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Home , Babylonian religion, Friedrich Delitzsch, Horace Howard Furness, Isaiah 63, Jerahmeel, Jewish Koine Greek

JOHNS HOPKiNS UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS

Published with the approbation of the Board of Trustees

VOL. XXIJ.—No. 163.1 BALTIMORE, JUNE, 1903. [PRICE, 10 CENTS. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, POSTOFFICE.

NOTES FROM THE ORIENTAL SEMINARY.

EDITED BY PROFESSOR PAUL HAUPT, LL. DA~ More than twenty years ago Delitzsch delivered a lecture on AND BABEL. the location of Paradise,0 which contained, perhaps, just as By PAUL HAUPT. much that was new and revolutionary from the traditional point of view as his recent lectures on Babel and Bible, but—the [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, April 17, 1903.] German Emperor was not present and did not command a repetition of the lecture at the Imperial Palace; nor did he deem The pessimistic philosopher who wrote the original portions of it necessary to define his in an open letter. Delitzsch’s the Book of Ecelesiastes, probably not long before the time of 1 says, The race does not belong to the swift, nor Ex Oriente Lux, written about five years ago for the German our Savior, the battle to the strong: everything depends on time and chance. Orient Society, did not stir up a sensation, although he pointed (EccI. 9, 11). If my distinguished friend, Professor Friedrich out there just as plainly I that the contained a Delitzsch, of , had not delivered (Jan. 13, 1902) his lecture great deal derived from Babylonian sources.—Everything depends on Babel and Bible2 in the presence of the German Emperor, on time and chance. it would hardly have attracted such wide-spread attention. But Of course, if Delitzsch wins an Assyriological race or battle, it the Emperor happened to be present, and when some conserva- would be absurd to say that the race does not belong to the swift, tive elements in Berlin objected to the conclusions presented by nor the battle to the strong: in the field of Assyriology there is Delitzsch, he invited, or rather commanded, a number of dis- no one swifter and stronger than Delitzsch, whom I styled 24 tinguished theologians to listen to a repetition of the lecture at years ago, in the dedication of my Sumerian Family Laws,8 the Imperial Palace (Feb. 1, 1902). He gave a considerable the first connoisseur of the monuments of Sumero-Assyrian Lit- amount of money to the German Orient Society, under whose erature; but tile views expressed by Delitzsch in his two lectures auspices the German excavations in are carried on, and on Babel and Bible 2.3 do not differ materially from the opinions enabled Delitzsch to visit the valley of the Euphrates and Tigris, entertained by competent Biblical scholars during the past 25 whose monuments he has been studying for the past thirty years. ears. The idea that a great deal in the Bible is derived from After his return from Delitzsch delivered (Jan. 12, Babylonian sources is not novel. 1903), just one year after his first lecture on Babel and Bible, I stated 24 years ago, when I was scarcely out of my teens, in a second lecture on the same subject,3 which has been circu- the preface to my book on the Sumerian Family Laws,8 that lated in 30,000 copies in less than four weeks. The Emperor the early narratives of Genesis were paralleled by tile and the Empress were both present with a distinguished suite, accounts of creation, the fall of man,9 the Deluge, and Nim- and Delitzsch concluded his remarks with a thinly-veiled appeal rod.10 The close connection of these cuneiform legends with the to the Emperor, urging all “to cheerfully take up the watchword Biblical narratives was evident to all unprejudiced investigators, given in a high-minded spirit and foreseen from the lofty eyrie and all indications led us to the conviction that those cuneiform with the keen eye of an eagle, viz., the modern transformation parallels were not originally Assyrian, but translations from the and further development of .” Thereupon the Em- old language of the non-Semitic aborigines of Babylonia. peror, who is not only King of Prussia but also summus episcopus At the conclusion of my inaugural lecture on the Cuneiform of the State Church, deemed it necessary to define his religious Account of the Deluge, delivered at the University of Gdttingen faith, addressing a letter on this subject to the first Vice-President in 1880,” I discussed the relation between the Chaldean of the German Orient Society, Admiral Hollmann.5 Flood Tablet and the two Biblical accounts of theDeluge, adding tllat there could be no doubt that the Biblical stories were derived * Professor Hanpt has heen nuahie to read the proofs of all the papers printed in this uumher of the University Circulars. from Babylonian sources,” but this foreign matter had been 48 fOHNS IIOPKINS LNo. 16g. stripped ofits national mythological and geographical connections, practiced by orthodox , to determine whether the meat is fit and the sacred writers, imbued with a firm faith in the saving or unfit (T~t~), to eat, were influenced by the anatomical truths of their religion, used these Babylonian elements merely knowledge and the symptomatological experience gained by the as a vehicle for their representations of higher ideas. Babylonian haruspices. In my lecture on the Location of Paradise, published in the In the same year I read a paper on the Sanitary Basis of the 13 in 1894, I Stuttgart periodical, Uber Land und Meer, Mosaic at one of the general meetings of the Twelfth showed that the Biblical story of the Garden of Eden was derived International Congress of Orientalists held at Rome in October, from Babylonian sources. According to the primitive view of 18 ~+~A to 1899.18 In another paper prese~~ the Congress I pointed the ancient Babylonians, Paradise was situated, not at the head out that the Babylonian winged genii were the prototypes of of four rivers, as we find it in the Biblical description, but at the the angels to whose forms we are accustomed. The Babylonian mouth of the rivers, that is, of the four rivers, Euphrates, Tigris, Cherubim originally symbolized the winds carrying the pollen Kerkha, and Karoon, which all emptied into the Persian Gulf; from the male flowers to the female. The four forms of Ezekiel’s called by the Babylonians ndru marratu, i. e., the ‘Bitter Stream’ Cherubim reappear in the four Apocalyptic creatures of Revela- or ‘Salt Water River.’ At present these four rivers do not tion (Rev.4, 7) and finally we meet this mystic quaternion again empty into the Persian Gulf:, but we know that the Persian Gulf in the symbols of the four Evangelists: angel, lion, bull, eagle. extended much farther north during the Babylonian period. Just as the composite colossal figures guarding the entrance of The delta at the mouth of the rivers grows at the rate of 65 feet the Babylonian palaces symbolize the storms and winds, so the per annum, and in former times the growth of the alluvial deposit Biblical Cherubim represent the winds and the storm-clouds on must have been still more rapid. So the four rivers of Paradise, which the of rides, while the Seraphim are personifi- according to the primitive Babylonian conception, are still extant, cations of the flashes of lightning, the heavenly fiery serpents. although they no longer empty separately into the Persian Gulf:, In Ps. 104, 3, we read as was the case during the Babylonian period. Now when the paragraph describing the location of Paradise was inserted in the He maketh storm-cloudsHis chariots, He ridethon thewings of the wind, second chapter of Genesis at the time of the , He maketh winds His messengers, and flames of fire His servants.19 the Garden of Eden was transferred from the mouth of the rivers There is hardly anything new in Delitzsch’s lectures on Babel to the head of the rivers, because, according to the ideas of the and Bible; only the German Emperor’s keen interest in these at the time of the Exile, God dwelt in the North. investigations is something novel. In my paper on the Origin of the Pentateuch (which I read at The Emperor does not object so much to the views expressed the meeting of the American Oriental Society in New York, by Delitzsch concerning the Old Testament, but he takes excep- March, 1894) ‘4 I established the fact that the Pentateuch was tion to his opinions concerning the , especially influenced by Babylonian institutions; I pointed out that we could with regard to the person of our Savior. The Emperor fully trace the Babylonian prototypes,not only for certain Jewish rites, recognizes the divine nature of Christ. He says, Christ is God but also for certain technical terms of the Levitic priestly lan- in human form, and that His coming was predicted in guage; and in my paper on Babylonian Elements in the Levitic the Messianic . He advises Delitzsch to discuss his Ritual (read at the meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature radical theories in theological publications and in the circles of in New York, Dec. 28, 1899) 15 J discussed a number of his fellow-workers, but not before the general public. Delitzsch parallels in the Levitic and the Babylonian on the basis of might safely point out the coincidences between Babylonian cul- the cuneiform ritual texts published by Professor Zimmern, of tare and the religion of the Old Testament, but he would have Leipzig, in the second part of his Contributions to the Study of done better to leave it to his audience to draw their own con- the . I called attention to the fact that the clusions. I believe myself that it is wiser in some eases to say name of the Babylonian haruspices, bariiti, appeared in two 2 + 2=5—1, and I am convinced that it is better if a Biblical passages of the Old Testament (Is. 44, 25; Jer. 50, 36) as scholar confines himself to a statement of the facts, leaving it to baddim,’6 corrupted from bar~m, and that the bariiii were the faith and the intellect of his readers or hearers to draw their mentioned at the time of (2250 B. C.) who appears own conclusions. It is not advisable to wreck the faith of persons in Gen. 14 as a contemporary of , under the name unable to substitute anything better. Goethe said somewhere Amraphel of Shinar. My theory that there may be a historical that he who has science and art, has also religion; but he who connection between the Babylonian cult and the Levitic ceremo- has neither, should have religion. The Emperor calls attention nial as described in the Hexateuchal Priestly Code was adopted to the fact that Goethe deemed it unwise to break even what he by Zimmern in the introduction to his Ritual Texts, and Professor calls the “pagodas of terminology” before a general public. Bertholet, of Basel, remarked at the end of the introduction to The Emperor fully believes in revelation. He distinguishes his commentary on Leviticus (Tfibingen, 1901) p. xix, It is two kinds of revelation, a continuous historical revelation, and a hardly possible to contest Haupt’s opinion that “the comparative purely religious revelation preparatory to the appearance of the study of the ante-Islamic religion of the Arabs undoubtedly Messiah.’0 The Emperor believes that God revealed Himself, throws much light on certain forms of ancient Israelitish ; not only to Moses and Abraham, but also to Luther; and not but if we want to trace the origin of the later Jewish ceremonial only to religious leaders, but also to great rulers, thinkers, and of the Priestly Code, we must look for it in the cuneiform ritual poets. He mentions his own grandfather, whom he calls William texts of the Assyro-Babylonians.” In a note to this statement 17 the Great; also Charlemagne and the friend of Abraham, Ham- I added that there was no direct reference to Jewish hieroscopy murabi; philosophers like Kant; great poets like Homer, in the Old Testament, but I believed that certain features of the Shakespeare, Goethe. This view of inspiration, which is very inspection of the intestines of slaughtered animals, which is still different from the theological doctrine of verbal inspiration of the JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULAI?S. 49

advanced by the Social Democrats. The Emperor would hardly Sacred Scriptures, will hardly be contested by the most advanced have written his remarkable letter unless strong pressure had Biblical scholars. As tothe Old Testament, the Emperor confesses that it contains been brought to bear on him on the part of the Empress and a great many sections which are purely human and historical, certain conservative and orthodox elements. There can be no doubt that the Biblical form of the early but not the revealed word of God. The law given on Mount Sinai was only symbolically inspired, and it is quite possible that narratives of Genesis is infinitely superior to their Babylonian Moses made use of old legal paragraphs which may go back to prototypes, and Delitzsch’s statement, made in the first edition the .2’ Nevertheless Moses’ work must of his first lecture, that the cuneiform tablets exhibited those have been inspired by God, and in this way God has revealed narratives in a purer form, is untenable. In his paper on the Himself to Israel. We require a form for our religious faith. mythical legend of Paradise and its importation in Israel, Pro- This form may be modified by research; but even if a great deal fessor Stade, of Giessen, one of the greatest authorities in the of the halo of the chosen people should be lost, it would not affect domain of Biblical science, rightly emphasizes the incisive trans- the kernel of religion. formation which the mythological ideas of the Babylonians have As an illustration of the sanguinary character of the national undergone in their regeneration out of the spirit of the religion God of Israel, which is diametrically opposed to the loving- of Jilvil. He says, the relation between the Biblical story of kindness of our Heavenly Father, the Christian God of Love, the fall of man in Paradise and the corresponding sections of the Delitzsch has prefixed to the new edition of his second lecture, Babylonian Nimrod Epic is about the same as the difference which I received two weeks ago, a translation of the first six between a pure mountain spring and the filthy water of a village versesof the 63d chapter of the Book of . This rendering puddle.28 In the new edition of his first lecture Delitzsch shows that Delitzschis much more conservative than the majority has wisely suppressed his former statement.22 The Babylonian of modern Old Testament critics. He disregards all metrical form is undoubtedly older and more original, but it is manifestly requirements, nor does he prune away any subsequent additions crude and impure. In the Bible the old Babylonian legends and explanatory glosses. The same ultra-conservative spirit with appear purified, filtered through the revealed religion of JIIvH. regard to the requirements of is apparent in It is possible, however, that, at the time the Biblical narratives his translation of the .22 His rendering of Isaiah were borrowed from Babylonia, the most enlightened minds in 63, 1—6, hardly differs from the translation given in our own the valley of the Euphrates and Tigris may have entertained Authorized Version, but the lines should be translated as fol- religious ideas infinitely superior28 to those expressed in the lows: 23 traditional form of the cuneiform popular legends, and the ethi- IsAIAH 63, 1-6. cal superiority of the Biblical narratives may be partly due to the later date of their composition; nevertheless there will always l~ Who appr~tches in gorgeous apparel, remain a fundamental difference between Babel and Bible, which forth striding in mighty dominion? [] cannot be eliminated by the results of critical research. la Who advances, all spattered with crimson, In a lecture, which I gave nine years ago on the question, than vintagers’ garments more ruddy? a How we got our Bible, I stated that modern Biblical research 3 [/3] Alone, have I trodden a wine-vat, -y endeavored to reconstruct the Scriptures as nearly as possible as and spilled on the ground all thejuices; they left the inspired writers’ hands, separating the human addi- 4 For dawned had the day of my vengeance, tions from the divine original. We must always bear in mind at hand was the year of repayment. the old saying of St. Jerome, Ignorance is not holiness. Faith based on ignorance is of little value. The saving truths declared 5 ~ Mine arm it was, gained the victory, in the sacred scriptures cannot be affected by any legitimate I was nerved by the strength of my fury: research, and no Christian investigator need be afraid of the con- 6 In wrath did I stamp out the peoples, sequences of his researches, provided that he can say of himself:, In frenzy I broke them to pieces.24 I am not ashamed of the of Christ, for it is a power of (a) 2 Say, Wherefore isred thine apparel, and thy garments likeone treading grapes? God unto salvation to every one that believeth (Rom. 1, 16). (f3) 10 Triumphantly, lo, am Ispeaking, after a notable victory. (y) 3 Ofpeoples not~ one was there with me. In anger I trod them, and stamped them in fury. NOTES. Their juices besprinkled my garments, defiled was all my apparel. (1) 5 II looked, but in sight was no helper, no aid far and near met my glances. (1) Of. Haupt, The Book of Canticles (Chicago, 1902) p. 17 (~Hebraica 18, 207). It seems to me that the views of the German Emperor concern- (2) Delitzsch, Babel und Bibel (Leipzig, 1902); English trans- ing the Old Testament are not very different from the opinions lation by Thomas J. McCormack, Chicago (The Open Court advanced by Delitzsch. My distinguished friend appears to be Publishing Co.) 1902. still persona grata,25 but the widespread attention which his (3) Delitzsch,Zweiter Vortrag iiber Babel und Bibel (Stuttgart, lectures attracted is, in some respects, as they say in Germany, 1903). “water for the mills” of the Social Democrats, of whom August (4) Freudig uns bekennend zu der von hoher Wade mit Adler- Bebel is one of the most prominent representatives. The German buck gesehauten und hochgemuth aller Welt kundgegebenen Losung Emperor has to face, not only the problem Babel and Bible, but der Weiterbildung der Religion. This alludes to a remark also the problem Babel, Bible, Bebel, and this latter problem is which the Emperor made, some months ago, in G6rlitz. of vital importance to the German government, which must meet, (5) Printed in the Leipzig journal Die Grenzboten (Feb. 19, not only the ultra-orthodox views entertained by the Conserva- 1903) pp. 493—496; ef. Das Bekenniniss des Kaisers im Urtheile tives and the Catholic Centrists, but also the ultra-radical views der Zeitgenossen, Halle (Gebauer-Schwetschke) 1903. 50 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 163.

(6) Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradies? (Leipzig, 1881) pp. v. vi. also Delitzsch’s remarks in his second lecture on Babel and Bible, (7) Delitzsch, Ex Oriente Lux (Leipzig, 1898) p. 14. p. 44. (8) Haupt, Die sumeriechen Familiengesetze (Leipzig, 1879) (21) See Professor Johnston’s paper on Moses and Hammurabi, pp. iii. vi. below, p. 59. (9) See Jastrow, Adam and Eve in Babylonian Literature, (22) Friedrich Delitzsch, Das Buch Hiob neu i~bersetzt und kurz erkliirt (Leipzig, 1902); see especially pp. 2—4; cf. Professor Hebraica 15, 194—214 (July, 1899); ef. Stade in his Zeitschrift fI~r die aittestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. xxiii, p. 174 (1903); Julius A. Bewer’s review in Hebraica 18, 256. 3 528, n. 3. Twenty years ago, in my (23) The rhythm of my translation has been much improved contrast Zimmern, KAT edition of the cuneiform text of the Babylonian Nimrod Epic by the kind coSperation of the distinguished co-editor of the (Leipzig, 1884) p. 12, below I called attention to the fact that Polychrome Bible, Horace Howard Furness, of . the phrase kima iii tabds~’i meant Thou wilt be like God (Gen. 3, (24) The Hebrew text of this Song of Vengeance must be 5). Jensen’s translation in Schrader’s KB 0, 1 (Berlin, 1900) restored as follows p. 127, below (wie em Gott bist du) is impossible; this would be Is. 63, 1—6.

