the Departmental gate. 5. All EIA related documents (includes application forms, reports or any EIA related submissions) that are faxed; emailed; delivered to Security or placed in the Departmental Tender Box will not be accepted, only hardcopy submissions are accepted.

Departmental Details

Postal address: Department of Environmental Affairs Attention: Chief Director: Integrated Environmental Authorisations Private Bag X447 Pretoria 0001

Physical address: Department of Environmental Affairs Attention: Chief Director: Integrated Environmental Authorisations Environment House 473 Steve Biko Road Arcadia

Queries must be directed to the Directorate: Coordination, Strategic Planning and Support at: Email: [email protected]

SPECIALIST INFORMATION

Specialist Company Name:

B-BBEE Percentage Procurement recognition

Specialist name: Clayton Weatherall-Thomas

Specialist Qualifications: MSc Botany (Terrestrial Ecology)

Professional affiliation/registration:

Physical address: 1 Lelane, 14 Cathcart St, Humewood, Port Elizabeth, 6001

Postal address: 1 Lelane, 14 Cathcart St, Humewood, Port Elizabeth

Postal code: 6001 Cell: 083 401 8091

Telephone: Fax:

E-mail: [email protected]

1. DECLARATION BY THE SPECIALIST

I, Clayton Richard Weatherall-Thomas, declare that –

 I act as the independent specialist in this application;

 I will perform the work relating to the application in an objective manner, even if this results in views and findings that are not favourable to the applicant;

 I declare that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity in performing such work;

 I have expertise in conducting the specialist report relevant to this application, including knowledge of the Act, Regulations and any guidelines that have relevance to the proposed activity;

 I will comply with the Act, Regulations and all other applicable legislation;

 I have no, and will not engage in, conflicting interests in the undertaking of the activity;

 I undertake to disclose to the applicant and the competent authority all material information in my possession that reasonably has or may have the potential of influencing - any decision to be taken with

respect to the application by the competent authority; and - the objectivity of any report, plan or document to be prepared by myself for submission to the competent authority;

 all the particulars furnished by me in this form are true and correct; and

 I realise that a false declaration is an offence in terms of regulation 48 and is punishable in terms of section 24F of the Act.

Signature of the Specialist

Name of Company: 19/03/2019

Date 2. UNDERTAKING UNDER OATH/ AFFIRMATION

I, Clayton Richard Weatherall-Thomas, swear under oath / affirm that all the information submitted or to be submitted for the purposes of this application is true and correct.

Signature of the Specialist

Name of Company

Date

Signature of the Commissioner of Oaths

Date

Appendix 3 List of Plant Species found at the proposed Driftsands Mining Mining Right Area, NMBM and their conservation significance

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status ACANTHACEAE Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E.Mey. ex Schinz var. clarkei (Schinz) Oberm. LC x ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera cernua (Hook.f. ex Nees) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt LC ACANTHACEAE Dyschoriste setigera (Pers.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt LC x ACANTHACEAE Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Sol. ex Roem. & Schult. LC x AIZOACEAE Aizoon rigidum L.f. LC x AIZOACEAE Carpobrotus deliciosus (L.Bolus) L.Bolus LC x AIZOACEAE Delosperma ecklonis (Salm-Dyck) Schwantes LC AIZOACEAE Glottiphyllum linguiforme (L.) N.E.Br. LC AIZOACEAE Lampranthus scaber (L.) N.E.Br. EN x AIZOACEAE Mesembryanthemum aitonis Jacq. LC AIZOACEAE Trichodiadema aureum L.Bolus VU Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen AMARANTHACEAE var. axyrioides(Fenzl) Aellen LC AMARYLLIDACEAE Apodolirion macowanii Baker VU S5 AMARYLLIDACEAE Brunsvigia gregaria R.A.Dyer LC S5 AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus angustifolius (L.f.) Aiton LC S5 AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus wellandii Snijman VU S5 ANACARDIACEAE Searsia glauca (Thunb.) Moffett LC x ANACARDIACEAE Searsia incisa(L.f.) F.A.Barkley var. effusa (C.Presl) Moffett LC x ANACARDIACEAE Searsia longispina(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Moffett LC x ANACARDIACEAE Searsia lucida(L.) F.A.Barkley LC x ANACARDIACEAE Searsia pallens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Moffett LC

