Mysteries of Babylon & Pagan Sabbaths
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Similarities and Differences Between the Old Testament and the Ancient Near Eastern Texts
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Vol. 49, No. 1, 5-32. Copyright © 2011 Andrews University Press. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN TEXTS ROBE R TO OU R O Adventist School of Theology Sagunto, Valencia, Spain Introduction In 1902, the noted Assyriologist Friedrich Delitzsch presented a series of lectures on comparative studies under the auspices of the German Oriental Society. Delitzsch’s lectures, entitled “Babel und Bibel,” claimed that the literature of the Bible was dependent on, and even borrowed from, the literature of Mesopotamia. He questioned the appropriateness of the traditional theological terminology used to describe the Bible (e.g., revelation, inspiration) in light of its now evident dependency.1 Delitzsch’s work spawned a movement called “Pan-Babylonianism,” which argued that all world myths and Christian Scriptures (OT and NT) were simply versions of Babylonian mythology.2 As the series developed, however, it became clear that the lecturer’s motives were not entirely pure. His interest was to minimize the values of OT teaching so that it could be contrasted with that of the NT.3 The widespread interest in finding connections between the Bible and other ANE cultures has bred its own reaction in the warning raised by several scholars against exaggerating the importance of such similarities, a practice baptized with the name “parallelomania.”4 Of particular concern has been the often tacit assumption that such parallels can be construed as evidence for a genetic connection between the cultures that share them. Despite such warnings, the pendulum of biblical studies has continued to swing back and forth with remarkable regularity over the generations, as initial archeological discoveries have led to enthusiastic claims of similarities with various biblical practices and the implied, if not always stated, conclusion that these constitute the source for the biblical practice in question. -
F.F. Bruce, "Babylon and Rome," the Evangelical Quarterly 13
F.F. Bruce, “Babylon and Rome,” The Evangelical Quarterly 13 (October 15th, 1941): 241-261. Babylon and Rome F.F. Bruce [p.241] I It cannot seriously be denied that most of the features of advanced Catholic1 ritual have little or no direct warrant in the New Testament. It is frequently urged in support of such ritual that it can be traced in unbroken sequence back to the fourth century. “No sooner did the primitive Church emerge from the centuries of persecution, and acquire freedom from external repression, than it gave full and wonderful expression to its devotional spirit in elaborate and beautiful Symbolic ways.”2 Antiquity, however, is no guarantee of apostolic authority, especially as there is a gap of nearly three centuries between apostolic days and the introduction of the greater part of these ritual practices into the Church. Indeed, far from our being able to find Scriptural authority for these practices, all the available evidence on their provenance goes to show that they were taken over into the Church from the various Mystery cults which were so popular throughout the Roman Empire in the early centuries o£ our era. The appeal to the Fathers cannot take the place of an appeal to the Apostles. “The most honoured of the Fathers were men whose minds were impregnated by the superstitions of Pagan religion, or the subtleties of Pagan philosophy.... They were ‘near the fountain’ of Christianity, forsooth; yes, but they were nearer still to the cesspool of Paganism. And inquiry will show that it is to the cesspool that we should attribute every perversion of the truth which to-day defaces what is called the Christian religion.”3 The proof of the descent of Catholic ritual from the Mysteries is not the object of this paper; for such proof, the reader may consult such works as R. -
World History--Part 1. Teacher's Guide [And Student Guide]
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 462 784 EC 308 847 AUTHOR Schaap, Eileen, Ed.; Fresen, Sue, Ed. TITLE World History--Part 1. Teacher's Guide [and Student Guide]. Parallel Alternative Strategies for Students (PASS). INSTITUTION Leon County Schools, Tallahassee, FL. Exceptibnal Student Education. SPONS AGENCY Florida State Dept. of Education, Tallahassee. Bureau of Instructional Support and Community Services. PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 841p.; Course No. 2109310. Part of the Curriculum Improvement Project funded under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B. AVAILABLE FROM Florida State Dept. of Education, Div. of Public Schools and Community Education, Bureau of Instructional Support and Community Services, Turlington Bldg., Room 628, 325 West Gaines St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0400. Tel: 850-488-1879; Fax: 850-487-2679; e-mail: cicbisca.mail.doe.state.fl.us; Web site: http://www.leon.k12.fl.us/public/pass. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom - Learner (051) Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF05/PC34 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Accommodations (Disabilities); *Academic Standards; Curriculum; *Disabilities; Educational Strategies; Enrichment Activities; European History; Greek Civilization; Inclusive Schools; Instructional Materials; Latin American History; Non Western Civilization; Secondary Education; Social Studies; Teaching Guides; *Teaching Methods; Textbooks; Units of Study; World Affairs; *World History IDENTIFIERS *Florida ABSTRACT This teacher's guide and student guide unit contains supplemental readings, activities, -