in Assyrian: kima ili atta; ef. 11. 3. 4 of the Deluge tablet. See rnvi ~ lb also Jastrow, Hebraica 15, 202, n. 33. (10) Of. my remarks in the Critical Notes on Proverbs (in the la Polychrome Bible) p. 33, 1. 17, and my paper on Isaiah’s Parable DfliI r-oK ~mm~. y ~ni~~ ~ [(3] 3 :~1~ D~1~.) 1Tht~O ~ ~ ~‘P~”’~ 4 of the Vineyard in Hebraica 19, 199, below. (11) Haupt, Der keilinschriftliche Sintfluthbericht (Leipzig, ~i ‘n~nm ~? Y~ yt~’iri~ s 5 1881) p. 20. English translation by Professor S. Buruham in ‘?~~ ~‘?7 ~nm 6 The Old Testament Student, vol. iii, No. 3 (November, 1883) pp. 77—85 (Chicago); French translation by G. Godet in Notes cur D’~ V1~O 2 (CL) ‘n~ ~ ‘9~ l~ (13) la Geni~se, appendice ~ l’ouvrage intitul~: Lee origines de 1’histoire

sainte d’apr~s la Gen~se par H. Thiersch (Lausanne, 1881) pp. ,n~zn~ ~n.mn ~ ~-~m 18—21. Of. Herbert E. Ryle (now Bishop of Exeter) The Early ~ 2~?~ ,y~-’,v ~nn Narratives of Genesis (based on a course of lectures delivered at .1~ 1’~ nr’m ~~?3)pm ~m 5 (S) Cambridge, 1890/1) pp. 8. 13 (London, 1892). Of. Cheyne’s translation of the , in the Polychrome (12) Of. my paper on The Beginning of the Judaic Account Bible (New York, 1898) p. 111 and the notes, ibid., p. 197, of Creation in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 11. 47 if., also Cheyne’s edition of the Hebrew text (SBOT) p. 67 xvii (1896) p. 160, n.*. and the Critical Notes, ibid., p. 162, as well as Cheyne’s Oritica (13) Haupt, Wo lag das Paradies 9 in Uber Land und Meer, Biblica, part 1 (London, 1903) p. 47 and Duhm’s commentary 1894/5, No. 15; ef. the abstract of my paper on The Rivers of on Isaiah, second edition (G6ttingen, 1902) p. 421. Contrast Paradise in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. xvi, Winckler, Altorientalieche Forechungen, vol. i, p. 345 (Leipzig, p. ciii (March, 1894) and Cheyne’s Encyclopa~dia Biblica, col. 1896). For ~ (gloss /3) cf. Gesenius-Buhl’3, p. 694a; 3576; KAT3 528. Cheyne says in the notes on the translation of Isaiah, in the (14) See t~1 J~t~ ~)j~ 1~VT~J1 in the Polychrome Bible, p. 182, n. 72: The triumph of Israel’s cause Hebrew Literary Review, Ner Ha’Miaarabi (‘Z7~r n.j) vol. is a manifestation of JHVH’s righteousness; see also Wellhausen ‘s i, No. 6 (New York, June, 1895) pp. 2—10; cf. the abstract in remarks in the translation of the , in the Polychrome theJournal of the American Oriental Society, vol. xvi, p. ciii, nA~. Bible, p. 174, 1. 16. The form ~ is Aramaic. For (15) See Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. xix (1900) pp. we might substitute ~ (Is. 41, 10) but this 55—81. emendation is not necessary. Of. also the preface to the fourth (16) Cf. Duhm’s commentaries on (Tiibingen, 1901) edition of Alfred Jereinias’ Im Kainpfe urn Babel und Bibel p. 365, and on Isaiah (Gdttingen, 1902) p. 303. (Leipzig, 1903) p. 3. (17) See Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. xix, p. 80, n. (25) Delitzsch delivered a third lecture on Babel and Bible in 120. the presence of the Emperor and the Empress on April 17, 1903, (18) See Actes du Douzi~me Oongr~s International des Orienta- on the same day I read the present paper at the meeting of the listes, Tome premier (Florence, 1901) pp. ccxxxix and clxxv; American Oriental Society in Baltimore. cf. the abstract of my lecture on Medical and Hygienic Features (26) See Zeitschrift fitr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. of the Bible in The Independent (New York, July 13, 1899) p. xxiii (1903) p. 174. Stade says there: Gen. 2, 19 if. verh< 1907a (cited in the Critical Notes on Numbers, SEOT, p. 45, sich zu dem was das Gilgame~sepos von Eabanis Umgang mit den below), and the notes on the English translation of Ezekiel, in Thieren und von seiner Verfiihrung durch Ukhat erziihlt, wie em the Polychrome Bible (New York, 1899) p. 183. For the lauterer Gebirgsquell zur verjauchten Dorfpfiitze. Of. also Herbert etymology of the name ~V1j see Critical Notes on Numbers E. Ryle’s book (cited above, in note 11) p. 13. (SBOT) p. 46, 1. 16; cf. KAT’ 529 and 632. (27) In the first edition of his first lecture on Babel and Bible (19) Of. the new English translation of the Psalms, in the (p. 29, below) Delitzsch stated: 1st es da Wunder zu nehmen, Polychrome Bible (New York, 1898) p. 109. wenn eine ganze Beihe bib liseher ErPihlungen jetzt auf (20) This distinction is Untenable; cf. Adolf Harnack’s article cinmal in reinerer und urspri2nglicherer Form aus der Nacht der iii the Preussieche Jahrbi%clier (March, 1903) Pl~~ 584—589; Der babylonisehen Schatzh’i2gel ans Licht treten? In the new edition denkende Geist kann sich unm5glich bei der Annahme zweier, this passage reads: 1st es da Wunder zu nehmen, dass em Gleiches gleicheam neben einander laufender Offenbarungen beruhigen. Sec auch in Pal~istina geschah in iilterer wie jiingerer Zeit, und dass JUNE, 1903.] UN] VE1?AS~JTY CiROULAI?S. 51

of law, the science of language, the science of literary criticism, eine Reilte bib lisoher Erz~ihlungenjetzt auf einmal in ihrer urspri2nglichen Gestalt aus der Naeht der babylonischen musical science, Biblical science; but in this country these terms are, as a rule, found only in dictionaries. All European Aca- Schatzhi%gel ans Licht treten~ See also Alfred Jeremias’ pamphlet (cited above, at the end of note 24) p. 16, n. 2. demies of Sciences have a philological-historical section beside the (28) Cf. the notes to the new edition of iDelitzsch’s first. lecture, physical-mathematical section. The Institute of France has not p. 77, below. only an Academy of Natural Science, but also an Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, an Academy of Moral and Politi- cal Sciences, even an Academy of Fine Arts. England has ARCHIEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. recently followed the example of France and other leading Con- tinental countries in establishing a British Academy6 with By PAUL HAUPT. a splendid galaxy of distinguished representatives of the philoso- LAbstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Philosophical Society in phical, philological, and historical sciences (especially history, Philadelphia, April 2, 1903.] * philosophy, jurisprudence, politicalscience, archeology, and phil- I am an experienced traveler, so I know it is sometimes useful ology) in order to be adequately represented at the next inter- to be provided with a passport. I have taken mineralogy as my national Congress of the Academies of Letters and Sciences, which credentials to this distinguished assembly; or, if you prefer, the is to be held at London in the course of next year. In our addition of mineralogy to archseology in the title of my paper National Academy of Sciences there are no philologians, no represents the scientific sugar-coating of the arebteological pill. historians, no jurists. The late Max Muller, of Oxford, showed It is very fortunate that the aim of the American Philosophical that linguistics wa~ a branch of natural science, but a linguist is Society is tile promotion of nseful knowledge, just as the object hardly ever called scientific in this country; certainly much of the Smithsonian Institution is the increase and diffusion of more rarely than this epithet is applied to a prize-fighter. knowledge among men, not the advancement of ‘science’ in the In his famous lecture on Babel and Bible, now circulated in narrow sense of the term. The grent Philadelphian who founded more than 40,000 copies, which my distinguished friend and the American Philosophical Society and the University of Penn- co-editor of our Assyriological Library, Professor Friedrich sylvania was not only a physicist, but also a philosopher and a Delitzsch, of Berlin, delivered before the German Emperor, he man of letters. rightly emphasizes the fact that, if the results of Biblical Some scientific men in this country do not believe arebseology archicology become popularized, the influence will be far more to be scientific research which, properly interpreted, means noth- incisive than the effect of any discoveries in physics, chemistry, ing but systematic search for truth in any branch of knowledge. or medicine.1 We are progressive in matters pertaining to They are apparently not aware of the fact that a competent the forces of nature, but the science of the manifestations of arcilseologist must have more than a bowing acquaintance with mind, or whatever you term those cerebral functions, the science all branches of science. His philological equipment enables him of religion, which in some respects is a branch of neurology, merely to read the records of the past; but if an Assyriologist receives comparatively little attention, and the consequences wants to understand the cuneiform astronomical observations he are disastrous. must know some astronomy ; if he is called upon to explain a I occasionally ask my advanced students whether there is any 2 or the sanitary basis of the Mosaic Babylonian medical text, difference between Catholic and Protestant mathematics, or law,2 he requires some knowledge of medicine and hygiene; between Christian and Jewish physics, or between Episcopal and for the legal texts he needs some familiarity with comparative Presbyterian chemistry; and then I.question them whether there jurisprudence ; the interpretation of the various accounts of is any divergence between Catholic and Protestant exegesis. creation is impossible without some knowledge of geology and Only one interpretation can be correct; the very existence of so astrophysics; even the translation of an ordinary historical many different denominations shows that the Bible is not studied text presupposes a large amount of knowledge, not only of scientifically, although this study may he made just as exact as philology, history, chronology, geography, ethnology, but also any branch of science. It is true, in a great many cases we shall zoology, botany, mineralogy, etc. be obliged to say with the great physiologist of the University II have found that great scientists are always interested in the of Berlin, the late Du Bois-Reymond: Ignorabimus.5 But history of tlleir specialty, just as a man who is of a good family systematic observation, experiment, and reasoning, prosecution of is interested in his genealogy. Several distinguished scientists truth is just as indispensable to the scientific student of the Bible have taken an active interest in arch~ology. Thomas Young, as it is to a physicist, or chemist, or medical man. Of course, a who discovered the law of the interference of light and suggested Christian Scientist is not a representative of experimental medi- the theory of color sensation afterwards developed by Helmholtz, cine,just as a dry cleaner is not a scientific chemist, or a motorman shares with Champollion the honor of the decipherment of the a physicist. A man may read the Biblewithout being a Biblical Egyptian hieroglyphics, which Niebuhr called one of the greatest specialist,just as a man may be his own doctor or his own lawyer; achievements of the xix. century. Fox Talbot was not only one but it has been observed that a man who is his own lawyer of the inventors of photography but also one of the pioneers of generally has a fool for his client.9 The adherence to the cuneiform research. Virchow, the founder of cellular pathology, Sunday School type of is just as deplorable as was deeply interestedin anthropology and arch~ology; he assisted the preference for patent medicines. Schliemann in his excavations of Troy (1879). We often find men who immediately adopt the latest scientific In Europe they speak of the science of antiquities, the science appliances; they use Marconigrams, phototherapeutic Finsen

* This paper will bepnhlished in foIl in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical tubes in combination with X—rays, collargol inunctions, etc., but Society. with regard to the Bible they are still medieval, if not antedilu- 52 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 16g.

vian. No one would like to be treated on the basis of a medical nected at that time with the Bitter Lakes south of it, but the book published in 1611, but for our spiritual food a translation waterway between them was rather shallow. The northern end of the Bible made at the time of King James is considered of the Gulf of Suez is dry at low tide, and the stagnant water of unsurpassable, and the still adheres to the the salt lagoons, between the Bedouin Hill, northwest of Suez, XTulgate Version made more than 1500 years ago, as though there and the modern Suez Canal, has a red color imparted by swarms had been no progress in Biblical research since the days of St. of minute cladocerous, entomostracous crustaceans’6 a variety Jerome. I know some distinguished surgeons who do not hesitate of the common waterfica, Daphnia pulex. This explains the to extirpate a suspicious neoplasin or a diseased organ; but if a name Red Sea, while its Hebrew name, the ‘Bulrushy Sea’ is due Biblical specialist comes to the conclusion that a passage of the to the fact that, before the construction of the modern Suez Canal, Scriptures is an excrescence, they look upon his iconoclastic Lake Tiinsdh was a shallow sheet of brackish water full of bul- attempt with holy horror. rushes.’6 It is quite conceivable that the crossed However, the subject of the present paper is not science and the shallow connection between Lake Timsdh and the Bitter religion, but archreology and mineralogy. It is a well known fact Lakes south of it, but when the Egyptians tried to follow them, that a flood of light has been shed on Biblical chronology by the the wind shifted, and the flood which had been driven away by cuneiform chronological tablets for which we have a fixed point a strong east wind, or rather southeast wind, came back so that, as we read in the late psalm’1 which is given in the Biblical nar- in the eclipse observed at Nineveh on June 15th, 763, B. ~ 13 years before the accession of the founder of the second rative as Moses’ Song of Triumph, ’s chariots and his host were cast into the sea, and they sank as lead in the mighty waters. Assyrian Empire, the Biblical Tiglath-pileser (745—727 B. c.). In the same way we can solve archreological problems by geolog- Major-General Tulloch observed that under a strong east wind ical and mineralogical investigations. the shallow waters of Lake Menzitleh at the northern entrance to Twenty years ago, when I was still Professor of Assyriology in the Suez Canal receded for a distance of seven miles.’8 There the University of G6ttingen, the great geologist and President of is no reason for doubting the historical character of the passage the Vienna Academy of Sciences, Eduard Suess, came to see me through the Red Sea.’9 in order to study the Deluge, from the geological point of view, In seven passages of the Old Testament we find references to stones of . As a rule, it is stated that the Greek Bible on the basis of the cuneiform account of the Flood in conjunction translates chrysolite, and that the chrysolite of the ancients was with the Biblical narrative. He embodied his conclusions in the 1 first volume of his great work on the Pace of the Earth,’ our topaz; but the passage of Pliny, quoted in support of this stating that the catastrophe happened at the lower Euphrates, view, clearly points to crystals of cinnabar.’0 Pliny calls entailing a devastating inundation of lower Babylonia. The cinnabar miniurn, while we apply this term to the yellowish-red chief cause was an earthquake in the region of the Persian Gulf, oxid of lead which is termed by Pliny usta cerussa, i. e., heated preceded by several slighter shocks. During the period of the ceruse or white lead. Pliny says, the best chrysolites are those most vehement shocks a cyclone came up from the Persian Gulf. which, when brought in contact with gold, make the gold look There is no reason to believe that this Flood extended beyond like silver (optuma~ sunt quae in conlatione auram albicare quadam the lower course of the Euphrates.” argentifacie cogunt). This is of course due to the 86 per ccnt. of In the present paper 1 purpose to point out some conclusions mercury in cinnabar, i. e., red sulphid of mercury. The Romans I have reached, on the basis of mineralogical considerations, with received cinnabar almost exclusively from Spain, and the best regard to two important problems in arebreology, viz. King Solo- cinnabar came from Sisapo, the present quicksilver mines of Al- mon’s Mines and Alexander the Great’s expedition to the East. maden, north of Cordova. At the thirteenth International Oriental Congress, held at Just as Pliny applies the name minium to cinnabar, so the Hamburg last autumn, I presented a paper on Tarshish whence ancients used hyacinth, not for the reddish-orange variety of a ship of King Solomon returned every third year, laden with zircon, hut for the purple variety of quartz, commonly known as gold, silver, ivory, apes, and negroes (not peacocks as trans- amethyst, while the amethyst of the ancients denotes the rare lated in the Authorized Version).” The Tarshish ship of purple variety of corundum, known as purple ruby or amethystine Solomon sailed for southern Spain, while the gold came sal)phire.’0 The flower which the ancients called hyacinth is from southeastern Africa.” In 2 Chron. 8, 18 we read that a dark purple sword-lily (Gladiolus atroviolaceus). In the Bible Solomon went to the sea-side in the land of ; and Hiram of it is called shoshann6t whence the name Susan. Susan does not Tyre sent him ships and men that had knowledge of the sea; and denote a white lily; liliu,n candidurn is unknown in Palestine. they went to Ophir, and took thence 450 talents of gold. At the Hyacinthine locks means dark hair. The bulbous plant which we time of the Chronicler (300 B. c.) there was a navigable connec- call hyacinth was brought from Bagdad to Aleppo during the tion between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea; the canal second half of the 16th century and was cultivated in England from the to the Red Sea, which was hegu~n by Necho about about the end of the 16th century. 600 B. c., was completed by Darius Hystaspis about 500 B. C. In the same way the ancients used the name sapphire for lapis Even at the time of Rameses H. (about 1300 B. c.), more than lazuli. They received lapis lazuli almost exclusively from the 300 years before Solomon, there existed a canal, and the old famous mines in Badakhsh~n, on the northeastern flank of the waterway was never entirely abandoned before the 8th century Hind ukoosh, the Paropanisus of the ancients. The Assyrian king of our era.’4 The Red Sea originally stretched farther inland, Esarhaddon (680—668) calls this mountain Bikn, adding that it just as the Persian Gulf extended much farther north even at the was situated in the remotest parts of Media.’0 Esarhaddon time of (700 B. must have advanced to the Paropanisus, as far east as did, 300 This is important for the question of the Exodus. The Israelites years later, Alexander the Great, and the Macedonian Conqueror crossed the Red Sea south of Lake Ti?n&~th which was still con- would probably not have extended his victorious march so far JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CII?C ULARS. 53 east, if he had not obtained in Babylonia some information (6) Cf. K. Triibner’s Minerva, vol. xii (Strassburg, 1903) p. 1147. (7) Delitzsch, Babel und Bibel (Leipzig, 1902) p. 4. above, regarding those eastern regions. Esarhaddon also mentions the Cf. names of some princes and places of that region, and those p. 47. (8) See the conclusion of Du Bois—Reymond’s address (deliv- ancient Indo—European names are thus localized by mineralogical investigations. ered at Leipzig in 1872) on the Grenzen des Naturerkennens; ef. his address on Die sieben WeltrYtthsel (1881). The question of the places where lapis lazuli is found was (9) See my letter to the Editor of the English Review of Re- examined 13 years ago by Professors Br6gger and Backstr6m, of Christiania. Their investigation is published in the xviii. volume views (1897), reprinted in the Prospectus of The Polychrome Bible (published by Dodd, Mend & Co., New York, 1898). of the German Journal of Mineralogy and Crystallography. (10) See E. Schrader, Keil’inschriften und Geschichtsforschung Lapis lazuli is occasionally met with among the materials expelled (Giessen, 1878) p. 338. by Mount Vesuvius, but this is quite exceptional; as a rule, all (11) Ed. Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde, part i (Leipzig, 1883) p. lapis lazuli is brought either from Chile, or from the southern end 92 (= p. 62 of the reprint Die iSintfluth); second edition, 1892; of Lake Baikal in Siberia, or from Badakhsh~n. The Siberian French translation, Paris, 1897. mines have not been known for a very long time. A microscopic (12) Cf. my paper on the Dimensions of the Babylonian Ark in examination of the ancient Assyro—Babylonian specimens of the AmericanJournal ofPhilology, vol. ix (Baltimore, 1888) p. 424. lapis lazuli reveals the fact that they all came from Badakhsh~n. (13) See the Critical Notes on the Hebrew text of the Book of After we have established the fact that the sapphire of the Kings (in the Polychrome Bible) p. 119, 1. 13. ancients denotes lapis lazuli, while the stones of Tarshish repre- (14) See B~edeker’s Agypten, fourth edition (Leipzig, 1897) sent crystals of cinnabar, we can explain the couplet in the p. 164; contrast W. Max Muller, Studien zur vorderasiatischen Biblical love-ditties, in the fifth chapter of the so-called Song of Geschichte (Berlin, 1898) p. 46 in the Mittheilungen der Vorder- Solomon, where the maiden describing the beauty of her lover asiatischen Geselisehaft, vol. iii, p. 152. Professor Mfiller thinks says: that Necho completed his canal, and that Darius reopened it. His arms are polesthat are golden, bedecked with rubies of Tarshish; (15) SeeDelitzsch, IVolag das Paradies .~ (Leipzig, 1881) p. 175. His body is one piece of ivory, adorned with azure bine sapphires. (16) See B~edeker’s Agypten (1897) pp. 161. 168. That is, his bronzed arms are covered with ornamental designs (17) Cf. Adolf Bender, Das Lied Exodus 15 in Stade’s Zeitschrift tattooed in vermilion (the brilliant red pigment formerly made by fur die alttestamentliche Wissensehaft, vol. xxiii (1903) pp. 1—48. grinding select pieces of cinnabar), while his white body, which This psalm falls into three sections; each section comprises three is not so much exposed to the sun as his bronzed arms, is tattooed stanzas; each stanza consists of two couplets of two ~ or in ultramarine (the beautiful blue pigment formerly obtained from double-hemistichs; each hemistich contains two beats. Verses lapis lazuli). Tattooing is still practiced among themodern Syrians 11 and 12 must be inserted at the end of the first section, between and Palestinians, and it must have been common among the Semites vv. 5 and 6. from the earliest times. The mark which the Lord appointed to 20 (18) See the article on the Exodus, by J. Rendel Harris and Cain was a tattooed tribal mark. I maintain therefore: The stones of Tarshish are ruby-like crys- A. T. Chapman, in Hasting’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol. i (Edin- tals of cinnabar from the quicksilver mines ofAlmaden in southern burgh, 1898) p. 802. Spain. Tarshish is a Phenician word meaning ‘dressing of ores,’ (19) Cf. J. Welihausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, part i (Ber- lin, 1884) p. 6: Des war in dunkler Nacht der Aufgang eines especially ‘ spalling.’ The land of Tarshish was the mining region in southern Spain, and the ships of Tarshish went to Spain, and Liclites, dessen Abglanz unverwischbar noch die spute Zukunft not to Jndia. King Solomon’s Mines were located in southern verklurte.~ Fin IVunder war es durch und durek, em Zufall, wenn Spain and in southeastern Africa; the silver came from Spain, man will, aber in seinerWirkung auf dieMensehen, auf ihr Schicksal and the Ophir gold from the Eldorado in Rhodesia, north of the und aufihre Ernpfindung em Erlebnis vonunermesslicher Tragweite. former South African Republic, opposite Madagascar.21 (20) Cf. Haupt, The Book of Canticles (Chicago, 1902) pp. 40. 41. 51 (= Hebraica 18, 230. 231. 241). See also the abstract of NOTES. my paper on Tarshish in the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Orientalists, held at Hamburg, Sept., 1902. (1) Of. F. X. Kngler, Astronornische urid meteorologisehe Fin- (21) Cf. Carl Peters, Im Goidlande des Alterthums (Miinchen, sternisse in the Journal of the German Oriental Society (ZDMG) 1902) pp. 210—271. vol. 5( (1902) pp. 60—70; ef. also p. 809. (2~) Cf. Professor Johnston’s paper on Cuneiform Medicine, ’S DIRGE ON SAUL AND JONATHAN. below, p. 60. 3) Cf. the Critical Notes on Numbers in the Polychrome Bible By 1~AuL HAUPT. (Baltimore, 1900) p. 45, below. [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, (4) Cf. Professor J. Kohler’s paper Fin Beitrag zum neubaby- April 16, 1903]. lonischen Becht in the Beitr~ige zur Assyriologie und sernitisehen According to the traditional view thePsalter consists of Psalms Sprachwissenschaft, vol. iv (Baltimore, 1902) pp. 423—430 and Pro- of David, while the Books of Proverbs, Canticles, and Ecelesiastes fessor Johnston’s paper on the Code of Hammurabi, below, p. 59. are commonly ascribed to Solomon. We often hear references to (5) Cf. P. Jensen, Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (Strassburg, the ‘sweet singer of Israel’ or to the ‘wise king of Israel.’ But 1890); H. Zimmern, The Babylonian and the Hebrew Genesis neither Proverbs, nor Canticles, nor Ecciesiastes were written by (London, 1901) The Ancient East, No. iii; E. Schrader, Die Solomon,1 nor are there any Psalms of David.’ Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, third edition (Berlin, For a long time the commentators discussed the question, Are 1903) pp. 488—520. there any non.Davidic poems in the Psalter? Then they began 54 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 163. to ask, Are there any Davidic poems in the Psalter? The beats in each hemistich. None of the lines in this poem has the question was no longer, Are there any Psalms written after the so-called elegiac or qin6th meter, with three beats in the first and Babylonian captivity? but, are there any pre-Exilic Psalms? two beats in the second hemistich. The name qindh meter, coined and now the problem is not, Are there any pre-Exilic Psalms? by Budde,’5 is a misnomer. We find these pentapodies in a but, are there any pre-Maccabean Psalms? There are undoubt- number of poems which are in no way elegiac (e. g. Pss. 23. 27. edly pre-Maccabean Psalms, but I have not discovered any 40. 110) and several threnetic poems exhibit a different meter. pre-Exilic Psalm. The prototypes of the hymns in the Hebrew The predominant form of Hebrew poetry is the couplet of two Psalter are the cuneiform hymns and penitential psalms,3 just donble-hemistichs with three beats in each hemistich: nearly all as the Levitic ritual is influenced by Babylonian institutions.4 the love-ditties in the Book of Canticles are composed in this The majority of the Psalms belong to the Maccabean period. form, also the Songs of the Return from Babel, commonly known This was shown by Olshausen 50 years ago,5 and the existence as the Songs of Degrees,’6 as well as Pss. 2. 3. 22. 45. 72. of Maccabean psalms was pointed out 1500 years ago, about the S7. uS.’T Not infrequently, however, we find lines with time of St. Jerome, by the grpat Biblical critic, Bishop Theodore two beats in each hemistich (e. g. in the late post-Exilic psalm of Mopsuestia. This anti-allegoric exegete, however, was obliged introduced in Exod. 15 as Moses’ Song of Triumph,’8 or to state his critical conclusions in a somewhat cautious form: he Isaiah’s Parable of the Vineyard,’9 or Pss. 1. 4. 16. 137). said that the Psalms were indeed all written by David, but David The so-called qtndh meter, with three beats in the first and two had prophetically predicted the future destinies of his people.6 beats in the second hemistich is a combination of those two forms. Theodore’s opinion that the historical notices given in the titles All ancient Hebrew poems consist of double-hemistiebs. There of the Psalms do not contain genuine traditions is now commonly is no rhyme, neither is there any syllabic meter. The poetry of recognized.7 the Old Testament is not quantitative, but accentual. In addi- Dr. Hugo Wiuckler, of Berlin, denies that there is any historical tion to the usual couplets we have occasionally triplets (e. g. in kernel of facts in the romantic history of David’s early vicissi- Ps. 2) and quatrains (e. g. in Isaiah’s Parable of the Vine- tudes; but I believe, with Cheyne and the majority of the modern yard’9 and in the Song of the Sea, Exod. 1518) also pentastichs critics, that “the imaginative element in the story of David is or stanzas of five lines (e. g. in Pss. 1. 110. 132). Stanzas of but the vesture which half conceals, half discloses, certain facts six double-hemistichs occur in Ps. 16; these hexastich~ may, treasured in popular tradition,”8 and I am glad to add that however, be divided into three couplets. The close of the stanzas Dr. Winckler has considerably modified his ultra-radical views, is occasionally marked by refrains. But the hemistich, how are especially in his recent paper on Arabic, Semitic, Oriental.9 the mighty fallen! in David’s dirge is not a refrain. If it were, Budde says,’0 It cannot be proved that David’s Dirge was we should expect a double-hemistich as refrain, not a single composed by David, but there is no serious reason militating hemistich. The repetition of this clause is due to scribal expan- against this tradition. In the same way Henry Preserved Smith sionjust as the alleged refrain in the third chapter of the Biblical remarks,” There seems to be no reason to doubt the genuine- love-ditties. ness of the poem. One negative reason in its favor seems to be The traditional stichic arrangement is on the whole correct. of overwhelming force: it has no religious allusion whatsoever; Sievers’ metrical construction of the poem ‘~ seems to me and Driver states:” There breathes throughout a spirit of untenable. As I stated in note 22 to my paper on Difficult generous admiration for Saul, and of deep and pure affection for Passages in the ,” a reconstruction of the met- Jonathan: the bravery of both heroes, the benefits conferred rical form without the necessary textual emendations, transposi- by Saul upon his people, the personal gifts possessed by Jonathan tions, and eliminations is impossible. Nearly all the texts given are commemorated by the poet in beautiful and pathetic language, by Sievers, which I have examined, seem imperfect in the light but it is remarkable that no religious thought of any kind appears of textual criticism. Sievers’ suggestion, however, that we should in the poem: The feeling expressed by it is purely human. read the nomen agentis T~1~ ‘anointer,’ instead of the nomen