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status x ANACARDIACEAE Searsia pterota (C.Presl) Moffett LC x ANACARDIACEAE Searsia refracta (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Moffett LC x APOCYNACEAE Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd LC APOCYNACEAE Asclepias crispa P.J.Bergius var. crispa LC S5 x APOCYNACEAE Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Ceropegia cancellata Rchb. LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Ceropegia carnosa E.Mey. LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Cynanchum ellipticum (Harv.) R.A.Dyer LC S5 x APOCYNACEAE Cynanchum ellipticum (Harv.) R.A.Dyer LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Duvalia pillansii N.E.Br. Rare S5 APOCYNACEAE Gonioma kamassi E.Mey. LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Huernia thuretii F.Cels LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Microloma tenuifolium (L.) K.Schum. LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Orbea verrucosa (Masson) L.C.Leach LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Pachycarpus grandiflorus (L.f.) E.Mey. subsp. grandiflorus LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. subsp. viminale LC S5 APOCYNACEAE Stapelia grandiflora Masson var. grandiflora LC S5 x ARALIACEAE Cussonia gamtoosensis Strey Rare S5 ARALIACEAE Cussonia spicataThunb. LC ARALIACEAE Cussonia thyrsiflora Thunb. LC x ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus aethiopicusL. LC x ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce LC x ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus falcatus L. LC x ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus racemosus Willd. LC x ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus striatus(L.f.) Thunb. LC x ASPHODELACEAE Aloe africana Mill. LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Aloe ciliaris Haw. var. ciliaris LC S5

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status x ASPHODELACEAE Aloe ferox Mill. LC ASPHODELACEAE Aloe humilis (L.) Mill. LC S5 x ASPHODELACEAE Aloe micracantha Haw. NT S5 ASPHODELACEAE Aloe speciosaBaker LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine alooides(L.) Willd. LC x ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Gasteria pulchra (Aiton) Haw. LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthia cooperi Baker var. gordoniana (Poelln.) M.B.Bayer LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthia cooperi Baker var. gracilis (Poelln.) M.B.Bayer LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthia cooperi Baker var. isabellae (Poelln.) M.B.Bayer LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthia cooperi Baker var. picturata (M.B.Bayer) M.B.Bayer LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthia cooperi Baker var. pilifera (Baker) M.B.Bayer LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthia cymbiformis (Haw.) Duval var. setulifera (Poelln.) M.B.Bayer DDT S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthia fasciata (Haw.) G.D.Rowley NT S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthia longiana Poelln. EN S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthiopsis attenuata (Haw.) G.D.Rowley var. attenuata EN S5 ASPHODELACEAE Haworthiopsis viscosa (L.) G.D.Rowley LC S5 ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia citrina Baker LC S5 ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium cordatum (Thunb.) Sw. LC x ASTERACEAE Berkheya decurrens (Thunb.) Willd. LC x ASTERACEAE Brachylaena ilicifolia (Lam.) E.Phillips & Schweick. LC x ASTERACEAE Chrysocoma ciliata L. LC ASTERACEAE Curio radicans (L.) P.V.Heath LC x ASTERACEAE Elytropappus rhinocerotis(L.f.) Less. LC x ASTERACEAE Eriocephalus africanusL. LC ASTERACEAE Euryops algoensis DC. LC x ASTERACEAE Euryops spathaceus DC. LC