The Babylonian and Hebrew Views of Man's Fate After Death
THE BABYLONIAN AND HEBREW VIEWS OF MAN'S FATE AFTER DEATH. BY THE EDITOR. THE Jewish ideas concerning the state after death exhibit in several important details a close agreement with Babylonian views. The Hebrew word s/ieo/ C'i^W) "the pit," corresponds ex- actly with the Assyrian sudlu ; both denote the place under the ground where the dead reside. In Assyrian the term is explained as the place of judgment, among the Jews as the place where every living being shall finally be demanded'— a place of ingathering. Habakkuk compares the vicious man's desire to sheol or death who "cannot be satisfied but gathereth unto him all people" (ii. 5). The conception of sheol is modeled after the nature of the grave. Bodies were buried in pits or in holes dug in the ground, only that the pit of sheol was supposed to be deeper than any grave : it was situated underneath the aboriginal tehom, the waters of the deep, viz., the underground flood which in the beginning of the world was divided into the waters above and the waters below the firmament. Sheol is called by the Assyrio-Babylonians, as well as by the Hebrews, " the land whence no traveller returns."^ Istar goes down "to the land without return," and Job describes it as the place "Whence I shall not return, even the land of darkness, and the shadow of death ; a land of darkness, as darkness itself ; and of the shadow of death, without any order, and where the light is as darkness" (x. 21-22). -
Notes from the Oriental Seminary
JOHNS HOPKiNS UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS Published with the approbation of the Board of Trustees VOL. XXIJ.—No. 163.1 BALTIMORE, JUNE, 1903. [PRICE, 10 CENTS. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, POSTOFFICE. NOTES FROM THE ORIENTAL SEMINARY. EDITED BY PROFESSOR PAUL HAUPT, LL. DA~ More than twenty years ago Delitzsch delivered a lecture on BIBLE AND BABEL. the location of Paradise,0 which contained, perhaps, just as By PAUL HAUPT. much that was new and revolutionary from the traditional point of view as his recent lectures on Babel and Bible, but—the [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, April 17, 1903.] German Emperor was not present and did not command a repetition of the lecture at the Imperial Palace; nor did he deem The pessimistic philosopher who wrote the original portions of it necessary to define his faith in an open letter. Delitzsch’s the Book of Ecelesiastes, probably not long before the time of 1 says, The race does not belong to the swift, nor Ex Oriente Lux, written about five years ago for the German our Savior, the battle to the strong: everything depends on time and chance. Orient Society, did not stir up a sensation, although he pointed (EccI. 9, 11). If my distinguished friend, Professor Friedrich out there just as plainly I that the Old Testament contained a Delitzsch, of Berlin, had not delivered (Jan. 13, 1902) his lecture great deal derived from Babylonian sources.—Everything depends on Babel and Bible2 in the presence of the German Emperor, on time and chance. -
Mythologies of the World: a Guide to Sources
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 198 541 CS 206 121 AUTHOR Smith, Ron TITLE Mythologies of the World: A Guide toSources. INSTITUTICN National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana, Ill. TEPORT NO ISBN-0-8141-3222-7 PUB DATE 81 NOTE 358p. AVAILABLE FRCM National Council of Teachers of English, 1111Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 32227, $9.75 non-member, $8.50 member). EDRS PRICE MF01/PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Awareness: *Cultural Background: Cultural Interrelationships: *Folk Culture: Higher Education: *Mythology: Popular Culture: Resource Materials: Secondary Education: *Symbols (Literary) : *World Literature ABSTRACT This book surveys the important available bockson mythologies cf all parts of the globe and thecultural contexts from which the mythological traditions emerged.Written as a series of bibliographic essays, the guide opens witha description of major reference sources encompassing many cultures,as well as those tracing particular themes (such as that of thecreation) across cultures. The other bibliographicessays discuss sources for studying prehistoric mythologies, the mythologies of West Asianpeoples (Mesopotamian, Biblical, Islamic, and others),South and East Asian mythologies, European mythologies, American Indianmythologies (North, Central, and South American), African mythologies, and the mythologies cf the Pacific and Australia.An appendix on contemporary mythology--mainly American--discussesa wide range of works that examine the beliefs, traditions, and dreams thatmanifest themselves in spectator .sports, politics, -