Almost all ancient Hebrew poetry that has been preserved is patientis ~ or ~ ‘anointed,’ seems to me excellent. We of a religious type, but we have also some poems of a purely must substitute the shield of Saul with no one to rub it with oil, for secular character: the so-called Song of Solomon is a collection the shield of Saul not anointed with oil. Sievers refers iii this con- of popular love-ditties compiled in the neighborhood of Damascus nection to vv. 2255 and 2760 in the Beowulf epic, where the after the beginning of the Seleucidan era.’ In the same way Anglo-Saxon participial substantivefeormend’ polisher’ is used in Ps. 45 is an epii5hcdamium celebrating the nuptials of King Alex- the same way. This is certainly much better than the comparison. ander Balas of Syria and the Egyptian princess Cleopatra, the of the Horatian phrase relicta non bene parmula. Saul’s shield daughter of Ptolemy vi. Philometor, at Ptolemais (150 B. c.) was left to rust on the battle-field, because the valiant king was where the Maccabee high~priest Jonathan was present as an slain; it is no disgrace to an ensign or color-sergeant if the colors honored guest.” Ps. 72 is a poem celebrating the accession rot under his dead body on the battle-field. But the whole clause of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus in 285 B. a., after Ptolemy I. Lagi the shield of Saul with no one to rub it with oil is an explanatory had abdicated in favor of his youngest son. In the same way gloss, and the last words with oil are a tertiary addition. this Davidic elegy on Saul and Jonathan is purely human and Instead of the obscure ~ ~1~Dthe Book of Jasher it is secular. better to read ~)‘~9~T~ the Song-Book(Arabic, Kit6b elAghdni) David’s Dirge, which is one of the oldest monuments of Hebrew following the Septuagintal ,&[/3Xo~ r~ ~ in 1 K S, 53, and tl~c poetry, consists of seven stanzas. Each stanza has six beats, but Peshita in Josh. 10, 13, (~~rVT ~ ~ X~)” while the first two stanzas and the last two stanzas are couplets of The alteration of 9~r ~1~Dto ~¶T ~D was probably inteu- meshalim (or double-hemistiebs) ‘~ with three beats in each tional. The figure of David was retouched; in the same way hemistich, stanzas iii—v are triplets of three meshalim with two ~1fl 1V~T David who invented for himself songs (Amos 55 JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULA J?S.

Thi~ may be translated as follows :25 6, 5)23 became David 9~ ~ 1rT David, the pious temple-singer, and David, the Judaic captain of outlaws, the DAVID’S DIRGE ON THE DEATH OF SAUL AND JONATHAN. writer of the Uriali letter, was afterwards converted into a saint. 17 David sang this dirge on the death of Saul and his son Jonathan: The construct ~ before ~ in Amos 6, 5 seems to be a sub- sequent addition for dogmatic purposes. It was prefixed by an I182.1 92 a 0 Judab! list the dread news! 0 Israel! bitterly mourn! editor who objected to the term ~~1fl inventing in connection 19b.25a /3 Alas! how are fallen the ‘y even in stress of battle! with the inspired hymns ascribed to David.24 The whole clause, heroes! Behold it is written in the Song-Book should be appended at the ii 20 Proclaim it never in Gath, nor tell it in Ashkelon’s streets, close of the poem, as in Josh. 10, 13; 1 K ~, 13 (Lx X3: ~, 53). Lest Philistine maidens lest barbarian 29 maidens exult! The three triplets of David’s dirge are better preserved than rejoice, the four couplets enclosing them; the only changes required in the triplets are the transposition of the second and third ~ ‘4 in 23a Saul and Jonathan, the lov~d, the cherished, in stanzas iii and iv. The four couplets are much more cor- 23c Swifter than eagles stronger than lions, rupt; the original sequence is disturbed, a number of glosses 23b In life and death, never divided. and superfluous repetitions have crept into the text, and several iv 22 Free from blood, from pith “‘ of heroes words are corrupt. Nowack 25 acknowledges the fact that the 220 The sword of Saul was shseath~d21 never, original text of this elegy has undoubtedly undergone serious 22b Nor Jonathan’s bow was return~d ever. alterations owing to its having been transmitted for a long time v 24 Ho, maidens of Israel, wail ye for Saul by word of mouth; but he deems it scarcely possible to restore Who clad you in scarlet and gorgeous raiment, the poetic form, since we have no means for a safe reconstruction. And brought for your golden adornments. We have of course no mathematical evidence, but I believe that garments the proof of the pudding is in the eating, and I adhere to the maxim that the probably right is preferable to the undoubtedly vi 25b.262 Thy death is anguish, alas! for thee, 0 my brother, wrong.26 0 Jonathan, After several experiments I have come to the conclusion that 26~ d e To me thy love was a wonder above the love of a woman. the Hebrew text should be restored as follows :22 VII 21a.b No dew be on ye nor rain for ever ye heights of Gilboa, 210.27b Where heroes cast away abandoned the weapons of war. 2 Sam. 1, 17—27. shields,

~54¶I” my;~ 18b It is contained in the Song-book.

a 190.182 r~?Y, -pn~~ (a) 15 learn (il) 19 thy death is anguish (y) 25a alas, how are fallen the heroes! (1) 262 Jonathan (e) 26b thou wast very much cherished by me (/) 21b that is, thefields of the heights of death (‘2) 21d the shield of Saul with no one to rub it with eil ii T’~?P~’~ TWlfl ~ ~l~20 (,~) 27a alas, how are fallen the heroes! nfl’?vrrlo n mn-’nin I append a German translation of the elegy and a metrical Assyrian rendering. III D1Z’)un D’nn14~n r~n~ ~‘~x~n ~ 23c KLAGELIED UBER SAUL UND DESSEN SORN JONATHAN. D~;1~’nn 23b 17 David sang dieses Etagelied iibes- Saul und dessen Sohn Jonathan:

180.190 a Vernimm, Juda, die trau- trage Leid, 0 Israel! Iv ~-~1n.1 D~Y~fl ~ 2> rige Miir, 19b.25a j3 Wie sind die Helden 7 im Drange des Kampfgewiihls! rnn~4 gefallen 20 Verkiludet es nicht in Gath, meldet’s nicht in Askalons Strassen, nyI?n ~ixmr$y V ‘r~’~ Ti 24 Dass der Philister M~idchen der Barbaren25 Miidchen nicht nicht jubeln, jauchzen! flTiP91 312T1 230 Saul und Jonathan, so hieb, so hold, 230 Schneller als Adler, starker als L6wen, VI I~ 1~7P ‘‘~ 23b Im Leben und im Tode stets unzertrennhich! [lenen, 22~ Ohne Blut der Gefal- ohne Mark der Helden, vii 220 Kam das Schwert K6nig nie in die Scheide, ‘2 D’-~u~.l ~~JZ ~y~cru 27b. 21~ Sauls 22b Noch Jonathans Pfeile je in den K6cher. :~~ll’Ti nninn run 18b 24 Ihr Miidchen Israels, weinet imm Saul, Der in Scharlach euch mit k6stlichen Zierrathien, ‘r1Y~h irn~~v 19 (p3) 18(a) kleidete, 5202 ‘~? ~ 26b(e) 262(1) Der Goldschmuck heim- zu eurer Gewandung. von 21d(s) brachte JOHNS HOPKINS 56 [No. 163.

25b.26a Mich schmerzt dein Tod ich trauere urn dich, mein Binder (7) Cf. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testa- o Jonathan, ment, sixth edition (New York, 1897) p. 374. 26c.d e Deine Liebe war mir viel als die Liebe jeglicher Frau. (8) Cheyne, Encyclopmdia Biblica, col. 1019. k6stlicher (9) See Miittheilungen der Vorderasiatisehen Gesellschaft, vol. vi 21a.b Niclit falle Than, ihr noch Regen je auf euch, ~ (Berlin, 1901) pp. 151—373; ef. Alfred Jeremias, Ins Karnpfe urn Gilboahiigel, Babel und Bibel, fourth edition (Leipzig, 1903) p. 24, n. 1. 210.27b Wo der Helden Schild ~ die Waffen des Krieges rosten! (10) In his new commentary on Die Bfecher Samuel (Tiibingen, weggeworfen, ~j 1902) p. 196. 18b Es steAl im Buch der Lieder. (11) In the International Critical Commentary (New York, 1899) p. 258. (a) 18 erfahre (~) 19 inich schmerzt dein Tod (y) 25a wie sind die Helden gefallen! (8) 26a Jonathan (o) 26b de warst mir gar hold (12) 5. H. Driver, Notes on theHeb. text of the (~) 21b das heisst die Gefilde der Todeshdgel (~j) 21d Sauls Schild ohne Putzer mit 01 (Oxford, 1890) p. 185. (,~) 27a wie sind die Helden befallen! (13) See note 11 to my paper cited above, in note 6. SIPITTU SL4 DAMID ELI SA’ UL U IAX1~’NATAN. (14) See note 15 to my paper cited above, in note 6. (15) See Budde’s paper Des hebriiische Klegelied in Stade’s Zeit- 17 U-Damid eli Sa’Pl u-Iaxiinatan mdriiu sipitta i~kun-rna iq6ebi: schrift, vol. ii (1882). 18 .19~ Mar~~dti Ia’4dm idi~maa bikita Sir’ii iu9rixxi /32 (16) See Dr. Daniel G. Stevens’ Critical Commentary on the 19b.25a /3 Akkd’i qwrdde imquttii ‘y ina-zurrub tid4ki ezzi / ~ Songs of the Return with a Historical Introduction and Indexes Hebraica 11, 20 Ina-&imti 14 tu~anm4, ld-tubasr4 ina-sdqe Isqaliina, in 1—100. 119—173; cf. Professor Geo. F. Moore’s U-mdrdt’i Pilisti d-ixdd, d-iri~4 mdrdti gdreni! report on this dissertation in the Johns Hopkins University Circu. lers, No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 121. 23a Se’41 u-Ia.x4natan, nardme damq4ti; (17) For Ps. 2 see Mr. Ember’s paper on the Coronation of 230 Eli-naire xantii, Aristobulus, below, p. 90 and note 10 to my paper cited above, 23b Baltiissun mit4ssun ml ipparsii. in note 6. For Ps. 45 see above, note 13. In Ps. 22 we must insert v. 14 between v. 1 22~ Balu-ddmi dikdti, balu-lubbi qurdde, 7ab and 170, thus: 220 Nam~ Sa’41 ml ittirti- 22b QaAat Iax4natan ul-issaxra arki~. ~-r~ ~‘ ~ V~C 14k’. 170 24 Mdrdti Sir’ii eli-Se’ ill bitakkd, ~ci ~ Sa-argamdnce adi-nisqe mlabbiiukind~i, fl~ (~) ‘21fl2~ (a) Eli-lulniiikina, xmrdqa mielti. This couplet must be inserted between v. 13 and v. 15, while 25b. 26a Iax4natan, ina-m4tika u~Au~ctku dike, axi; vv. 10. 11 must be inserted between v. 4 and v. 5. In v. 4 we muxxuqaku, must read: ~ ~~11 ~V 260. d e Nardmka ana-d~i s4qur ci nartim oh~dti. The final ~, which was omitted owing to the ~ following at 2t~• b SadeGilbua, zunnu u metru elikunu ~e4izuanti, 210.27b AAar-arit qurdde the beginning of v. 5, after the intervening vv. 10. 11 had been issal4-ma ~ displaced, is the ~ essentiae; see my paper cited above, in note 6, p. 136, 1. 16. The phrase ‘~~i ~¶ ~1~’C means, they (the (a) 15 hind! (p) 19 ma mdtika muxxu9aku (y) 25a akkt~’i qurlde imqutti dogs) have buried (their teeth) in my hands end my feet, they have (6) 26a Jaxtinatan (e) 26b ana Isl ma’adis dainqlta (s’) 21b (u eqle) ~ade mdli (‘i) 21d ant ~a’til bain-plilsi (ma samni) (,~) 27a akkl’i qunide imqutd sunk (their fangs) in my hands and my feet (German, sic haben iltre Zahne eingegraben in meine Hilude lend Fi~sse). For ~ NOTES. — ~ (from ~ — ~1~) cf. Ges.-Kautzsch, ~ 72, p. If we read ~ it would be the construct state of the plural of (1) Cf. Haupt, The Book of Ganlicles (Chicago, 1902) p. 17. the participle Qal. See, however, Ginsburg’s introduction to the (2) 0/ Cheyne, Encyclopcedia Biblica, cols. 1035. 3922. 3936. Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Bible (London, 1897) pp. 3952. (3) The religious poetry of Babylonia was discussed, on the 969—972. (18) See above, note 17 to my paper on Archalology and basis of H. Zimmern’s Babylonisehe Busspsalmen (Leipzig, 1885) Mineralogy. by Professor Francis Brown in the Presbylerian Review, vol. ix, 3 607—612. (19) See my paper in Hebraica, vol. xix, No. 4 (July, 1903) No. 33 (Jan. 1888) pp. 68—86; cf. KAT (4) See my paper on Babylonian Elements in the Levitic Ritual and for Ps. 1, ibid., No. 3 (April, 1903). in vol. xix of the Journal of Biblical Literature (1900). (20) Eduard Sievers, Jlfetrisehe Stadien (Leipzig, 1901) p. 422. (5) Justus Oishausen, Die Psailnen (Leipzig, 1853); cf. J. Well- (21) See Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. xix (1900) p. 66. hansen, Skizzen und Vorarbeilen, part vi (Berlin, 1899) p. 165, (22) Cf. Critical Notes on Kings, in the Polychrome Bible, p. below. Contrast E. Schrader’s Gediiclttnissrede auf Jztsties Ols- 101, 1. 33 and W. Robertson Smith, The Old Testament in the hausen in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy (Berlin, Jewish Church, second edition (London, 1892) p. 434: see also 1883) p. 18. Cheyne-Black, Encyclopcedia Biblica, col. 2333. (6) See Baethgen’s paper in the Zeitschrift fi%r die ailtestamenl- (23) Cf. Wellhausen, Die Kleinen Propheten, third edition liche Wissensehaft, vol. vi (Giessen, 1886) p. 266, n. 4; ef. note (Berlin, 1898) pp. 7. 86. 11 to my paper on the Poetic Form of the First Psalm in (24 )Of. the theological gloss at the end of the seventh chapter fliebraica 19, 135 (April, 1903). of Ecelesiastes. (25) See Nowack, Die Bi~cherSamuelis (G6ttingen, 1902) p. 151. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULA PS. 57