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status x ASTERACEAE Felicia muricata(Thunb.) Nees LC x ASTERACEAE Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench LC x ASTERACEAE Oedera genistifolia(Thunb.) Nees LC x ASTERACEAE Osteospermum moniliferum L. subsp. moniliferum LC x ASTERACEAE Othonna gymnodiscus (DC.) Sch.Bip. LC ASTERACEAE Pteronia incana(Burm.) DC. LC x ASTERACEAE Senecio deltoideusLess. LC x ASTERACEAE Senecio linifoliusL. LC ASTERACEAE Senecio oxyodontus DC. LC BORAGINACEAE Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. rigida LC CACTACEAE Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. NE 1b x CAPPARACEAE Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken LC x CAPPARACEAE Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax LC x CELASTRACEAE Cassine peragua L. subsp. peragua LC x CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia buxifolia(L.) Szyszyl. LC x CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia capitata (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Loes. LC x CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia elliptica (Thunb.) Schönland VU CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia heterophylla(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Loes. LC CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia polyacantha (Sond.) Szyszyl. Subsp. polyacantha LC x CELASTRACEAE Lauridia tetragona(L.f.) R.H.Archer LC x CELASTRACEAE Maytenus undata(Thunb.) Blakelock LC x CELASTRACEAE Mystroxylon aethiopicum(Thunb.) Loes. LC x CELASTRACEAE Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (Lam.) Walp. LC x CELASTRACEAE Putterlickia pyracantha (L.) Endl. LC x COMMELINACEAE Commelina africana L. var. africana LC x COMMELINACEAE Commelina benghalensis L. LC CRASSULACEAE Cotyledon campanulata Marloth LC

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status x CRASSULACEAE Cotyledon orbiculata l. var. oblonga (Haw.) DC. LC CRASSULACEAE Cotyledon tomentosa Haw. subsp. tomentosa LC x CRASSULACEAE Crassula cultrataL. LC x CRASSULACEAE Crassula expansa Aiton LC x CRASSULACEAE Crassula muscosa L. LC x CRASSULACEAE Crassula orbicularis L. LC x CRASSULACEAE Crassula perforata Thunb. subsp. perforata LC x CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw. LC CRASSULACEAE Tylecodon striatus (Hutchison) Toelken LC x CYPERACEAE Ficinia indica (Lam.) H.Pfeiff. LC x CYPERACEAE Ficinia nodosa (Rottb.) Goetgh., Muasya & D.A.Simpson LC CYPERACEAE Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv. var. laxiflorus LC x DIDIEREACEAE Portulacaria afra Jacq. LC x EBENACEAE Diospyros dichrophylla (Gand.) De Winter LC x EBENACEAE Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke subsp. crispa LC x EBENACEAE Euclea natalensis A.DC. subsp. natalensis LC S5 x EBENACEAE Euclea racemosa Murray subsp. racemosa LC S5 x EBENACEAE Euclea undulata Thunb. LC ERICACEAE Erica bolusanthus E.G.H.Oliv. LC S5 ERICACEAE Erica chamissonis Klotzsch ex Benth. var. chamissonis LC S5 ERICACEAE Erica chamissonis Klotzsch ex Benth. var. polyantha (Klotzsch ex Benth.) Dulfer LC S5 ERICACEAE Erica demissa Klotzsch ex Benth. var. demissa LC S5 ERICACEAE Erica diaphana Spreng. LC S5 ERICACEAE Erica glandulosa Thunb. subsp. breviflora (Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. EN S5 ERICACEAE Erica glandulosa Thunb. subsp. fourcadei (L.Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. VU S5 ERICACEAE Erica melanthera L. LC S5 ERICACEAE Erica newdigateae Dulfer LC S5