Ancient Events Reveal Pagan Tradition God Bitterly Opposed
Reprinted from The Journal: News of the Churches of God, March 31, 2008. Subscribe for $28 for one year or $49 for two years by writing P.O. Box 1020, Big Sandy, Texas 75755. Ancient events reveal pagan tradition God bitterly opposed Mr. Knight is a historian and author residing in Idaho, where his daughter, Jessica, attends a Sabbatarian private school. This article is the first in a series based on his latest book, Spirit of Antichrist . His first book was Primitive Christianity in Crisis, which THE JOURNAL ran serially in 2004. By Alan Knight CALDWELL, Idaho--The first volume in the Primitive Christianity in Crisis series detailed the story of gnostic Christianity. This was the first great religious apostasy in the church era, and many readers were astounded by how it is mentioned so often in the New Testament. But now, in the just-released second volume of our series, Spirit of Antichrist, we propose another surprising idea, and that is that gnostic Christianity is only part of a much larger story. In fact, we claim that gnostic Christianity is only a comparatively small part of that larger story, most of which has yet to be told. A key to prophecy Two key prophetic passages appear in the New Testament that focus on religious apostasy. Together they form the foundation of our new book, Spirit of Antichrist. In this article in THE JOURNAL we look at one of those two passages, Revelation 17. This chapter is especially significant because it appears to span virtually all of human history. In the process of describing events both past and future, it consistently uses the image of kings and harlots. -
Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans by Franz Cumont
Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans by Franz Cumont American lectures on the history of religions, series of 1911-1912 New York and London, G. P. Putnam's sons [1912] NOTICE OF ATTRIBUTION. Scanned at sacred-texts.com, March 2005. John Bruno Hare, redactor. This text is in the public domain in the US because it was published prior to 1922. The author died in 1947, so this text will not be in the public domain in the EU or UK until 2017. These files may be used for any non-commercial purpose, provided this notice of attribution is left intact in all copies. p. v PREFACE It is the purpose of these lectures delivered under the auspices of the American Committee for Lectures on the History of Religions, to sum up the results of researches carried on by me for many years in the field of ancient astrology and astral religion. For some facts set forth here in a summary fashion, I can refer the reader interested in the details to a number of special articles published in various periodicals; the proof of other assertions will be given in a larger work that I hope at some future date to publish on this same general theme. My sincere thanks are due to Mr. J. B. Baker of Oxford who has carried out the task of translating these lectures in so satisfactory a manner; and I am also largely indebted to my friend, Mr. J. G. C. Anderson of Christ Church, who was kind enough to undertake the revision of the manuscript. -
Mystery, Babylon the Great
MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT Volume 1 by I. A. Sadler Published by the author: Chippenham, England. Distributed in Zambia by Free Grace Evangelistic Association Kingdom Life Tabernacle PO Box 81277, Kabwe. Cell 0977 227763, E-mail: [email protected] Website: www:freegrace-ea.org Copyright, I. A. Sadler 2014 Previous editions printed and published in England First Edition 1999 Reprinted 2000 Second Edition 2001 Revised and reprinted 2003 Reprinted 2006 Reprinted in 3 volumes 2009, 2010 and 2013 (Zimbabwe) Telugu Edition 2011 (India) Dutch Edition 2013 (Netherlands) This edition is printed in Zambia by El-Roi General Dealers, PO Box 80203, Kabwe. Other Books by Dr I A Sadler "Jesus, the Way" – Walking in the way of salvation, turning neither to the right hand nor to the left. (81 pages) "The Love of God" – As displayed in the life, death and resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ. (84 pages) “The Authority of God” – Where the Word of a King is, there is Power. (32 pages) Contents CONTENTS Volume 1 Preface Explanation of References - Note to the Second Edition. Chapter 1. In the Beginning God Introduction - The Creation and the Fall of Man - The Devil Cursed by God - Babylonian Perversion of Genesis. Chapter 2. Nimrod and the Mysteries Nimrod Founds Babylon - Nimrod is Killed and Deified as the Sun God - The Mysteries - Semiramis Deified as the Queen of Heaven - The Three Beasts - Initiation Ceremonies of the Mysteries - The Deceptive Symbolism of the Mysteries. Chapter 3. Israel and the Religion of Babylon Introduction - Pharoah - The Golden Calf - Molech, Baal and Ashtareth - Dagon and Baal-zebub - Uzziah in the Temple - Lucifer and Merodach - The Testimony of Jeremiah and Ezekiel - Destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian Captivity. -