(26) Cf. my announcement of the new Hebrew text of the Old Testament in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. PHILIPPINE PROBLEMS. xvi (1896) P. ix. By PAUL HAUPT. (27) The critical notes on the Hebrew text will appear else- where. Contrast Cheyne’s revised text (Jerahmeel, etc.) in En- [Abatractof a paper read at the annual meeting ofthe American Oriental 5ociety, held

cyclopcedia Biblica, col. 2334. For in f~~1 in Philadelphia, Apill20th, 1900]. * (v. 19b) instead of ~ cf. Ps. 72, 14; for ~ (v. 26c) see During the past year I have devoted considerable attention to Ges.-Kautzsch, ~ 75, 00. Philippine history, geography, ethnology, and philology, and for (28) I am indebted to Horace Howard Furness for a number the sake of convenience I have arranged my notes in alphabetical of valuable suggestions. order, thus forming the nucleus of a Philippine Eneyclopredia. (29) Literally, the maidens of the uncircumcised. I should like to state, as briefly as possible, someof the conclusions (30) Literally, fat (especially of the kidneys)z~vital parts; the I have reached concerning various Philippine problems. fat was regarded as the special seat of life; cf. XV. Robertson Now that the United States has become an Oriental power, the Smith, The Religion of the Sernites, second edition (London, 1894) American Oriental Society, it seems to me, should take up some p. 379, n. 4. of these problems, especially the study of the languages and ens- (31) Of. Ezek. 21, 5. touts of the native population in our Asiatic possessions. Officers (32) Or Sir’il uiiu~is utaiiiiii. of the army and navy, statesmen and politicians cannot solve all (33) We might also render ma qitrub taxdzi danni. the problems we are confronted with; Orientalists who have paid special attention to this branch of Asiatic research should be consulted, and American ~tudents should be encouraged to take DRUGULIN’S MARKSTEINE.* up the study of the native dialects of the Philippine Islands. We ought to have above all a Tagdlog manual in English, By PAUL HAUPT. somexvhat like the Practical Arabic Grammar, published at the [Abstractof a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, Clarendon Press, by Major A. 0. ~een, of the Royal Engineers. April 18, 1903.] This grammar was originally undertaken to meet the requirements This monumental work was undertaken by the well-known of English officers in , and no less than 150 copies of the Oriental printer of Leipzig, W. Drugulin, to commemorate the first edition were issued, sheet by sheet, to the English officers five hundredth anniversary of the birthday of the inventor of serving in the Egyptian army, the gendarmery, and the police. the art of printino~ Johannes Gutenbero It contains selec- The first edition of the work was exhausted in nine months. tions from some thirty different languages in their original Our first Philippine manuals should certainly be practical, characters, all printed from movable type, not only Sanskrit, rather than scientific and comparative. I have compiled a list of Avestan, Samaritan, Egyptian Hieroglyphics, cuneiform writ- works on the native dialects of the Philippine Islands, and the ing, etc., but also Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, etc. The texts Oriental Seminary of the Johns Hopkins University will soon have been selected by a number of the leading specialists of the have a collection of all the important works on Philippine world, including Ndldeke, Erman, Merx, Vollers, Kielhorn, dialectology, which will be supplemented by the works on the etc. The first copy of the work was presented to the Thirteenth Philippine Islands recently acquired by the authorities of the International Congress of Orientalists held at Hamburg in Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Almost all theworks on Philip- September, 1902. There is probably no other press in the pine dialects, that have been accessible to me, are in Spanish or world which could duplicate this work. The original texts in German. What we need above all is a practical Tagmilog as well as the translations and comments are embellished with manual in English.~l~ artistic borders, headings, tail-pieces, etc., designed by Ludwig In addition to Philippine branches of the U. S. Coast and Slitterlin, of Berlin. Geodetic Survey, and the U. S. Geological Survey, our splendid I have contributed a paper on the lines in the oracle to Bureau of Ethnology, which has done such admirable work, King Esarhaddon of : Trust not in men, set your eyes under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, for our on me, and looA~ at me, with some comments on the development aboriginal ethnology and philology, should be enabled to take up, of the cuneiform writing as well as on the cuneiform types in on a comprehensive scale, the work in the Philippine Islands, and outlines which I introduced twenty-two years ago at the Inter- the American Oriental Society, it seems to me, should establish a national Congress of Orientalists held at Berlin in 1881. I special section for this branch of Oriental research, just as I have also furnished a metrical translation, with commentary, suggested to my European friends at the last Oriental Congress in Rome (October, 1899) that we should have a Colonial Section at of the opening chapter of Deutero-Isaiah (Is. XL). The edition of this unique work, which is printed on the the next International Oriental Congress to be held at Hamburg in 1902. Instead of having a number of sections for ethnology, most costly heavy plate paper and very handsomely boiYnd, is limited to 300 copies, and will probably be exbausted before , religion, geography, &c., all these subjects should be the end of this year. A new edition is out of the question, combined so as to form a Colonial Section. It does not make much difference what we call this branch of our work. If we but the work should be in all the great libraries of the world, call it Colonial Section, for the sake of brevity, it does not commit not only as a superb specimen of the acme of typographical art, but also as a most valuable collection of interesting selec- * Cf. the report in the New York Herald ofApril 29th, 1900. tions from the most important languages of the world. ** Dr. r. R. Blake, who has conducted the courses in Tagilog, viamyan, &c., in the Oriental 5eminary of the Johns Hopkins University during the past two years, has pre- * Markateine anader Weitliteratur in Originalschrsftenherausgegeben van Johannes B~nsch- pared a practical grammar ol the Tagilog language; cf. Journal ef the American Oriental Drugulin mit Buehsehmuek von Ludwig 5titterlin (Leipztg, 1902). Society, vol. xxiii (New Haven, 1902) p. 365, below. 58 LTOLtNS IIOP.KINS [No. 16g. us to a colonial, expansional, or imperial policy. In Germany, tea, coffee, spices, &c., were called ‘colonial goods’ long before But, I must confine myself to what concerns especially the there were any German colonies. What I have in mind is a American Oriental Society. It seems to me we ought to do the special section for the study of modern Oriental ethnology, com- following things: mercial geography, &c., for practical purposes. (1) We ought to establish a Golonial Section for the study of modern Oriental geography, history, ethnology, and dialect- This would arouse a widespread interest for Oriental studies. The general public, as a rule, are not interested in our abstract ology; scientific investigations, but in the practical problems. A ~7olonial (2) Publish in our Journal a Philippine Bitliography; (3) Issue a series of practical manuals of the Philippine dia- Section, just as our Section for the Historical Study of , might stimulate a general interest in Oriental studies. I am going lects, especially a Tag6tlog Mianual in English; to sail for Europe on May 1st, and as soon as I to the other (4) Use all our influence to encourage the Smithsonian Institu- side, I shall call on the leading Orientalist of Hamburg, Dr. tion to extend the work of our excellent Bureau of Ethnology to the Philippine Islands with ample provision for a number of young Geo. Behrinann, to discuss the organization of a Colonial Section for the next International Congress of Orientalists.t I shall American Orientalists, who have some training in Malay, Arabic, also try to see the leading authority in the domain of Philippine and Sanscrit, to study the languages and the customs of the natives ethnology, Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, of Leitmeritz, on the in our new Oriental possessions. ~ The presence of a scholar familiar with native dialects and Upper Elbe, in Bohemia, south of Dresden, also Dr. A. B. Meyer, native prejudices may often prevent a good deal of mischief at the Director of the Royal Ethnological Museum of Dresden, who has published a magnificent work on the Philippine Islands.tt comparatively little cost. It is generally stated that the direct Time will not permit me to discuss all the various Philippine cause of the great mutiny of 1857. in British India was the adop- tion of the Enfield gun, the cartridges of which were greased with problems. I cannot discuss the question of the Spanish friars, municipal government, agricultural problems, climatological and suet and lard. The suet, of course, was objectionable to the hygienic conditions. You know, the Johns Hopkins University Hindoo sepoys, and the lard was an abomination in the eyes of the Mohammedan soldiers. If a scholar familiar with native sent, about a year ago, a sp~cial commission to the Philippine Islands to investigate the prevalent diseases of the islands. A prejudices had been consulted at that time, this point would probably not have been insisted upon. The history of the rise preliminary report of this commission is published in the J 0hns and expansion of the British dominion in India and Hindu civili- Hopkins University Circulars for March, 19004: Nor can I discuss zation during British rule should be studied by all interested in the questions of harbors, roads, and other means of communica- the benevolent assimilation of the Philippine Islands. During tion, traffic, system of taxation, currency, the Chinese problem, the past forty years the British Government has encouraged &c. I may say, however, that I believe with John Foreman, who Oriental research in India as much as possible, and the United was consulted by the American Peace Commission in Paris, that States should follow this noble example, and promote, not only the the friars should be excluded from parochial incumbencies and practical study of Tagtilog and other Philippine dialects, but also prohibited from holding benefices, in accordance with the enact- the study of Malay, Arabic, Hindustani, Siamese, Chinese, and ments of the Council of Trent. There are a sufficient number of Japanese. We ought to have an Oriental Seminary in Washing- secular clergymen, and the native Catholic priests should be sup- ton, with native teachers under the direction of scientifically ported as much as possible. Nor should the parish priests be trained American Orientalists, for the study of modern Oriental ex-officio inspectors of schools for primary instruction. English languages, just as they have in Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and St. instead of Spanish should be taught in the primary schools, and Petersburg. A well-managed Philippine branch in Manila of chairs of English and of American and Constitutional History our Bureau of Ethnology and an Oriental Seminary in Washing- should be established in the Dominican University of St. Thomas ton is infinitely cheaper than a large army or navy, and may in in Manila. Roman Catholicism is the form of most some respects accomplish just as much if not a good deal more. successful in proselytizing uncivilized races; you must appeal A couple of thousands spent under the auspices of the Bureau of more to their eyes than to their understanding. In spite of the Ethnology might have saved the Government millions in dealing excellent work done by American in Western Asia with our American Indians. Benevolent assimilation without due and elsewhere, Protestant missionaries had better not be admitted regard to native prejudices is impossible. for some time. A knowledge of different Christian doctrines would only lead the natives to immeasurable bewilderment. At the meetingof the Americau Oriental society, held at Philadelphia in April, 1900, the following resolution was unanimously adopted: Ecclesiastical preponderance, however, should be stopped, espe- The American Oriental society respectfully urges upon Congress the importance of lisa cially the oppression of native tenants at the hands of ecclesiastic extension of the work of the Bureau of American Ethnology under the direction ofthe Smithsonian Institution, to ‘the Phtlippiue Islands for the study of the languages and land owners. customs ot the native populations, and the issuing of simple vocabularies and works which will be of use to officers of the army, and navy, and civil service whose duties will call them to those islands. t A special Colonial Section was announced in the first Bulletin of the Thirteenth See Jourssa.l of the Assterican Oricistal Society, vol. xxi (New Haven, Conn., 1901) pp. 199 International Congress of Orientalists, issued in December, 1901 (p. 3); but the idea was and 201. afterwards abandoned owing to the fact that a special Colonial Congress was held in I Cf. Dutt, Cieilisatiott in Assetent Itsdia (Calcutta, 1889—90) 3 vols. Berlin, October, 1902; soc Bulletin No. ii (issued in the summer of 1902), p. 6. Wheeler, History of itsdiafront the Earliest Ages (London, 1568—51) 4 vols. it A. B. Meyer snd A. Schadeuberg, Die Philippineso, i, Nord-Lnzoss (Dresden, 1890) — Issdia Under British Rule (Loudon, 1886). at, Negritos (Dresden, 1893) Publicationenaus dens ESniglichenEthnographische,o iJInseuns Keene, history of laBia (London, 1893) 2 vols. an Dresden, vols. viii and lx. Kay, History of the Sep01’ lVar, .3vols. ~~f. the Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Picsident of the Johns Hopkins Univer- Malleson, history of the Istdiast Mselitsy (London, 1879—80) 3 vols. New edition (Lon- sity (Baltimore, 1899) pp. 105-110; see also the Twenty-sixth Report (1901) p. 29. don, 1888—1890) 6 vols. It Cf. John Foreman, The Philippine Islands, second edition (London, 1899) isp. vii. 4. Lyall, Rise and Expansion of British Domistion in India (1894) 2 vols. 114. 217, &c. Bose, History of Hindu Civilizatiost Under British Rule (London, 1894) 4 vols. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY 011WULA PS. 69

THE LAWS OF HAMMURABI AND THE and a number of contracts, dating from an earlier period than the reign of Hammurabi, would seem to give evidence of the existence MOSAIC CODE. of a body of laws upon which they were based. A comparison of By CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON. these documents with the laws of Hammurabi shows that the [Abstract of a paper read before the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, April 17th, Babylonian lawgiver employed a legal phraseology which had 1903]. become traditional in his time, and he may well have incorporated No monument of antiquity has ever been discovered, either in previously existing laws with little or no change of wording. Western Asia, or in Egypt, of greater importance than the Code Though the available material is too scanty to permit definite of Hammurabi, found in the winter of 1901—2 by the French conclusions in matters of detail, the known facts, taken in connec- expedition at Susa, and published last fall in the memoirs of the tion with the previous history of Babylonia, furnish grounds at D~l~gation em Perseft~ As the oldest body of laws in existence, least for a plausible conjecture. It is hardly probable that there it marks a great epoch in the world’s history, and must henceforth was, before the time of Hammurabi, any code of laws in force form the starting point for the systematic study of historical juris- throughout all Babylonia. The various small states, into which prudence. The picture which it presents of Babylonian society the country was broken up in the earlier period, had doubtless in the third millennium B. C. is most vivid, and it furnishes in their own laws; and even if it be supposed that these laws bore a this respect a wealth of detail such as could be gathered from no general resemblance to each other, they must have differed in other source. To this must be added the fact that the introduc- many important particulars. Internecine warfare, in which states tory inscription abounds in historical allusions of the most valuable were frequently absorbed by neighboring states, as also theElamite character. conquest ofa portion of Babylonia, must have introduced a decided Hammurabi, the compiler of this justly famous code, was the element of confusion in legal matters. Now the great political sixth king of the First Dynasty of Babylon, and reigned for fifty- achievement of Hammurabi was the union of all Babylonia under five years, about 2250 B. C. In the Old Testament (Gen. 14, 1) a single monarchy and its consolidation into a homogeneous he is called Amraphel, and is represented as being a contemporary whole. His administrative reforms were clearly designed to this of Abraham. His great military achievement was the expulsion end, and his legal enactments would naturally have the same of the Elamites from Babylonian soil, an event which occurred in tendency. It seems, therefore, highly probable that he conceived the thirtieth year of his reign and enabled him, as the deliverer the plan of replacing the conflicting laws of the individual states of the country from the foreign invaders, to extend his sway over by a uniform system which should be in force throughout his all Babylonia. But Hammurabi was something more than a dominions. The immense advantages of such a plan are suffi- conqueror: he was a consummate statesman as well, and he ciently obvious, and in any case, just as the political organization organized his kingdom upon so firm a foundation that, in spite of established by Hammurabi endured downto the time of thePersian internal revolution and foreign invaders, his work endured for conquest, so his code of laws remained the basis of Babylonian nearly two thousand years. From his time until the conquest of and Assyrian law until the fall of both empires. Indeed it had a Cyrus, the land was no more broken up into petty independent far wider sphere of influence; it is not too much to say that the states, and Babylon was the acknowledged capital of a united code of Hammurabi has had its effect upon the legal systems of Babylonia. In every direction, moreover, he developed the the present day.tt natural resources of’ the country. By cutting new canals and The laws of Hammurabi embodied the needs of a settled com- clearing out the old canals, he brought the system of irrigation to munity whose chief occupations were agriculture and commerce. a high degree of efficiency, and he built a great embankment to The rights of persons and of property were clearly ascertained protect the land against the devastating floods which ocurred in and carefully guarded. Crime was punished severely, especially the spring of the year along the lower reaches of the Tigris. when committed against religion or against the state. Class Throughout the land he rebuilt and adorned the temples of the distinction was deeply rooted, and, in cases of injury, the penalty local , and thus conciliated the good will of his subjects. varied in accordance with the rank of the injured party. Marriage He established courts of law everywhere, and gave his personal and the family were the subject of wise provisions. A Babylonian attention to the administration of justice. It was not without married woman was no mere chattel, but had very clearly defined reason that the Babylonians of a later day looked back upon the rights which could not be set aside.t Inheritance was regulated reign of Hammurabi as the golden age of their historyA~ by special enactments, and the interests of widows and orphans To what extent and in what manner the king made use of were duly protected. The regulations affecting mercantile affairs earlier codes in compiling his laws is at present difficult to decide. show that the commerce of the country was highly developed, That he did so is, of course, to be presumed, and there are indica- and that its merchants had extensive connections with other lands. tions of the existence of such codes. The Sumerian family laws, In short, were there no other evidence of the fact, these laws elucidated by Professor Haupt in his Surnerisehe Familiengesetze would suffice to show that a high degree of civilization existed as (Leipzig, 1879)t evidently formed part of amuch older collection, early as the third millennium B. C. in the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates, and they go far to explain the influence * Tome cv, Tortes ilarnites sirnitiques par v. Scheil. An excellent German translation exerted by Babylonia upon the history of the ancient world. of the Hammnrabi Code was pnblished by Dr. winckler in Des’ Alte Orient, fonrth series, They afford new evidence of the most important character of the part 4 (Leipzig, 19~2) under the title: Die Gesetze Hammurabis, Kdnigo yen Babylon urn 22.50 v. chr. Dos ditesto Gesstsbuch dor Welt. An English translation, by Prof. Robert F. Harper,5will480.he loaned hy the Ussiversity of Chicago Press. For the name IJammurabi tt Cf. J. Kohler in ]I3elitzschs and Hanpt’s Beitrdge sac Atoyciologie, vol. iv (Leipzig, see RAT ** Cf. IDelitzrnhsremarks in Beitrdge sac Assyrio’eg’ie, vol. cv (Leipzig,1902) pp. 498—500; 1902) p. 430. Zweites’ Ves’trag iibet’ Babel stud Bibel (Stnttgart, 1903) p. 22. Cf. victor Marx, Die Stellung dec Freuca in Babylonien in Beits’dge sur Assyriologie, 1- Cf. Professor llanpts translation in his paper Ube,’ Dialel~’t dec sumeciselseso vol. iv, pp. 1-’77 and Delitzsch, ibid., pp. 78—87. See also Professor J. P. Prince’s review Aprache inthe Nachcichteu ofthe Royal Society ofGdttingen (Nov. 3, 1880) p. 524. in the Anoecican Journal of Philology, vol. xxiv (Baltimore, 1903) p. 97. 60 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 1163.