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status ERICACEAE Erica nutans J.C.Wendl. LC S5 ERICACEAE Erica pectinifolia Salisb. var. pectinifolia LC S5 ERICACEAE Erica simulans Dulfer var. simulans LC S5 EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha ecklonii Baill. LC x EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia daphnoides Lam. LC x EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia grandidens Haw. LC x EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia mauritanica L. LC EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia polygonaHaw. LC x EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia triangularis Desf. ex A.Berger LC x FABACEAE Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don NE 1b x FABACEAE Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. NE 1b x FABACEAE Acacia mearnsii De Wild. NE 2 x FABACEAE Crotalaria capensis Jacq. LC FABACEAE Indigastrum costatum (Guill. & Perr.) Schrire subsp. macrum (E.Mey.) Schrire LC FABACEAE Indigofera hedyantha Eckl. & Zeyh. LC x FABACEAE Indigofera tomentosa Eckl. & Zeyh. NT FABACEAE Lotononis acuminata Eckl. & Zeyh. VU x FABACEAE Schotia afra (L.) Thunb. var. afra LC x FABACEAE Schotia latifolia Jacq. LC x FABACEAE Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Gallaso LC x GENTIANACEAE Chironia baccifera L. LC S5 x GERANIACEAE Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Hér. LC S5 GERANIACEAE Pelargonium pulverulentum Colvill ex Sweet LC S5 x GERANIACEAE Pelargonium reniforme Curtis NT S5 x HYACINTHACEAE Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt LC HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia latimerae W.F.Barker LC x HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalumsp. LC S5

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status x HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis stellipilis Ker Gawl. LC S5 ICACINACEAE Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. LC IRIDACEAE Aristea anceps Eckl. ex Klatt LC S5 IRIDACEAE Babiana sambucina (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. subsp. sambucina LC S5 IRIDACEAE Bobartia orientalis J.B.Gillett subsp. orientalis LC S5 IRIDACEAE Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E.Br. LC S5 IRIDACEAE Dierama pendulum (L.f.) Baker LC S5 x IRIDACEAE Dietes grandiflora N.E.Br. LC S5 x IRIDACEAE Freesia corymbosa (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. LC S5 IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza bracteata Klatt LC S5 IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza heterostyla L.Bolus LC S5 IRIDACEAE Gladiolus grandiflorus Andrews LC S5 IRIDACEAE Gladiolus involutus D.Delaroche LC S5 IRIDACEAE Gladiolus stellatus G.J.Lewis LC S5 IRIDACEAE Gladiolus uitenhagensis Goldblatt & Vlok VU S5 IRIDACEAE Hesperantha bachmannii Baker LC S5 IRIDACEAE Ixia flexuosa L. LC S5 IRIDACEAE Ixia orientalis L.Bolus LC S5 IRIDACEAE Moraea algoensis Goldblatt LC S5 IRIDACEAE Moraea bipartita L.Bolus LC S5 IRIDACEAE Moraea elliotii Baker LC S5 x IRIDACEAE Tritonia dubia Eckl. ex Klatt NT S5 IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis antholyza (Poir.) Goldblatt LC S5 IRIDACEAE Watsonia knysnana L.Bolus LC S5 IRIDACEAE Watsonia pillansii L.Bolus LC S5 LAMIACEAE Plectranthus grandidentatus Gurke LC x LAMIACEAE Plectranthus madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth. Var. madagascariensis LC

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status x LAMIACEAE Stachys aethiopica L. LC x MALVACEAE Abutilon sonneratianum (Cav.) Sweet LC x MALVACEAE Grewia occidentalis L. LC x MALVACEAE Hibiscus pusillus Thunb. LC x OCHNACEAE Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp. LC x OLEACEAE Jasminum angulare Vahl LC x OLEACEAE Olea europaea L. subsp. africana(Mill.) P.S.Green LC S5 x ORCHIDACEAE Bonatea speciosa (L.f.) Willd. LC ORCHIDACEAE Holothrix parviflora (Lindl.) Rchb.f. LC S5 ORCHIDACEAE Holothrix pilosa (Burch. ex Lindl.) Rchb.f. NT S5 ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium membranaceum Sw. LC S5 x OXALIDACEAE Oxalis obtusa Jacq. LC x PHYLLANTHACEAE Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. LC x PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims LC x x PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbago auriculata Lam. LC x POACEAE Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. LC x POACEAE Cenchrus ciliaris L. LC x POACEAE Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. LC x POACEAE Digitaria natalensis Stent LC x POACEAE Ehrharta calycina Sm. LC x POACEAE Ehrharta erecta Lam. LC POACEAE Enneapogon desvauxii P.Beauv. LC x POACEAE Enneapogon scoparius Stapf. LC x POACEAE Eragrostis obtusa Munro ex Ficalho & Hiern LC POACEAE Eustachys paspaloides (Vahl) Lanza & Mattei LC POACEAE Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Schult. LC POACEAE Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth LC