The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia by Archibald Henry Sayce
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia by Archibald Henry Sayce This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia Author: Archibald Henry Sayce Release Date: April 12, 2011 [Ebook 35856] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RELIGIONS OF ANCIENT EGYPT AND BABYLONIA*** The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia The Gifford Lectures on the Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian Conception of the Divine Delivered in Aberdeen By Archibald Henry Sayce, D.D., LL.D. Professor of Assyriology, Oxford Edinburgh T. & T. Clark, 38 George Street 1903 Contents Preface. .2 Part I. The Religion Of Ancient Egypt. .4 Lecture I. Introduction. .4 Lecture II. Egyptian Religion. 22 Lecture III. The Imperishable Part Of Man And The Other World. 45 Lecture IV. The Sun-God And The Ennead. 67 Lecture V. Animal Worship. 93 Lecture VI. The Gods Of Egypt. 118 Lecture VII. Osiris And The Osirian Faith. 142 Lecture VIII. The Sacred Books. 167 Lecture IX. The Popular Religion Of Egypt. 188 Lecture X. The Place Of Egyptian Religion In The History Of Theology. 211 Part II. The Religion Of The Babylonians. 232 Lecture I. Introductory. 232 Lecture II. Primitive Animism. 254 Lecture III. The Gods Of Babylonia. 273 Lecture IV. The Sun-God And Istar. -
THE RELIGION of BABYLONIA and ASSYRIA By
THE RELIGION OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA By Theophilus G. Pinches, LL.D. Presented by: www.semantikon.com 1 THE RELIGION OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA BY THEOPHILUS G. PINCHES, LL.D. Lecturer in Assyrian at University College, London, Author of "The Old Testament in the Light of the Records of Assyria and Babylonia"; "The Bronze Ornaments of the Palace Gates of Balewat" etc. etc. PREPARER'S NOTE The original text contains a number of characters that are not available even in 8-bit Windows text, such as H with a breve below it in Hammurabi, S with a breve, S and T with a dot below them, U with macron, and superscript M in Tašmêtum. These have been left in the e-text as the base letter. The 8-bit version of this text includes Windows font characters like S with a caron above it (pronounced /sh/) as in Šamaš, etc. These may be lost in 7-bit versions of the text, or when viewed with different fonts. 2 Greek text has been transliterated within brackets "{}" using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. Diacritical marks have been lost. THE RELIGION OF THE BABYLONIANS AND ASSYRIANS CHAPTER I FOREWORD Position, and Period. The religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians was the polytheistic faith professed by the peoples inhabiting the Tigris and Euphrates valleys from what may be regarded as the dawn of history until the Christian era began, or, at least, until the inhabitants were brought under the influence of Christianity. The chronological period covered may be roughly estimated at about 5000 years. -
Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia
ETHNICITY IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Papers Read at the 48th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Leiden, 1-4 July 2002 Edited by W.H. VAN SOLDT In cooperation with R. KALVELAGEN and D. KATZ NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOOR HET NABIJE OOSTEN 2005 REFLECTIONS ON THE ORIGIN AND THE EARLY HISTORY OF TÏR Jan Tavernier, Leuven 1. Introduction 1 As is widely known, the Old lranian religion has a polytheistic character and thus the lranian pantheon included several gods, one of which was TIr. Within the Iranian religion Tïr was the god of the rain, of the planet Mercury (Boyce 1982, 32-33)2 and of writing. TIr, who was first wor shipped by western lranians (as was the female deity Anâhita), was very popular during the Parthian and Sasanian periods (yd century BC - 7th century AD) and he was also venerated in Armenia during this period, but unfortunately little is known about his early history. His name has directly or indirectly come down to us in several forms: Tïr, Tïrï and TIriya. The original form is TIriya- (NOldeke 1888,420; Schwartz 1985, 673; Panaino 1995,61), while Tïrï has evolved from Tïriya through contraction (liyaJ > rIl). This is confirmed by: 1) The Elamite spelling Ti-ri-ia (Hinz 1975,238)3. 2) The lranian anthroponyms, composed with this element, in the Aramaic Nebenüber• lieferung (5-4th century BC) and in the Parthian ostraca from Nisa (1 st century BC). In these names there is an overall presence of y (tyry). 3) The Choresmian spelling Cyry. A possible etymology of the name TIriya- was proposed by Gershevitch (apud Zadok 1976, 230b; followed by Boyce 1982, 33)4.