fact, with which we are beginning to be familiar, that Babylon agreement, and both are designed for the regulation of a civilized was the great source of light and culture, not only for the East, community. The parallels are too close to be explained upon the but for the western world as well. somewhat vague theory of a common tradition. Among the many lines of investigation suggested by this vener- The history of Israel supplies a far better explanation. When able body of laws, by no means the least interesting is that which the Israelites effected a lodgement in Palestine, they found there a concerns tbe relation of the Code of Hammurabi to the Mosaic people greatly their superiors in culture, and learning from this legislation. That an intimate connection exists between the people the arts of civilization, they gradually passed from the Babylonian and the Biblical codes must be apparent to every condition of nomad herdsmen to that of a settled agricultural unprejudiced observer, and it is precisely in the Book of the community. ~ The land which from this time became the bome of Covenant (Exod. 20, 22—23, 33), the oldest book of laws in the Israel had long been under Babylonian influence. In the time of Bible, that the parallels are most numerous and striking. Dr. Hammurabi, the rule of Babylon extended to the shores of the Johannes Jeremias, in his pamphlet, Moses und Hammurahi, Mediterranean, and a.t the time of the Tel el-Amarna tablets, just which has just appeared (Leipzig, 1903) enumerates no less than before the settlement of Israel, not only was there a lively inter- twenty-four cases in which the Book of the Covenant and the course with Babylon, but the Babylonian language and the Baby- Code of Hammurabi closely correspond, and many analogies are lonian writing were actually used in Palestine for purposes of also to be found in other portions of the Pentateuch.tt To this international communication. ~ And it must not be forgottenthat must be added the general similarity of form. In both the Baby- at this time and many centuries later Babylon was the great lonian and the Mosaic codes the enactments are put in the same centre of culture for the entire East. It has been shown that in hypothetical form, and in both the subject matter is expressed in Palestine Israel learned and appropriated the ancient Babylonian the same clear and crisp phraseology. Since all the facts abso- ; I why should they not learn as well? The lutely exclude the theory of accidental resemblance and since it possession of landed property and the new conditions by which is manifestly impossible that the Babylonian laws could have they were environed brought new needs and demanded the estab- been borrowed from the Biblical code, but two theories remain: lishment of fixed laws. The old Babylonian law had long been either both codes must have been derived from a common source, in force in the land, and it can hardly be doubted that Israel or the Mosaic code must have been influenced directly or adopted many of its provisions. But the foundation of the indirectly by the code of Hammurabi. Babylonian law was the code of Hammurabi, and thus the enact- Dr. Jeremias, in his work cited above, decides in favor of the ments of the old Babylonian King, formulated about 2250 B. C., former hypothesis, and believes that both codes may have found passed more than a thousand years later into the Book of the a common origin in ancient Arabian customary law. Hammu- Covenant, and so became the heritage of Israel and of the world. rabi, he points out, was in all probability of Arabian descent, and from the time of Gudea trade relations existed between Arabia and Babylonia. Moses had as his teacher Jethro, the Arabian CUNEIFORM MEDICINE. Kenite, and introduced Arabian usages into his legal procedures. And the old pre-Islamic law of Arabia, so far as it is known, By CHRISTOPHER JOREsTON. possesses many features in common with the laws of Hammurabi. [Abstract ofa paper read at a meeting ofAmerican Oriental Society, April 16th, 19031. Dr. Jeremias’ argument is not convincing. It deals only with the There is ample evidence of the fact that from the earliest times general probabilities, and leaves tbe specific facts unaccounted for. the healing art was cultivated in Babylon, where it was regarded That the code of Hammurabi contained features derived from as a most important science. Surgery aLso was early practiced, ancient Semitic tradition is altogether probable, but in the time of and about 2250 B. C. Hammurabi found it necessary to introduce Hammurabi, and probably much earlier, such traditional elements into his famous code special provisions for the discouragement of were thoroughly incorporated with the general body of Babylonian law, and the whole had assumed a definite literary form that was rash operations, and at the same time to establish a fee table. For a successful operation upon a freeman the surgeon received 10 distinctly Babylonian in character. The laws of Hammurabi shekels. In case of a freedman the fee was 5 shekels, and in case are, moreover, the laws of a settled agricultural community of a slave 2 shekels. If, however, the patient died in consequence possessing a highly developed civilization and living under a firmly organized government, not the laws of a nomadic race lead- of the operation, tbe penalty was severe. If the patient were a freeman the hands of the surgeon were cut off; or, in case the ing the free and unrestrained life of the desert. Our knowledge patient were a slave, the unsuccessful operator must replace him of ancient Arabian customary law is extremely scanty, but it can with another slave of equal value. A veterinary surgeon received hardly be asserted that in the third millennium B. C., this floating tradition had assumed the definite form tbat characterizes the a fee of ~ shekel for a successful operation upon an animal, but if Babylonian code and is found repeated in the Book of the Cove- tbe animal died he must pay i- its value to its owner. It would seem that a certain degree of specialization existed, as all the laws nant. Whatever Moses may have learned from Jethro, theKenite, have reference to surgical practice, and it is not improbable that it is hardly probable that that Bedouin sheikh imparted to his in 2250 B. C. there was the same distinction between physicians disciple a body of laws reflecting the needs of a settled agricul- and surgeons that prevailed in later times. It is also to be noted tural community. The Babylonian and the Mosaic codes are conceived in the Cf. the notes on the translation ofthe in the Polychrome Bible (New same literary form, they contain a considerable number of practi- York, 1898) p. 44. cally identical laws, they present not a few cases of actual verbal ~ Cf. the notes on the in the Polychrome Bible (New York, 1899) pp. 47—55. 5ee Zimmern, Biblisehe und bebyleesische Urgesehichte (Leipzig, 1901) English trans- ~$The parallel cases are tabulated in Dr. Jeremias excellent hook, in which the subject lation upder the title The Babylenian end the Hebrew Genesis (London, 1901) ci. KATE is very thoroughly discussed. 488—587. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIIWULA RS. 61

that veterinary surgery was recognized as a distinct branch of dons when gathered at the time of the new moon. When they the art, though standing upon a lower plane. All this argues a were ground into powder or boiled into a decoction, the proper considerable degree of development and affords evidence of the charm must be recited, and the same was the case when they were fact that the profession wasalready old in the days of Hammurabi. administered to the patient. What these remedies were, it is Unfortunately, we have no cuneiform medical work at all ap- difficult to say, as they appear to have been in most cases dis- proaching in completeness the famous Egyptian work, the Papyrus guised under Hermetic names, but it seems probable that the Ebers. Quite a number of fragments exist,~ showing that the majority of them were aperients, diuretics, or diaphoretics. In literature of the subject ‘must once have been considerable, and it any case it is evident from the cuneiform texts that in addition to is entirely possible that some explorer in the buried cities of their repertory of exorcisms and incantations the Babylonian and Mesopotamia may yet bring to light texts that will greatly eluci- Assyrian physicians had at their disposal a considerable pharma- date the subj ect. But at present a considerable portion of the copoAa which experience must have taught them to use with scanty material that has been preserved lies unpublished in judgment. Whether the physician himself performed thenecessary various European museums, while the accessible material must be magical rites in all, or even in most cases, is open to doubt. It gleaned from a wide range of Assyriological publications. On seems probable that he usually called in the aid of his reverend the other hand, much may be learned from the magical texts, and confr~res of the other priestly classes in accordance with their the letters and dispatches also throw some light upon the subject. respective functions, and that these performed the appropriate Among the Babylonians, as among other nations of antiquity, ceremonles. Be this as it may, there is ample evidence of the medicine was believed to be of divine origin, and stood under the very general employment of as a remedial measure in protection of special : the god Ninib and his spouse Gula, Babylonian medicine. “the great of healing “—especially the latter—were the Symbolic magic was held in high esteem, and gave rise to divinities chiefly invoked, but Ea of Eridu, the god of unfathom- an important branch of incantatory literature. Fire was a able wisdom and the patron of magic, was frequently called upon favorite agency for destroying the principle of disease in a sym- to lend his aid. It is quite natural, therefore, that we should find bolic manner. The magician, for example, would cast into the physicians belonging to the priestly class, and that magic should fire of a brazier various objects and repeat over them the appro- enter largely into Babylonian therapeutics. It is also significant priate charm.~ As these objects were consumed in the flames, so, that thephysician and the haruspex, who derived his auguries from by of the incantation, the fire destroyed the principle of the entrails of victims offered in , evidently stood in close disease in the body of the patient. Water was another element relation to each other and are mentioned in close juxtaposi- that played an important part in magic. Purifying baths and tion in the cuneiform texts. It was undoubtedly from inspection sprinkling with holy water i~ are frequently mentioned in the of the sacrificial animals that the Babylonian priestly physicians magical texts, and the water of the Euphrates or of the sea was obtained such knowledge ofanatomy as they possessed.** There is believed to possess peculiar efficacy, since all large bodies of water nothing to prove that any systematic anatomical study was ever were under the special protection of Ea, the god of tile deep, the bestowed upon the human cadaver,t and all the indications tend to lord of all hidden wisdom, and the patron of the magic art. A show that the Babylonian system of anatomy was based upon the very common charm was connected with the tying and untying analogy of the lower animals.tt of magical knots in a cord. Here the cord symbolizes the spell At the basis of the Babylonian system of medicine lay the with which the sufferer was bound, and as tile knot was untied, theory that disease was a separate entity which might be produced to the accompaniment of the proper formula of words, the spell by various agencies the displeasure of the gods, the malevolence was loosed and the patient was relieved of his trouble. The of numberless evil spirits and demons, the influence of the stars, Babylonian magicians also placed much reliance in the potency of or the changes of the moon. All these were capable of producing numbers, the mystic nunlber 7 being preeminent in this respect. baleful effects upon mankind. To obviate the ill effects of these The connection with the phases of the moon and with the seven influences the remedy was obvious—the gods must be appeased planets is, of course, obvious. In a calendar of lucky and unlucky and induced to relax their displeasure, or some influence must be days for the intercalary month of Elul we read that thQ 7th, 14th, brought to bear of sufficient power to drive away the disease and 19th, 21st, and 28th days of the month are unlucky, and that upon its cause. The intimate connection of magic and medicine is thus them a physician must not treat the sick. All these, it will be sufficiently clear. On the other hand, observation had taught observed, are multiples of 7, except the 19th day; but the excep- that various simples, usually prepared from plants, exerted certain tion is only apparent, for 19 added to the 30 days of the preceding physiological effects or were useful in case of particular symptoms. month gives 49, the square of 7, and a number of special potency. Of course, these remedies must possess magical properties, and so It has been suggested that from this of the Babylonians is their application fell in naturally with the prevailing theory of derived the well known Hippocratic doctrine of crises.~ treatment. In the preparation of these remedies great care must Beside all this dreary hocus-pocus, there are indications that be observed. Simples must be gathered at a particular hour of the Babylonian physicians possessed a certain amount of genuine the day or night, or at a time when special astral influences medical knowledge. It was jealously guarded and concealed from prevailed. Certain plants, for example, must be plucked before the uninitiated, but traces of it appear even in someof themagical they were touched by the rays of the sun, others were only effica- texts. For example, in a charm for the relief of diseased eyes, the physician is directed to prepare a poultice of the inner bark * cf. F. K{ichler, Boilidge cur Kenulnis dec assyrisehen ]tIedizin~ vol. xvii of the Assyrilogisehe Bibliothek, edited by Friedrich neliwzsch and Paul Haupt. ** Cf. note 120 to Professor Haupt’s paper on Babylonian Elements in the Levitic Ritual Cf. Zimmern, Beilrdge cur Kenuluis der babylonisehen Beligioss = vo’. xii of the Assy- in the Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. xix (1900) p. 50. riologisehe Bibliolhek edited by IDelitzsoh and Haupt (Leipzig, 1901) p. 29. tcontrast Professor Ilaupt’s remarks in his paper on the Etymology of Nekasim, )4 Cf. Professor Haupt’s remarks in the polychrome edition of the hebrew text of the Hebraica, voL iii, p. 110, n. 3. (Baltimore, 1900) p. 44, 11. 37-43. if von Oefele, Keilschriflsnedisiao (Leipzig, 1902) p. 15. von Oefele, Keilschriftmediziu, p. 27. 62 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 163. of the palm and apply it to the eye of the patient, and this charm NOTES ON THE SILOAM INSCRIPTION. is immediately followed by another in which the application of ground kasii plant is similarly recommended. In both cases the By FRANK R. BLAKE. virtue of the remedy doubtless lay in the astringent properties of [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental 5ociety, Baltimore, the application.~ April, 1903]. Among the Assyrian letters of theSargonide dynasty, published I. In my paper, The word n~ in the Siloam Inscription, pub- by Professor Harper, are several letters written by Arad-Nanfi, lished in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. the court physician of King Esarhaddon (680—668 B. C.), and ‘22, p. 55, I proposed a new reading for the words which they afford some interesting glimpses into the medical practice of apparently mean ‘tunnel’ and ‘fissure,’ respectively, following the period. In one of them Arad-Nanit writes to the king con- Professor Haupt’s interpretation of the text, given in tbe cerning a patient, who would appear to have been suffering from Oriental Seminary of the Johns Hopkins University during the facial erysipelas, and reports his treatment, which consisted in session 1900—01. In the last volume of the Journal of the bandaging and the application of a dressing probably steeped in German Oriental Society (ZDMG ~6, 800—809) Professor some emollient lotion, as being attended with favorable results. Fischer, of Leipzig, suggests a new interpretation of this in- In another letter he advises that the nose be tamponed in a case scription, in which he takes exception to some of the statements of severe epistaxis. It is characteristic of Babyloniau medicine made in my article. According to his theory the inscription that the same Arad-Nanit, whose suggestion in this case is so was never completed. The stone-cutter first traced it on the eminently practical, prescribes for King Esarhaddon in another rock before cutting it out, and then beganwork from the bottom, letter the performance of certain magical rites and recommends since that was nearer the level of his head. For some unknown that the king wear a talisman about his neck. reason, possibly a change in the reigning king, or perhaps only Bloodletting, by the way, is a legacy of Babylonian medicine. inthe overseerof the work, the inscription remained unfinished. It was practiced in very early times, and an interesting seal Professor Fischer does not think that my etymology of the cylinder published by Dr. Zehnpfund in Beitr. zu Assyriologie word for ‘fissure,’ i. e., from a root i~, meaning ‘to be nar- (iv, 220) contains a representation of a Babylonian scarifier, the row,’ is at all likely, but that such a derivation is possible is technical name of which was ‘the scorpion.’ The instrument adniitted by Lidzbarski in part 3 of the first volume of the was shaped like a whip. To the end of a rod, which formed the Ephemeris ffir Semitische ]~phigrc~phiIc (1902) p. 310. Tbe handle, are attached two short chains or thongs, aud at the ends word for ‘tunnel,’ n~p~n, which occurs three times in the in- of these are claw-like, curved blades with sharp points. The scription, and with which the inscription begins, he considers physician, striking with this instrument, inflicted linear superficial a Niphal infinitive with the suffix of the third feminine singu- wounds, and the rapidity of the blow limited the pain suffered by lar, and reads ~ ‘its being cut out.’ In the word at the the patient to the least possible space of time. The Babylonian beginning of the inscription he thinks that the suffix refers to scorpion, in fact, served somewhat the same purpose as the modern spring lancet or spring scarifier. something in the part which was never chiseled out. This As has already been stated, the available material for the history word has always beeu considered a noun meaning ‘entting of Babylonian medicineis rather scanty and fragmentary, but even through, tunnel,’ * and has usually been vocalized ~ n~, or with the incomplete information that we possess it is evident that n~• Prof. Fischer intimates that I regard the Aramaic nouns ~ and i~n the doctrines of this ancient school survived and exerted an impor- 1~u as feminines, since I state that the poiiiting of the tant influence upon European medicine in comparatively modern Hebrew is based on these forms. But if we have a form qitl times. Some three or four hundred years ago men still believed or qntl, we are undoubtedly justified in reading a feminine in the Babylonian teaching of planetary and lunar influences, of form that has the same meaning as the masculine form quoted, lucky and unlucky days, of the potency of numbers, of the mystic either qitlat or qutlat, inIVlassoretic Hebrew n~y~ or n~. Enting influence of various minerals, and of the efficacy of charms and and N6ldeke, as quoted by Prof. Fischer in his article, say, talismans. The wide dissemination of Babylonian medical ideas The Arabic and Syriac supply us with naqb, niq6el, and nuqba among the nations of antiquity, along with other products of ‘a hole,’ so we niay vocalize the nexv word n~1~ or n~l. Does Babylonian culture, is amply attested, and it would seem that the Prof. Fischer mean to imply that Ndldeke considers the Ara- tradition was kept up in much later times. Dr. von Oefele, in maic niql3d a feminine forum, because he proposes the vocaliza- his Keilschriftrneclizin, points out the interesting fact that through- tion n~ on the analogy of this form? Prof. Fischer states out medieval times two streams of medical tradition flowed con- that tbe~ readings ~ and n~ are not possible since no nomen stantly into Europe. One of these, which found its chief exponent actionis of any of these fornis occurs in . He in the school of Salerno, was derived from the Arabs, who received 5~ seems to have overlooked the infinitives ~ ** ‘to whet,’ n~ it from the Copts, and they in turn derived their tradition froni ‘to anoint,’ and ~ ‘to wash,’ which are really abstract nouns the medical school of ancient Egypt. The other, represented by of the form qutlat, and the abstract noun ~ ‘helping, help’ the school of Byzantium, may be traced through the Nestorian of the form qitlat, all from active transitive verbs.t and Talmudic writings back to the palmy days of Nineveh and Prof. Fischer is wrong in supposing that the English word Babylon. So throughout antiquity and throughout medieval ‘perforation’ is always active. It does not only denote the times the old Babylonian system of medicine still retained its hold upon the minds of men, and only yielded slowly and unwillingly * Cf. ID. F. Barney, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the (Oxford, 1903) p. 374. *0 Bertholetand Krtitzschmar propose to read fli~d~’ for fl~1~; Toy (5BOT) reads before the revelations ofmodern science. ~ Cornill cancels fli~12~~ ~1nThI ~ Contrast Friedrich Delitzsch, Zeitschrift fOr Of. my dissertation on The Epistolary Literatnre of the Assyrians and Babylonians Keilsehrsftforschung, vol. ii (Leipzig 1883) p. 356. (Baltimore, 1898) pp. 361—164 (JAO5, vol. xviii). t Cf. also the intransitive swenissa actionis ~ ~1i~’, flX1j~~’ for flX~’, etc. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULA PS. .63 act of boring or piercing through, bu t~ also a hole bored, or SANSKRIT LOAN-WORDS iN TAGALOG. ally hole or aperture passing through anything or into the By FRANK R. BLAKE. interior of a substance. Nor is ‘aperture’ always passive, it denotes not only an opening, hole, perforation, etc., but also [Abstractof a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society at Balti- more, April, 1903.J the act of opening out or unfolding, though this latter mean- ing is obsolete. The noun ‘opening’ may be, to use Prof. The culture and language of ancient India have exerted an Fischer’s terminology, both active and passive; it may denote important influence on the peoples of the Malay Peninsula and the act of opening, or it may denote an open space, entrance, the East Indian Archipelago. The influence is, as would naturally vacancy, etc. In the same way ‘excavation’ means not only be supposed, strongest in the Malay Peninsula, and in those islands, such as Sumatra and Java, which lie nearest to India, the act of excavating, but also the resulting hollow or cavity. and gradually decreases as we go eastward, until it almost, if not In Latin ,perforatio is both active and passive, it may denote the act of perforation or the result of it. In Greek 4v6rp~qo-~ entirely, vanishes in the islands of Polynesia. At just what date means both ‘boring, perforation’ and ‘hole, hollow.’ There this Indian invasion of the East Indian Islands took place, is not can, therefore, be no doubt that the same word can have, to certain; but it is well known that there were a number of use Prof. Fischer’s terminology, both active and passive mean- Sanskrit kingdoms in Java centuries before the advent of the ing. It would therefore, theoretically, be perfectly legitimate Dutch. to translate the same word by ‘tunnel’ in the first line and by The Sanskrit influence manifests itself principally in the ‘tunneling’ in the fourth. The form might be read ~ as vocabulary of the languages spoken in these regions, which was suggested in my previous paper, since nouns of the form languages all belong to the great Malayo-Polynesian family of ~ have both active and passive meaning, e. g., active, ~ speech; those languages which are spoken nearest to India being Jer. 22, 19 ‘burying, burial’; ~ Ezek. 22, 20 ‘collectilig’; the most affected. The written language of Java is said to contain about 110 Sanskrit words in every 1,000, Malay about 50, m~ ‘pouring out’ I K. ~, 24; passive, ~ ‘grave’ Gen. 35, 20; ~ ‘foundation’ Ps. ~7’, 1. Moreover, it is not impos- Bugis, the principal language of Celebes about VT, etc. * sible that ~ ‘tunnel’ in the first line should be the feminine In Tag4log, the most important of the languages of the Philip- of a passive participle used as a noun, meaning first ‘pierced, pine Islands, the vocabulary has also been somewhat influenced tunneled’ and then ‘something pierced or tunneled,’ standing by Sanskrit, though by no means to the extent visible in Javanese and Malay, the percentage of Sanskrit words being given as only perhaps for ~ ~ ‘tunneled conduit,’ just as we have ~v.~te about one and a half in 1,000. Notwithstanding this small ‘something heard, news,’ and numerous examples inArabic, e.g. percentage, however, anumber of important words are of Sanskrit ma/ct([13 ‘what is written, book,’ mamliilc ‘something possessed, origin. slave,’ etc. In the third line, on the other hand, n~ might This Sanskrit element in Tagdlog has already received some represent the feminine, not of the passive participle qat4l, but attention from Orientalists. The well known Sanskrit scholar, of the nomen actionis qulti], which is a common infinitive form Professor Heinrich Kern, of the University of Leyden, has in Arabic, e. g. dux4l ‘enter’ xur(ij ‘go out,’ etc. published a list of the Tagitlog words to which he ascribes a The fact that ~n~’mmay represent two different nominalforms, Sanskrit origin, t and the subject has also been treated by the suggests the possibility of vocalizing the word differently in Spanish Filipinologist, Dr. Pardo de Tavera, who gives a number 11. 1 and 4, respectively. The inscription is, of course, with- of additional words not found in Kern’s list. ~ out vocaliz~ttion, and there is no reason why we should not In deciding whether a word is of Sanskrit origin, it must be read the same combination of consonants in more than one remembered tbat likeness of form, even when accompanied by a way if it suits the meaning. Even granting that it may be similarity of meaning or usage, does not necessarily indicate better to read with Prof. Fischer in the fourth line ~ ~ ‘in identity of origin. For example, the Malay relative pronoun the day of its being cut through,’ i. e. ‘in the day the tunnel yang is usually connected with Sanskrit relative ya, but it is far was finished,’ it would still be unnecessary to suppose that more probable that this yang is of native origin, and that the the inscription is unfinished, and point the words in the first formal likeness is simply accidental. It is unlikely that one line in the same way. Here we may consider the form a language should borrow apronoun from another; borrowing being feminine noun with article, meaning ‘tunnel,’ which being for the most part restricted to nouns and verbs. Moreover yang concrete might be vocalized in almost any of the ways sug- may be readily explained without going outside the Malayo- gested, ‘viz., ~, ~ ~ ~, or ~ It is more likely, Polynesian family. It seems to consist of two pronominal elements however, that we have the same word in both lines, 11. 1 and 4. ire and ng, the first of which is used in Malay in a somewhat dif- Professor Fischer’s suggestion as to the unfinished character ferent form iya as the pronoun of the third person ‘he, she, it,’ of the inscription is interesting, but his criticism of the read- while the second corresponds to the familiar connective particle, ings which I proposed two years ago does not seem to have or ligature, in Tag4log and Visatyan. A similar combination is materially advanced the elucidation of this unique specimen the Tag([ and Yisiiyan article ang, which is composed of the of ancient Hebrew epigraphy. At any rate his chief conten- pronominal element a, used as a connective particle in Ilocan, tion that the word for ‘perforation, tunnel’ could denote Ibanag, and Maguindanao, and the ligature ng. only, either the act of boring, or the result of the action, is A knowledge of the cognate languages of the Malayo-Polynesian untenable. * ~f. XV. E. Maxwell, A Manual of ihe Malay Language, 4th ed. (London, 1896) p. 5. t Cf. B’(jdragen tat de Tool- Lend- en Velkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indie, 1880, volg. 4, * Q~. nalman’s Ararndisck-Neuhebr. W5rterbuch (Leipzig, 1901) p. 264 and Delitzsch’s deel 4, pp. 515—564. As r. 6’ramm., 65, Nos. 22. 23; iiaupt in ZA 2, 251, n. 2 (on p. 282). El sanscrite en la lengue tagaleg (Paris, 1887). 64 JOHNS flOPKINS [No. 163.