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status x POACEAE Melica racemosaThunb. LC x POACEAE Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka subsp. repens LC x POACEAE Panicum deustumThunb. LC x POACEAE Panicum maximum Jacq LC POACEAE Panicum stapfianum Fourc. LC x POACEAE Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. ex M.B.Moss LC x POACEAE Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay LC POACEAE Sporobolus fimbriatus (Trin.) Nees LC x POACEAE Stipa dregeana Steud. LC x POACEAE Themeda triandra Forssk. LC POACEAE Tribolium curvum (Nees) Verboom & H.P.Linder LC POACEAE Tribolium hispidum (Thunb.) Desv. LC x POLYGALACEAE Muraltia spinosa(L.) F.Forest & J.C.Manning LC x POLYGALACEAE Polygala myrtifolia L. var. myrtifolia LC PROTEACEAE Leucadendron salignum P.J.Bergius LC S5 PROTEACEAE Leucadendron spissifolium (Salisb. ex Knight) I.Williams subsp. phillipsii (Hutch.) I.Williams LC S5 PROTEACEAE Leucospermum cuneiforme (Burm.f.) Rourke LC S5 PROTEACEAE Leucospermum truncatum (H.Buek ex Meisn.) Rourke LC S5 PROTEACEAE Protea repens (L.) L. LC S5 x RHAMNACEAE Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz LC x RUBIACEAE Anthospermum aethiopicum L. LC x RUBIACEAE Canthium spinosum (Klotzsch) Kuntze LC x RUSCACEAE Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce LC RUTACEAE Agathosma acutissima Dummer VU S5 RUTACEAE Agathosma capensis (L.) Dummer LC S5 RUTACEAE Agathosma ovata (Thunb.) Pillans LC S5 RUTACEAE Agathosma puberula (Steud.) Fourc. LC S5

Threat Present Family Species NFA ECECA alien status RUTACEAE Agathosma unicarpellata (Fourc.) Pillans LC S5 RUTACEAE Agathosma venusta (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Pillans LC S5 RUTACEAE Diosma rourkei I.Williams LC S5 x RUTACEAE Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk. LC S5 x RUTACEAE Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don LC S5 x SALICACEAE Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv. LC x SALVADORACEAE Azima tetracantha Lam. LC x SANTALACEAE Colpoon compressum P.J.Bergius LC x SANTALACEAE Rhoiacarpos capensis (Harv.) A.DC. LC x SANTALACEAE Viscum rotundifolium L.f. LC x SAPINDACEAE Allophylus decipiens (Sond.) Radlk. LC x SAPINDACEAE Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radlk. LC x SAPINDACEAE Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. LC S5 x SAPOTACEAE Sideroxylon inerme L. subsp. inerme LC x S5 x SCROPHULARIACEAE Buddleja saligna Willd. LC S5 x SCROPHULARIACEAE Hermannia althaeifolia L. LC x SCROPHULARIACEAE Jamesbrittenia microphylla (L.f.) Hilliard LC x SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago cinerea L.f. LC x STERCULIACEAE Hermannia althaeoides Link LC x THYMELEACEAE Passerina pendula Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Thoday LC x ULMACEAE Celtis africana Burm.f. LC x VITACEAE Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & M.Brandt LC x VITACEAE Rhoicissus tomentosa (L.f.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. LC x VITACEAE Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. LC ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Zygophyllum debile Cham. & Schltdl. LC