group is also a very important factor in determining whether or R is regularly represented by 1, e. g. not a given word is borrowed from a foreign language. For anidla ‘interrupt.’ antar& ‘between.’ instance, in Malay the word sio’at ‘write’ is thought to be of ldsa ‘taste.’ rasa ‘taste.’ Arabic derivation, probably from sara, sarat ‘a section of the When r occurs in connection with another consonant the result- Koran,’ and this derivation, considered from a Malay standpoint, ing 1 in Tag4log is regularly separated by a vowel from the other is very probable, since the Malays got their alphabet from the consonant, e. g. Arabs. When it is found, however, that sulat means “to write’ baldta ‘promise, vow.’ vrata‘voluntary act of devotion.’ in the languages of the Yisayas and Luzon, which were practically halagd ‘price.’ argha ‘price.’ uninfluenced by Mohammedan civilization, we must conclude that salantd ‘beggar.’ 91-anta ‘ascetic.’ the word is in all probability of native origin. In some cases, however, the combination of consonants is

Tagalog, in common with the other Philippine languages, ~ retained in Tagalog, e. g. sesses the power of verbalizing almost anything, noun, pronoun, sigid ‘hasten.’ 9zghra ‘quick.’ numeral, adverb, and even whole phrases. The words which are sutid ‘threads of silk.’ siitra ‘cord, thread.’ borrowed by Tag4log are usually treated as roots, and follow the Sanskrit v may be represented by b or w, e. g. various processes of nominal and verbal derivation, e. g. b6tsa, balita ‘news.’ v&rtt&j ‘news.’ from Sanskrit bh&~, forms the verb b-um-dsa ‘read’ with the walnd ‘varicolored cloth.’ varna ‘color.’ verbal infix urn. All the Sanskrit sibilants are regularly represented by s, e. g. In some cases, however, the borrowed word is regarded as a sdma ‘accompany.’ sama ‘same, like.’ derivative, and a hypothetical root is abstracted from it. The bisa ‘poison.’ vi~sa ‘poison.’ best example of such treatment is the word lingo ‘week,’ which is dsa ‘hope.’ 4& ‘hope.’ derived from the Spanish domingo ‘Sunday.’ ~ Before the arrival The words which have been borrowed from the Sanskrit denote of the Spaniards, the Tagalogs, of course, had no week, and there- all sorts of objects and ideas. Not only do we find words for fore, no names for the days of the week. The word domingo was things unknown to the Tagalogs before the time of the Sanskrit regarded by them as containing the verbal infix urn or orn, which influence, as, e. g. gadgd ‘elephant’ . gcija, but also words often indicates ‘to begin to be, become’ what the root denotes, as, for such common ideas as ‘face,’ ‘foot,’ viz. lnukhd from San. e. g., gumaling ‘begin to be, become good’ from the root galing mukha, pda from San. pada. Although all of the words borrowed ‘good.’ Therefore from the word domingo, which began theweek, do not admit of classification, a number of definite categories may they abstracted a hypothetical root lingo ‘week,’ d being changed be distinguished, viz., (1) Words relating to the native pagan to 1, just as we have Lat. lacrima — dacruma &iKPVALa; levir religion and superstitions; (2) Titles of nobility ;—(3) Names &L~7p. of plants and animals ;—(4)Words for large numbers ;—(5) Words The Tagalog possesses by no means so many sounds as the denoting operations of the mind ;—(6) Words referring to the Sanskrit, the alphabet comprising the vowels a, i, u, o, and the written language. consonants k, g, t, d, n, p, b, m, g, 1, w, s, h, a peculiar guttural The ancient pagan religion of all the Filipinos seems to have nasal ng, and a sound between d and r, usually written r, in this been a species of ancestor-worship. The deified ancestors were paper ~t. known in Tagalog as anito, and this word, with its cognates, Malay Those Sanskrit sounds which have no exact correspondent are hantu, Javanese antn, is regarded by Tavera as derived from the represented in Tagalog as follows: The Sanskrit aspirates may be Sanskrit hantu, said to mean ‘slain, dead.’ Sanskrit hantn, represented (1) by the corresponding mute plus h,t e. g. however, means ‘slaying, killing;’ ‘killed, slain,’ the passive participle would be hata. The Sanskrit derivation of anito is TAGIiLOG: SANsKnIT: therefore very doubtful. palibhdsa ‘therefore, since.’ paribh&s& ‘sentence, rule.’ A number of words for ‘idol’ are derived from theSanskrit, e. g. kathd ‘compose.’ kath5i ‘story.’ likhd from lekha ‘picture, statue, ,’ mukhd ‘face.’ mukha ‘face.’ linga from lingga ‘phallus.’ mighd ‘cloud.’ megha ‘cloud.’ The usual word for ‘death’is mnatdy, a word of native origin, (2) by the simple mute, especially if the aspirate is followed by but the more unusual muksd ‘destruction, death’ is probably another consonant, e. g. derived from Sanskrit mok~a. One of the most interesting of bdsa ‘read.’ bh&~s&i ‘language.’ words of this class is the word for ‘eclipse’ ldho, which is identi- sigld ‘hasten.’ 9ighra ‘quick.’ cal with Sanskrit rcihu, a monster which was supposed to swallow The cerebrals are represented by dentals, e. g. up the luminary during an eclipse. ~< The Tagalogs say kinakdin k6ta ‘fort.’ kota ‘fort.’ ang b6wan nang ldho ‘the moon is eaten by the eclipse or ldho.’ gnnitd ‘repeat.’ gunita ‘multiplied.’ Among the words denoting titles of nobility or court positions The palatal surd mute c is represented by s, e. g. may be mentioned ladyd, an ancient title of nobility, San. rdij~ salitd ‘story.’ carita ‘done.’ ‘king;’ bandah6iili ‘majordomo’ San. bh6o’t4~ri ‘guardian of The sonantj as initial becomes d; as medial, dy, e. g. the royal treasure.’ In the last word the h of the Sanskrit ddla ‘net.’ jiIia ‘net.’ aspirate has suffered a metathesis. t gadgd ‘elephant.’ gaja ‘elephant.’ In the animal kingdom, Sanskrit has furnished the name for

* (~t Kern, op. cit., p. 536. * Cf. Friedrich Tselitzsch’s translation ofJob 3, 5 (Leipzig, 1902) pp. 20. 341 and Bndde’s Cf Professor Haupt’s remarks in Beitrdge our Assyriologie und veryleicheuden semiti- commentary ad bc. (Gdttingen, 1896). sehen Spraehwissenschaft, vol. i (Leipzig, 1890) p. 259, is. 24. f Cf. Professor Hanpt’s remarks in Hebsaica 1, 231, is. 2. JUNE, 1903.] UJ=IIVEBSJTY01110ULAPS. 65

elephant, gadyd, San. gaja, which the Tagalogs, however, probably which from Sanskrit is extremely improbable. For example, he knew only by hearsay, as there is no reason to suppose that this regards the word for ‘money,’ salapi, which denotes also a piece animal was ever brought to the Philippines, and probably the of money worth about 25 cents, as a combination of San. rf[pya

name for ‘deer’ usd — San. r9ya. The common word for ‘snake,’ ‘silver or gold coin’ and Tag. isd ‘one.’ If this were so, we dhas, is also perhaps to be connected with San. cthi. should expect the word to be isdng lapi, or sanglapi, just as we As in the fauna, so in the flora we find a number of words of haveisdng ddan, or sangdda’n ‘one hundred,’ the two words being Sanskrit origin. One of the most useful of the palm family, the connected by the ligature -ng. nipd, the leaves of which are used in forming the roofs and sides The particle si (which is used before proper names of persons of Filipino houses, owes its name to Sanskrit mijpa. as a sort of article, e. g., si Pedro, si Maria, etc.) is derived by One of the most interesting of these Sanskrit names for plants Tavera from San. fri, a title of respect, which is often prefixed to proper names in Sanskrit, e. g. is that from which the name ]Ifanila is derived. Manila is spelt 9rik&hid&va, the great Sanskrit in Tagdlog, ]Iiliayrtila and consists of two elements may ‘having, dramatist, author of §~akuntalfi. From a purely phonetic stand- possessing,’ (which is often used to form compound nouns, e. g. point the comparison is difficult; ~ri would naturally appear in may-andk ‘having a son, father’ from andk ‘son,’ may-kathd Tagdlog as sali, the consonantal group ~r being represented by sal ‘having a composition, author’ from kathd ‘composition, story’) as in salantd ‘beggar’ from San. Qr&nta ‘beggar.’ Moreover, it and nila, the name of a tree or plant, derived according to Tavera is highly improbable that a foreign word should be used for this from Sanskrit nila ‘indigo plant.’ The name Manila, therefore, personal article, which is such a prominent characteristic of the means ‘having or possessing the nila plant,’ Nilatown. Malay languages. The Sanskrit higher numerals, ayuta 10,000; lak.sa 100,000; In the present article, I have confined myself to a general koti 10,000,000 have passed into Tag~ilog as y6ta, laksd, kdti. survey of the Sanskrit element in Tagfiiog. I propose, however, In the case of the first two, however, the meanings have been in the near future to give a complete list of these Sanskrit loan- interchanged, y6ta meaning 100,000 and laksd, 10,000. A similar words in Tagdlog, and to extend the investigation to the Sanskrit confusion in the use of these borrowed numerals of high denomi- loan-words in all the principal Philippine dialects. A systematic nation is to be found in Malay, where y’uta means 1,000,000, study of this subject will certainly afford us some interesting laksa 10,000, and keti 100,000. glimpses into the history of civilization in our new Asiatic A primitive and uncultured language has usually no expression possessions. for the finer mental concepts and emotions, so it is not surprising that a number of words indicating operations of the mind should be borrowed from Sanskrit; viz.: ANALOGiES BETWEEN SEMITIC AND TAGALOG. By FRANK R BLAKE. TAGi(LOG: SAN5KRJT: [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Boston, dsa ‘hope.’ ii~ ‘hope.’ April, i902.] dya ‘content.’ aya ‘good fortune.’ It is hardly necessary to say that there is, of course, no lin- halatd ‘suppose.’ artha ‘idea.’ guistic affinity between Semitic and Tagdlog. Tagdlog belongs to palamdcla ‘ungrateful.’ pram&da ‘negligence.’ an entirely different family of languages, the Malayo-Polynesian, sccnpalatdya ‘believe.’ sampratyaga ‘believe.’ embracing the tongues spoken on the islands scattered over the Pacific Ocean, and is in its general character totally unlike any- The Tagalogs in all probability derived their alphabet and thing Semitic. There are, however, certain processes of word- writing from India, as is indicated by the fact that every character formation and certain grammatical constructions in Semitic which is the sign for a consonant plus the vowel a, as in the Sanskrit, find parallels in Tagtilog. the other vowels being indicated by auxiliary marks. The word In the Semitic languages the characteristic element of time for ‘to write,’ sdlat, however, seems to be of native origin, but interrogative pronouns is an initial m, e. g. Hebrew rnd ‘what ?,‘ ‘to read,’ bdsa, is probably derived from San. bh6t~i ‘language.’ vii ‘who ?,‘ Arabic md ‘what?,’ man ‘who ?,‘ etc. This interroga- The word for ‘to compose’ kathd is also no doubt derived from tive rn is believed to be connected with the prefixed m which the Sanskrit katM ‘story.’ forms, among others, numerous nouns indicating place, e. g. Heb. There are many other interesting loan-words which do not ma’6r ‘place of higlmt, luminary’ from 6r ‘light,’ Arabic nidsjid come under the head of any of the preceding classes. I will, ‘place of worslmip, mosque’ from sdjada ‘worship,’ md/dab ‘a however, mention only a few. The ordinary word for ‘news’ writing-place, school’ from kdi~aba ‘write,’ etc. rfhe Tagdlog balita, which is used in this sense in the Tagdlog newspapers, particle an seems to be used in a ~vayalmost exactly parallel to seems to be derived from San. v5~rttd, which has the same mean- this Semitic ma. The word for the interrogative ‘what?’ in ing. The word for ‘jargon, unintelligible speech,’ is k6aoi, a term Tagdlog is an6, the essential element of which seems to be the derived from San. kavi ‘poet,’ which was no doubt originally syllable an, as appears from the interrogative adverb ‘scan applied to the language of the Sanskrit immigrants just as in ‘~vhere?,’ literally ‘in what.’ The particle an attached to various Java, where kawi is thename of thehalf-Sanskrit, poetical, written roots makes nouns of place, e. g. in’tThm-an ‘a vessel,’ from in’t’tnm language. The word for ‘fort’ is k6ta, derived from San. kota, so ‘to drink’; sagin~-an ‘banana orchard,’ from sdging ‘banana’; .it is not impossible that extensive fortifications were unknown n/chdn ‘head of a bed,’ from ~Vo‘head’; pea/ida’ place of feet of a before the advent of the . It is rather a remarkable fact bed,’ from pda ‘foot.’ rfhe last two derivatives are similar in that the common words for ‘face’ and ‘foot,’ mukhd and pda, are meaning to Heb. ~ mera’sh6fh ‘place where the head borrowed from San. inukha and pada. rests’ from r6sh ‘head,’ 2~I~ margel6tli place where the feet A number of words are given by Tavera, the derivation of rest,’ from regel~foot.~ JOHNS HOPKiNS 66 [Not 163. In Semitic the so-called intransitive verbs havc in the perfect the same form as their verbal adjectives, e. g. Heb. kab~d means state, was for what the Atharva Veda was for ancient both ‘to be heavy’ and ‘heavy,’ mal6 ‘to be full’ and ‘full,’ India. ~ qaf6n ‘to be small’ and ‘small.’ This likeness is in all proba- In the present paper, these two great magical collections have bility due to identity of origin, the parent Semitic forms qatil and been compared, the principal Babylonian materials used being the qatul being used as either verb or adjective. A similar likeness MaqtCL and Surpu series, the of ‘the Lifting of the Hand’ of form exists between the active stem of the special intransitive and the ritual tablets,t while on the Indian side Prof. Bloomfield’s verbal form in Tagdlog and the form of the adjective. Both are Hymns of the Atharva Veda has been chiefly employed. Ii made by prefixing the particle ma to the root, e. g. mct-b

the celebrated hymn to Varuna (iv, 16). In the Babylonian ritual tablets, that the haruspex (bdrd) shall not appear before incantations, the hymns to the Fire-god may be cited. the deity without an offering, for which, of course, the one who Numerous magical formuhe in which the name of an individual sought the services of the b6irit had to pay. is to be used in order to render the charm more effective, occur in There are apparently no Babylonian incantations for prosperity both collections. In the Babylonian it is apparently always the in the ordinary affairs of life, and no love charms, both of which name of the person in whose interest the incantation is recited, are well represented in the Atharva Veda. Nor do there seem to but in the Atharva Veda, owing to the twofold character of the be any Babylonian incantations which correspond to the Atharvan charms, it is just as frequently the name of the person to be hymns for the production and preservation of harmony in the bewitched. The long list of diseases, curses, sins, enemies, etc., family and the village assembly, though in the long list of sins which are very frequent in both magical collections, are due, given in the first tablet of the ~urpu series, sins of causing discord as in the preceding case, to the belief that the names made the among the various membeys of the family areexpressly mentioned. charm apply with greater sureness to the case in hand. A specific Atharvanic development, also, to judge, from our •Both the Babylonian and Atharvan incantations, in theinvoca- present knowledge, is the association and interweaving of cosmo- tion of a deity, often employ the most extravagant praise, the gonic and theosophic ideas with the magical charms. deity in question, however unimportant, being regarded for the There seems, therefore, to be no very striking similarity between time, as the greatest and most powerful of the gods. the magical collections of Babylonia and India; the comparison The various categories of Atharvan charms are represented to of Lenormant is true only in a most general sense. The Baby- a certain extent in the Babylonian incantations. The numerous lonian incantations, however, are preserved only in fragments, Atharvanic hymns which figure in the practices pertaining to the and possibly, with the acquisition of more material, the question life of the king, the ~jakarm&ni, have some analogues in Baby- may assume a new aspect. Until then, however, it is not probable lonian literature. The ritual tablets prescribe the ceremonies that a more detailed comparative study of the Babylonian and whereby the king is released from sin, while all the incantations Indian magical texts will yield very important or far-reaching to be recited after an eclipse of the moon, appear to be for the use results. of the king. These are very frequent in the Babylonian magical texts, but in the Atharva Veda there are no incantations for this THE SONNEBORN COLLECTION OF’ JEWISH purpose, and but small reference is made to either a lunar or solar eclipse. CEREMONiAL OBJECTS. Charms for protection against sorcerers and demons are frequent B~ WILLIAM ROSENAU. in both magical collections though occupying a much more [Abstract of a paper presented at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Bal- prominent position . in the Babylonian incantations than in the timore, April, 1903.] Atharva Veda. The symbolical use of images is a most marked Johns Hopkins University is the only University in this country characteristic of this class of practices among the Babylonians, —and perhaps in the entire world—which possesses a collection and is also not infrequent in the Atharva Veda, though here we of Jewish ceremonial objects. The collection was established in find it also in the love practices and in the royal rites. Among 1901, by Mr. Henry Sonneborn, of Baltimore. Although it has the deities called upon for protection in Babylonian incantations already grown considerably since then, it nevertheless promises to of this class, and the Fire-god hold the most prominent assume very much larger proportions. The object of its founder place. It is interesting to note that in the corresponding class of is to make it as complete and at the same time as valuable as pos- hymns in the Atharva Veda, a similar part is played by the sible. Now that a pretty fair nucleus has been created, only such fire-god Agni, and Indra, who may be compared roughly to the objects are to be added, which have special historical associations. warlike Marduk. That a collection of Jewish ceremonial objects is a necessity, In Atharvan charms for the expiation of sin, the idea of wiping not only in institutions where the Mishnah, the Talmud, and other off sin is quite common. In the Babylonian ritual tablets the Rabbinical works are studied, but also in such where Hebrew word for ‘to expiate sin~ is kuppurit, corresponding to the Hebrew instruction is confined to Biblical literature, a moment’s reflection kipper, the original meaning of which is not ‘to cover,’ as was will indicate. Apart from the fact that many institutions of formerly supposed, but ‘to wipe off.’ ancient Israel are still in vogue among Jews, and should therefore Charms for the cure of sickness and disease held a prominent be illustrated to persons studying the Old and New Testa- place in both Babylonian and Indian magic, but while the prac- ments, it is well-nigh impossible to obtain a clear conception of tices accompanying the Atharvan charms are fully given in the the appearance of a in Hebrew without exami- Siitra, there are comparatively few references to such practices in ning a copy of the scroll of the Law. An occasional visit to a the Babylonian incantatory literature. or to Jewish homes will not answer the student’s need. Prayers and charms for obtaining long life are found in both Regard for other people’s convictions will prevent him from prying collections, but in the Babylonian incantations such prayers seem into and handling things put by them to sacred use. Nor does always to occur in connection with prayers for other benefits, the collection in the National Museum, open for inspection, serve especially with prayers for the relief of sickness, while in the the student’s purpose. What the student requires is not a look at Atharva special charms are used for this purpose. ceremonial objects at some indefinite time, when chance may bring A very important and well-defined class of Atbarvan charms, him to Washington, but the immediate examination of the objects, is made up of hymils favoring gifts to the priestly cast, the when hearing or learning about them. It would not be at all Brahmans, and imprecations against the niggardly giver. With surprising, if in the course of a few years the need for collections of these may be compared, in a general way, the statement in the Jewish ceremonial objects should be more generally felt, and col- I5ee note 116 to Prof. Haupt’s paper on Babylonian Elements in the Levitic Ritual. lections become the rule rather than the exception in Universities. 68 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 163.

The Sonneborn Collection, occupying a ease 11 ft. 11 in. x 6 ft. C. Objects in use on special occasions. 11 in. on the third floor of McCoy Hall, contains 92 objects, (1) Circumcision knife with silver handle. which for the sake of convenience, may be classified into three (2) Knives for the ritualistic slaughtering of fowl, small and distinct divisions: large cattle. A. Objects in use in the synagogue proper. (3) Hebrew marriage-contracts (Heb. keth~tb6th) on paper and B. Objects in use in the home. vellum. C. Objects in use on special occasions. (4) Handsomely embroidered silk marriage-canopy (Heb. hn~pp6th). A. Some of the objects in use in the synagogue proper are: (5) Bill of divorce (Heb. g~(, ef. Assyr. gittu) on vellum. (1) A red velvet curtain, 10 ft. 21 in. x 6 ft., with the following embroidery. Scattered over the surface of the curtain are stars. The objects specified suffice to convey a fair idea of the charac- In the center is a richly studded crown with the letters ~fl the ter and purpose of the Sonneborn Collection. A complete abbreviation for The Crown of the Law, ~1~1jJI~P1fl below it. catalogue of the collection has been made by the writer of this Immediately under these letters is found, encircled by a wreath, paper and appended by him to his recent book on Jewish Cere- the inscription: I have always set the Lord before me ~VV ‘~i’~’ monial Institutions and Customs, published by the Friedenwald 1’~1~ ~ (Ps. 16, 8). All the embroidery is in gold, with the Company (Baltimore, 1903). exception of the crown, which is in silver. (2) manuscript on vellum, 2 ft. 21 in., mounted on rollers 3 ft. 21 in. SOME HEBRAISMS iN THE NEW TESTAMENT. (3) A linen wrapper for the scrolls with colored inscription. By WILLIAM RosENAU. (4) Richly embroidered red and white robes for Torah. [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental 5ociety, Baltimore, (5) Silver shield, pointer, and top pieces for Torah, elaborately April i7, 1903.] embossed and rich in filigree work. Hebraisms, in the sense of reproductions of Hebrew idioms, (6) Miniature Torah manuscript on vellum, 6 in., mounted on exist in the Authorized Version (AV) of the New (NT) as rollers 1 ft. high. A striking peculiarity of this scroll is, that well as in that of the Old Testament (OT). Althongh the every column of the text except the first begins with the letter former is translated from the Greek, it mnst be remembered, Wdw. that the original is not written in classical Greek. Upon (7) Scroll in vellum, containing the five Miegilloth; i. e., examination it is found to possess a decided Semitic flavor. Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecelesiastes, and Esther. It may be said to bear very much the same relation to the (8) Manuscript of the on vellum. classical Greek, as the so-called Yiddish bears to the German. (9) The ram’s horn (Heb. sh6f6tr) in various sizes. That the writers of the NT literatnre should have nsed a (10) Palm-branch (Heb. l~ldb) and citron (Heb. ethr6g) Hebraic Greek is but natural. They were, for the most part, receptacle in silver. natives of Palestine. They made the OT the basis of their (11) Seven-branched candelabrum in brass. thoughts. They qnoted extensively from the Pentatench, (12) Praying scarfs (Heb. tali~y6th) in silk and wool with Prophets, and Hagiographia. They nsed Semitic dialects in embroidered bags for carrying the same. their social intercourse. Many were Jews by birth. Had (13) Phylacteries (Heb. tefihlin) with necessary bags both in they expressed themselves in classical Greek, it is doubtful velvet and satin. whether the people they wanted to reach would have nnder- B. Objects in use in the home. stood them; cf. Rosenan, Hebraisms in the Authorized Version of the Bible (Baltimore, 1903) p. 81. (1) Amulets for door-posts (Heb. mez~2z6th) differing both in Gnstaf Dalman in his Grammatilc des ji~dischpaliistinensi- designs and sizes. schen Aramiiiisch (Leipzig, 1894) has discnssed the Aramaic (2) Ornament (Heb. mizrakh) usually suspended on the eastern words in the NT.* Arnold Meyer says in the preface to his wall of the Jewish home and showing scenes of the Holy Land. (3) Sabbath lamp in brass. book, Jesu Miuttersprache (Freiburg i. B., 1896) p. v: Ich i~ber- (4) Brass candlesticks for use on the table in the dining room zeugle mich, dass an cinen griechisch redenden nicht zu of the Jewish home on Sabbath eve. denicen ist; and ibid.; p. 63, Der griechisehe Text, in dem (5) Wine goblet in silver, with Hebrew inscription, used for uns heute die Reden Jesu vorliegen, ist jedenfals Ubersetzung. ** the sanctification of the Sabbath. While the language of Jesus and his disciples was, not (6) Silk cover for the bread cut after the sanctification of the Hebrew, but Western Aramaic, it is evident that the Western Sabbath with wine. Aramaic coincides in many cases with Hebrew idioms. Fried- (7) Spice-boxes in silver, used in declaring the Sabbath con- rich Blass,in his Grammatilc des Neutestamentlichen (Jriechisch, cluded after sundown on Saturdays. accentuates the Hebrew influence on the NT Greek and cites

(8) plate in silver, ‘handsomely embossed. In the * See the index of Greekwords at the end of his hook, and cf. E. Kantzsch’s Gsammatik hollow of the plate is seen the Angel of Death, passing over the des Biblisch-A~ arndiscbess. Mit einer Keitisehess EsSrterssng des asamdiaehess WSrles im house of an Israelite in Egypt, who, together with his family, is Neuess Tiestament (Leipzig, 1584) pp. 7—12. ** Professor llanpt has also called my attention to Welihansens paper in the Nacheich- awaiting Israel’s ‘redemption. ten des IL Gesselachaftdee Wi.ssenschaften zu G5ttingen (1895) p. 11; his Israelitische and (9) Several candelabra in brass, for the kindling of lights on Jiidisehe Geac/ijehie (Berlin, 1894) p. 312, n. 1; and his Skizzen ssssd Verarbeiten, part 6 (Berlin, 1899) pp. iv—viii. 188—194; ef. F. Schdrer, Ge.sehichte des jtidischen Velkes im Zeit- the Feast of Dedication (Heb. hanukk6th). alter Jesu Christi, third edition, vol. ii (Leipzig, 1898) p. 19. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIIWULA AS. 69

a great number of lexicographical and syntactical Hebraisms, sion: The father had given all things into his hands (John e. g., the use of the feminine instead of the neuter gender, as 13, 3); cf. All that he had in Joseph’s hand (Gen. 39, 6). in the case of the demonstrative pronoun; the use of the (9) Heart (Kap~3ia = or n~) is used for (a) reflexive pro- plural in some substantives; the peculiar use of prepositions; noun (if used figuratively); If that evil servant shall say in his heart (Matt. 24, 48); cf. If thou shalt say in thy heart the pleonastic use of the participle; and the use of parallelisms. Expressions which Blass regards to be Hebrew in character (Dent. 7, 17).—(b) mind: For this people’s heart is waxed gross t (Matt. 13, 15); cf. An understanding heart (1 K 3, 9). are e. g., Xa=~7~EpLOvo~LO~ (Tit. 2, 14) ‘a people peculiar,’ i. e., —(c) desire: Through the lusts of their own hearts (Rom. 1, ~r (Dent. 7, 6) ;—r~ ~ Kal. oo~ (Matt. 8, 29) ‘what have we 24); cf. Seek not after your own heart (Nuni. 15, 39)—(d) to do with thee?’ i. e., f~ ~‘ m~ (Jud. 11, 12) ;—/icLKcLpLo~ avrjp O~ midst: Three days and three nights in the heart of the earth (Jas. 1, 12) ‘blessed is tbe man who,’ i. e., ~ ‘-a’~ (Ps. 1, 1), etc., etc. Valuable as the results recorded in Blass’ grammar (Matt. 12, 40); cf. In the heart of the sea (Ex. 15, 8). are, they constitute only a small portion of what may be (10) (qiv~~ = u) is used for (a) life: If he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul (Matt. 16, 26); cf. My attained by careful study of the NT. Many Greek words with their corresponding renderings in AV are used in senses which soul was precious in thine eyes (1 5 26, 21). (b) person: their native connotations do not warrant, but which they have There were added unto them three thousand (Acts 2, 41); acquired as literal reproductions of their Semitic prototypes. cf. And all the souls that came (Ex. 1, 5).—(c) personal pro- noun: My soul doth magnify the Lord (Luke 1, 46); cf. My A. Nouns. soul shall live (Gen. 19, 20). (11) Father (war~p = nx) is used for (a) ancestor: Our father (1) Flesh (o-&p~ = ~cr~)is used for (a) muscles, fat and other Abraham (John 8, 39); cf. Brought your fathers out (1 5 tissues: For a spirit hath not flesh and bones (Luke 24, 39); 12, 6).—(b) first of a class: That he might be the father of cf. Well favored kine and fat fleshed (Gen. 41, 2).—(b) body: all of them that believe (IRom. 4, 11); cf. Father of all such Neither his flesh did see corruption (Acts 2, 31); cf. The hair as handle the harp (Gen. 4, 21). of my flesh (Job 4, 15).—(c) kinsman: Them which are my (12) Son (v~ = p) is used for (a) member of a class: Sons flesh (iRom. 11, 14); cf. He is our brother and our flesh (Gen. of men (Eph. 3, 5); cf. Sons of the prophets (2 K 2, 15).— 37, 27).—(d) creatures: And except those days should be (b) descendant: Son of David (Matt. 1, 1); cf. Ordinance to shortened there should no flesh be saved (Matt. 24, 22); cf. thee and thy sons (Ex. 12, 24). The end of all flesh is come before me (Gen. 6, 13). (e) man- (13) Daughter (Ov-y&r’qp = ru) is used for town: Tell ye the kind: And all flesh shall see the salvation of God (Luke 3, 6); daughter of Sion (Matt. 21, 5); cf. Let the daughters of ef. All flesh shall see it (Is. 40, 5.) be glad (Ps. 48, 11). (2) Blood (a4LcL ~) is used for (a) murder: I am inno- (14) Brother (J~eX~be~ = ni’t) is used for (a) fellow-country- cent of the blood of this just person (Matt. 27, 24); cf. Conceal man: Whosoever is angry with his brother without cause his blood (Gen. 37, 26).—(b) person: I have betrayed the (Matt. 5, 22); cf. A woman among the daughters of thy innocent blood (Matt. 27, 4); cf. Thou sin against innocent brethren (Jud. 14, 3).—(b) another: The mote that is in thy blood (1 5 19, 5).—(c)juice: And blood came out of the wine- brother’s eye (Matt. 7, 3); cf. Thou shalt not hate thy brother press (11ev. 14, 20); cf. the blood of grapes (Gen. 49, 11). in thine heart (Lev. 19, 17). Q3) Head (KE/cLK~ = ~‘~-~)is used for leader: Gave him to (15) Day (~dpa = ~‘) is used for time: In the days of Herod, be the head over all things (Eph. 1, 22); cf. the head of the the king (Matt. 2, 1); cf. In the days of Abraham (Gen. 26, 1). tribes (1 5 15, 17). (16) End (re’Xo~ = y~ or n~-~nie) is used for (a) fate: For the (4) Face (wp~owwov ~n) is used for (a) the personal pro- end of those things is death (Rom. 6, 21); cf. Then under- noun: Send my messenger before thy face (Matt. 11, 10); cf. stood I their end (Ps. 73, 17).—(b) extermination: The end Laid before their faces all these words (Ex. 19,7).—(b) surface: of all things is at hand (1 Pet. 4, 7); cf. The end of all flesh Ye can discern the face of the sky (Matt. 16, 3); cf. the face (Gen. 6, 13). of the waters (Gen. 1, 2). (oi~Ko~ = 6p.a = ~) is used for (a) unanimity (if pre- (17) House n~n) is used for (a) temple: How he went (5) Ilifouth (o-r ceded by one): That ye may with one mouth glorify God into the house of God (Luke o, 4); cf. House for the name of (ibm. 15, 6); cf. Declare unto the king with one mouth the Lord (2 Ch. 2, 1).—(b) family: The Lord give many unto (1 K 22, 13).—through: Which by the mouth of David spake the house of Onesiphorns (2 Tim. 1, 16); cf. house of their (Acts 1, 16); cf. By the mouth of Jeremiah (Ezr. 1, 1). fathers (Num. 1, 2).—(c) nation: The (Matt. (6) Eye (64OaX~&& ~v)is used for (a) intent: But if thine 15, 24); cf. house of Israel (Ex. 16, 31). eye be evil (Matt. 0, 23); cf. His eye shall be evil toward his (18) Judgment (Kpio-Is = o~’o) is used for (a) justice: He brother (Pent. 28, 54).—(b) personal pronoun: For mine eyes shall show judgment to the (Matt. 12, 18); cf. Give have seen thy salvation (Luke 2, 30); ef. Mine eyes even see- the king Thy judgments, 0 God (Ps. 72, 1). ~—(b) ordinance ing it (1 K 1, 48). fueb. heavy-hearted has the same meaning as our head-strong. (7) Voice (~wv~ = ~) is used for sound: The voice of thy According to Professor ilaupt ~ pioni~rn fq~ has a double meaning: it salutation (Luke 1,44); cf. The voice of your words (Deut. 1,34). denotes not only, Bestow en the king thy justice, hut also Execute judgment on him. The king is Ptolemy Lagi, and the king’s son is Ptolemy Philadeiphus. This Psalm seems to (8) Hand (xEip = i~) is used for (a) power: The son of man have been written in 285 a. c., when Ptolemy Lagi, the ‘second Nebuchadnezzar,’ shall be betrayed into the hands of men (Matt. 17, 22); cf. abdicated in favor of his son, Ptolemy Philadeiphus, the ‘second Cyrns.’ On equivocal phrases in Semitic ef. uaupt, The Book of C’antictes (Chicago, 1902) p. 43, n. 30; p. 48, Behold thy maid is in thy hand (Gen. 16, 6).—(b) supervi- a. 36; p. 52, a. 4. 70 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 163. or regulation: For true and righteous are his judgments (IRer. 19, 2); cf. The judgments which thou shalt set (Ex. 21, 1). THE DIPHTHONG Al IN HEBREW. By T. C. FOOTE. B. Adjectives. [Abstract of a paper presented at the meeting of the American Oriental 5ocioty, Baltimore, April, 1903.] (1) Great (fdycis — ~r~) is used for (a) high: Great mountain rihere is considerable haziness among Semitic scholars as to the (Rev. 8, 8); cf. great mountain (Zach. 4, ‘i’). (b) violent: nature of thesemivowels ~)and~. The Selnitic ~corresponds to the Great tempest (Matt. 8, 24); cf. great whirlwind (Jer. 25, 32).—loud: great lamentation (Acts 8, 2); ef. great cry (Ex. English w; in the same way is not a palatal spirant, but has the 11, 6).—(d) eventful: the great and notable day (Acts 2, 20); sound of i as in Iago.* Most Hebraists, however, pronounce ~ as a German w, or English v, saying s~s~tv, abiv,t or even abif, cf. Great shall be the day (los. 1, 11). which N6ldeke (Syr. Gr., p. 27, n. 1) justly calls a barbarous (2) Uncircumcised (&7-EpCr~~7To~ ,-c,) is used for faithless proounciation. In the same way is often pronounced as the and deaf: uncircumcised in heart and ears (Acts 7, 51); cf. 2s6viAt German ch in ich, e. g. ad6nAeh. But we should say st If then their uncircumcised hearts be humbled (Lev. 26, 41). (i. e., o-ovo-jov) avi~, ad6nd~. The majority of Hebrew grammarians regard~ and ~, not as C. Verbs. semivowels, but as consonants, and therefore they do not recognize diphthongs in Hebrew ; ~ but when considered in their proper (1) Know (ytyv~o-Ko — v~’) is used for heed or concern oneself: character as semivowels, it is plain that ~ and ~, preceded by The world knew him not (John 1, 10); cf. My God, we know vowels, form both proper and improper diphthongs. For exam- Thee (los. 8, 2). ple, proper diphthongs, in which the first vowel is short, occur (2) iJfalce (wod& ~‘v) is used for fashion: Who made the in ~ i~, von etc The proper diphthong a~ is heard in ~ heaven and the earth (Acts 4, 24); cf. God made the firma- ~ ~, ‘~, m, etc. The improper diphthongs, in which the ment (Gen. 1, 7). first vowel is long, occur as follows: 4~ e. g. in ‘~‘t~,; d~ in ~ etc.;

In addition to the use of Greek words in Hebrew senses tu j~ ~ ~u in ~ ‘ hack’ ~ ‘secure’ ; 6i in ‘~, ~Th;iii in ‘~, etc. attention should here also be called to some marked syntactical In the present paper I shall confine myself to the examination Hebrew constructions: of the diphthong ~ with occasional referencesto the diphthong ~. (a) The superlative: King of kings (~ /3acnXe~ T(OV/3cLcTLXEVOV- The forms already mentioned, such as n~, ‘ri, ~ etc_ as well ‘rwv) 1 Tim. 6, 15; cf. ~ ~ (Ezek. 26, 7). as ‘n~V, ~, i~ are plain examples of diphthongs; but we find (b) Genitive of attribute instead of adjectives of attribute or also n~ n~r rn~ etc_ with a Hireq under the (Hebraica 1, 74, N). description: Words of truth (JX~Oe[a~ f~ara) Acts 26, 25; cf. How is this Buireq to be explained? In n~, ~ etc., we find a n~ ‘~n~ Ecci. 12, 10.—Children of disobedience ( Segh6l under the ~,which has no satisfactory explanation. When 7-oZ~ v[oZ~ ri~ these forms are compared with Arabic bait, mayi, written with w7TEl~OELcL~) Eph. 2, 2; cf. children of pride (ynr ~~n)Job 41, Sukz2n, it is clear that they are diphthongal, aiid should be pro- 26.— Son of perdition (v~ii~ ri~ &woXe(a~) John 17, 12; cf. nounced bait, maut, maim, etc. (i. e., bitite, mowtIt, mime, etc.) and children of wickedness (~‘w ~n) 2 8, 7, 10.—Other expressions not as if dissyllabic, ba-yith, md-vet/i, ma-yim, etc., a nlispronuncl- noteworthy under this head are: Men of Nineveh for Ninevites ation which is no doubt influenced by the peculiar spelling. (Luke 11, 32) ;—llfen of Galilee for Galileans (Acts 1, 11);— But why are these forms not written with two Slmewds, ~, ~, Alien oj Judea for Judeans (Acts 2, 14) ;—Men of Israel for ~? In Syriac (Ndld., ~ 23, C) these diphthongs are treated as Israelites (Acts 2, 22) ;—Afen of Cyprus for Cyprians (Acts closed syllables l~___ ~‘~mamid in Hebrew the diphthong 4~, with ii, 20). short 4, is treated as a closed syllable in ‘m~r~ According to the (c) The relative position of two mutually dependent verbs, Massorah a Dagesh lene was expected after a final ~ in cases like one of which is finite: He fell upon his face and prayed (Matt. ‘, Is. 34, 11, (Ges.-Kautzsch, ~ 21, C). But the diphthong 26, 39), i. e. He prayed falling upon his face; cf. And God di is never treated in Hebrew as a close syllable—there is always spoke unto Moses and said (Ex. ;, 2), i. e. And God said, a Rap h~h after it when immediately followed by one of the nonxi~ speaking unto Moses. consonants, as in ~ etc. We should certainly expect the forms (d) The frequently occurring conjunction ‘for~ (-y&p), which r~, , etc. to be pointed with two Shew6ts, ~, ~ as we have corresponds to the Hebrew ~noften incorrectly translated also n1~, i~5p, ~ etc., but we find only ~ ‘valley’ with Shewd in the OT by for. under the~, when followed by X quiescent which does not take The examples cited are only a few of the great number of Shewd, just as we have ~ (i. e., ia~; see below). The pointing Hebraisms scattered throughout the NT. They are, however, with two Shewds under the last two consonants is limnited to cases convincing enough to prove the contention that the AV of the where the last consonant is non-spirantic or emphatic. NT has, through the medium of the Greek original, been In several old MSS ~ we find ‘n ‘Th~, ~, etc., with a dot under flavored, to a marked degree, by the spirit of the Hebrew the final ~. In appearance this dot is a Hireq, but is it really language. * Cf. naupt in Zcitschrtft fiir Assyriotogie, vol. ii (Leipzig, 1887) p. 262, n. 1; Beitrdge our Assyrielogie und veryleichenden sensitisehen Sprnchwissenschafi, vol. i (Leipzig, 1890) pp. 255, 328. t 5imilarly the Turks pronounce Arabic was v,e. g. evldd for auldd ‘children,’ psvm for iapno ‘day.’ ~See, however, Ges.-Kautzsch 5, m. Cf. Professor Ilaupt’s remark in the critical Notes on Numbers (in the Polychrome Cf. Ginsburg, Introdnetion to the (London, 1897) pp. 557, 609, 637, 770. Bible) p. 53, footnote (misunderstood in Ges.—Kaulzscb, 27th edition, 114, 0, note 2). I am indebted for these references to Professor Haupt. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS. 71

such? The same MSS also point ~ ‘to her,’ with a dot under form like n~ with the ending 4 (rr~) does not appear, like ri~ry~, the ~ (~) instead of within it. This dot is evidently not Htreq. with silent Sltewd under the ~, but, as rir~~ (Ps. 116, 15), with Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar states (~ 14, d) that in some MSS vocal Shewd, i. e. a form like ri~,. The vocalic character of this a Mappiq is placed under ~, e. g., ~, and under ~, as in ~ ‘cord,’ jj Shewd is apparent in pronouncing the diphthong, and this sound but, as was pointed out by Professor Haupt in his lectures on which is heard in saying n~r~ is represented in the Massoretic punct- Hebrew Grammar at the Johns Hopkins University, none of the uation by Segh6l. The same phenomenon is observable in the MSS collated by Ginsburg give instances of ~ with a dot. The form ~ where the semivocalic ~~ has Shew4 after the short final ~ in those cases has Shewd under it, and sometimes withir vowel, while in the apocopated form sq~ the ~ takes Segli6l after it, just as we find occasionally in cases like ~ aiS’hewdi within th the long vowel. n, above the Pdthahfurtive.* In this connection we may also consider forms like the Piel What is the original meaning of the dot under and Impf. with ~ consecutive, or forms where, for any reason, the in ~ and ~? Professor Haupt has called my attention to the preformative is pointed with Shewd. Every Hebrew scholar fact that we find in old Syriac MSS ~-i~y ‘act’ with superior dot knows that the Dagesh is always absent from this ~, while the (= l~~4 and ~i~v ‘servant’ with inferior dot (z xi~v), ~rnj~with Dagesh is never omitted from a preformative J~ or .~ under like superior dot (=~ ‘~) and l~to~? with inferior dot (~ ~ so the circumstances, i. e. when preceded by ~ consecutive and pointed dot under a consonant may be equivalent to the Heb. Shewd with Shewd. The grammars simply state that Dagesh forte may quiescens, Arat. Suki)n. If in certain Heb. MSS we find ~nwith be omitted in some consonants when pointed with Shew6t. Now ~‘, i~, a dot under the ~, it is an indication that the does not quiesce, such forms as have been described, e. g., arepronounced but forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel, just as a or by many scholars: u4~edabber, ~a~ebarek with vocal Shewd, as with SukiI~nin Arabic, or a final in spellings like ~, etc. In old though there were a Dagesh in the ~. This pronunciation is said Syriac MSS we find ~ for ~

the Grammar (notably ~ 10, g; and 13, c) and confornieO the Gou. 31, 54; 37, 25, Bmr inserts Dagesh in ~ paradigms of verbs meclice gerninata3 and medics ~ to these prii~ei- tut this Dagesh is not found in British Museum Orient. 4445, the pies. Moreover the latest edition of Gesenius’ ELc.ndwiiiterbi~eii oldest pointed Heb. MS. extant. Nor does this Dagesh occur in quotes some of these pointings without criticism. Arundel Orient. 2 (dated A. D., 1216); Orient. 2201 (A. D. But according to Professor Haupt this use of the and the 1246); Additional 9401—9402 (A. D. 1286); Harley 1528; Add. Dagesli is at variance with the usage of the best MSS. Ginsburg, 15250; Add. 15251; Add. 15252; Orient. 4227; Orient. 2626—28; in his I’rdrodact’ion to the lliassoretico- Untied Edition of the Hebrew Orient. 2348; Orient 2349; Orient. 2350; the first edition of the Bible (London, 1897) has for the first time put in compact form Pentateuch (Bologna, 1482); thefirst edition of the entire Hebrew the necessary data with which to test these changes in the text of Bible (Soncino, 1488); the Lisbon edition of the Pentateuch the Bible, but Kautzsch seems to have taken no notice of Gins- (1491); the second edition of the Bible (Naples, 1491—93); the burg’s statements rega]’ding these points. A co~nparison of such third edition of the ible (Brescia, 1494); the Comnpiutensian model codices, e’ ny MSS, and early editions, as are cited below, Polyglot; the first I4abbinic Bible by >hix Pratensis (Venice, shows that the vagaries we h~ ye mentioned have no authority 1517); Bomberg’s second quarto Bible (Venice, 1521); nor the and serve only to disfigure the sacred text. first edition of the Bible with the Massorah by b. Chayim The history of the introduction of these innovations is interest~ (Venice, 1524—25). ing, and furnishes a warning to scholars to verify their references. Similarly in ~ ~, Is. 42, 5, Brer has Dagesh in the

The rule as formulated by Baer-Delitzsch is to the effect that second ~, but this Dagesh is not found in the St. Petersburg when a word begins with the same conson~ sit us the preceding Codex (A. I). 916); Orient. 2201; Harley 5710—11; Arund. word ends with, as e. g. ~ a Dagesh is to he inserted in the Orient. 16; Add. 15451; Harley 1528; Add. 15250; Add. second of the two consonants to keep it from being absorbed in 15251; Add. 15252; Orient. 1478; Orient. 2091; Orient. 4227; the first consonant. This is said to be ‘in accordance with the Orient. 2626—28; the Lisbon edition of Isaiah (1492); nor in any correct MSS and in accordance with the rule that, when in two of the early editions cited above. words which belong to one anothe, the same two consonants In Is. 54, 17, ~mr points ~%‘, but the Dagesh is not found follow each other, the one at the end of one word and the other in the Codex Petnopol.; Orient. 2201 ; Harley 5710—11; Anund. at the beginning of the other word, the second of these conso- Orient. 16; Add. 15451; Harley 1528; Add. 15250; Add. 15251; nants is furnished with Dagesh.’ >~ The uthority for this rule, Add. 15252; Orient. 1478; Orient. 2091 ; Orient. 4227; Orient. and for theinsertion of this Dagesh, is not obtained from first baud 2626—28; non in any of the early editions. study of the MSS and editions in question, but the reader is In Ps. 9, 2, B r points ‘Z~?’Th~fl, but the Dagesh is not found in referred back to Heidenheim, who published ac edition of the Orient. 2201; Harley 5710—11; Arund. Orient. 16; Add. 15451; Pentateuch ~ ~ in Rddelheim, 1818 ~1 In ‘his work, Harley 1528; Add. 15250; Add. 15251; Add. 15252; Orient. Heidenheim has incorporated treatise entitled EyeJon the Reacten 2091; Orient. 4227; Orient. 2626—28; the first edition of the (X~j~ ~)by a celebrated Naqdcor, n~ med Yekuthiel. The Hagiographa (Naples, 1486—87); nor in any of the early editions. Naqdanim (i. e., i)unctuators) spun some very fine theories us to In Pc. 15, 3, B~ r points m’~v; also in Ps. 26, 4, ‘r~ ~v;Ps. the use of the vowel-points and other diacritical marks. Heidon- 165, 44, ~sis~ ~?0O; Ps. 197, 35 ~5 ~ ~“; Mal. 2, 2, heim quotes Yekuthiel to the effect that in the phrase ~, some ~?‘~Y; ~sthien J, 22 m’7~ ~‘h; but these Dageshes are not found Spanish codices have Dagesh in the ~ to guard it from being in any of the above named MSS nor in any of time editions (see

absorbed in the preceding ~. Heidenheim also states that this Ginsburg, op. cit., pp. 119—121).

practice obtained wherever two of the same consonants occurred, (2) Again, in regard to putting a —: under a consonant with one at the end of a word and one at the beginning of the next Shew&~ when followed by the same consonant, an annotator in MS word. Now, whatever Heidenheim may have meant by this, it Orient. 1478, in the British Museum states that the Naqdanim might have occurred to Bren to look up ~ in Heidenheim’s ordained that this should be done; e. g., ~ should have under

Pentateuch. It is found in sixteen places and in not a single the first ~. This is the rubric quoted by Brer and Strack,t but place is there a Dagesh in the Z But nevertheless Ilmer has they fail to quote the concluding words of the annotator—after inserted it in every instance where the expression occurs in stating what the Naqdanimn ordained, lie adds: But I have not his edition. found it so in the correct codices.

And to go a step further back, we find that Heidenheim has No . is found in Harley 5720 (A. D. 1100—20). This MS, misquoted Yekuthiel, who does not himself give any reason for which is next in importance to the St. Petersburg Codex (A. D. the Dagesh in the j, but simply states that ‘in some Spanish 916), is written in a beautiful Sephandic hand, with vowel-points codices the ~ has Dagesh.’ And it turns out that one or t~vo and accents. See e. g., Jud. 7, 6 where ~ is declared cor- isolated purists had taken upon themselves to insert a Dagesh in rect (n~~). The magnificent MS Anund. Orient. 16 (A. D. 1120) this phrase to correct such a false pronunciation as ;n.:; of. Gins- has no ~, e. g., rn~D Is. 1, 23 has and not under the ~; burg’s Introduetion, pp. 116—136. rn~Th Is. 2, 6, not ~‘~s’; ~ Is. 10, 1, not ~‘p~in~. Nor have The whole error, then, that has disfigured the Bmer-Dehitzsch Add. 4708; Add. 9398; with two exceptions, Josh. 6, 15 and texts and influenced the standard grammar, is due to Bmer’s tak- Jud. 10, 8, showing that this practice was being introduced into ing Heidenheiin’s word for what Yekuthiel did not say, and then MSS of the German schools; Add. 9399; Add. 9403, with one applying it to every instance in the Bible. exception, Gen. 42, 21; •Add. 9404; Add. 9405—9406; Add. (1) A few examples will now be given of the first point. In 9407; Add. 10455 (this MS. gives instances of tW~); Add. 15250; Add. 15252; Add. 21160; Add. 21161; Orient. 1379; * See Zeitsehrifl fiTh die gesammie luileer’ieche fiheologie sued Kirche vol. xxiv, (Leipzig, 1863) pp. 413, 414. ~ Dikduk5 Ha-§Ieemim, Leipzig, 1879, 14, p. 15, quoted by Ginsburg, op. cit., p. 466. JUNE, 1903.1 UNIVERSITY CIRCiJLARS.

Orient. 1468; Orient. 1472; Orient. 1474; Orient. 1478; Orient. in his famous Letire ~ 211. Dacier (1822) formulated a list of 2091; Orient. 2201; Orient. 2210; Orient. 2211; Orient. 2348; 117 hieroglyphic signs with what he conceived to be their Orient. 2349; Orient. 2350; Orient. 2364; Orient. 2369; Orient. Greek equivalents, but he never deliberately adopted the Greek 2370; Orient. 2375; Orient. 2626—28; Orient. 2696; Orient. alphabet as the basis of a definite system of transliteration. 4227; Earl of Leicester’s Codex; Ginsburg 1; G. 2; G. 3; G. 4; His recognition of the relationship between ancient Egyptian G. 5; G. 6. See Ginsburg, op. cit., pp. 488—765. and its modern representative, Coptic, suggested to him the (3) Finally, in regard to the insertion of a Dage8h iu conso- employment of the Coptic alphabet as the best means of nants which follow gutturals with simple Shewd, it is asserted represeliting the sounds of the older language, and his Gram- that this is emphatically attested by the Massorah4 It is true maire egyptienne, published in 1836, sonic four years after his that the Massorah has such statements as this: ~ with Dagesh, death, contains a list of 232 signs with Coptic transliterations. or ~Di~ with Rap huh, yet without specifying to what consonant Lepsius, in his Lettre ~ 211. Rosellini (1837) corrected many the Dagesh or Rap h~h belonged. Brer argues that if ~m ‘and errors ill this list, but did not at that time propose a different he bound’is to have Dagesh, it must be inserted in the D, because system of transliteration, and for many years the Coptic alpha- the preceding has simple She’wtv, and that when Rcrp1i~h is men- bet was regularly used by the followers of Champollion for tioned, no Dagesh is to be inserted. But Elias Levita (quoted by the transliteration of hieroglyphic texts. Chabas, the most Ginsburg, op. cit., p. 123) plainly shows that the earlier use of ardent supporter of this system, adhered to it until his death the words Dagesh and Rctph~h did not refer to the dot within in 1882, though he also employed the Roman alphabet for the a consonant and the absence of the dot, as the terms are now benefit of those who were not EgyptolQgists. used, but that the Massorah meant —— when it said Dagesh, and In the meantime, the great advantages offered by the use of or when it said Rap h~h. This makes it perfectly plain. Roman letters for the transliteration of Egyptian texts came The note referred to the ~, and meant that it should either to be gelierally appreciated, though no uniform system was have or -er. The following references will show that this inno- adopted. Each Egyptologist, indeed, followed a system of his vation has no MS authority. The MSS cited under (2) are own, and that not always consistently. Deveria, for example, against this innovation. Of also a particular instance, e. used three different methods in three transliterations made ~ Gen. 19, 7 where Brer points n~, but the Dagesh is not respectively in 1857, 1858, and 1868.t In Bunsen’s Agyptens found Orient. 4445, the oldest pointed Heb. Codex known ; Orient. Stelle in der Weltgeschichtc (English edition, 1848) the hiero- 2201 (A. D. 1246); Add. 9401—9.102 (A. D. 1286); Harley glyphic alphabet is reduced to seventeen sounds, all but two 5710—11; Harley 1528; Add. 15251; Add. 15252; Orient. being expressed by Roman letters, and Bunsen’s system, as 2348; Orient. 2349; Orient. 2350; Orient. 2365; Orient. 2626— later modified by Lepsius, forms the basis of all modern sys- 28; the first edition of entire Hebrew Bible (Soncino, 1488) ; the tents of transliteration. The first important step towards Lisbon edition of the Pehtateuch, 1491; the second edition of the uniformity of transliteration was taken at a conference held Bible (Naples, 1491—93); the third edition of the Bible (Brescia, in London, in 1854, when Lepsius proposed that “a standard 1494); the Complutensian Polyglot; Felix 1~ratensis’ edition of alphabet be adopted for the reduction into European charac- the ilabbinic Bible (1517), and the quarto edition (Venice, 1521). ters of foreign graphic systems and unwritten languages;’~ The only MS collated by Ginsburg which has Dagesh in the is Add. 15451, hut even this MS points ~ without Dcigesh in the but the conference adjournedwithout taking any action, chiefly second instance of this very verse. See also: Yekuthiel, Orient. because of the difficulty of accurately representing several 853; on Ez, 27, 22, Arund. Orient. 16; dd. 15451; on Job. Egyptian sounds by means of Roman letters. In his original 39, 19, Orient. 2091; Add. 15250; Orient. 2212. Cf Ginsburg, scheme Lepsius had reduced the sounds represented by the op. cit., p. 125 if. Egyptian alphabet to fifteen, but in his Standard Alphabet, Here then we have three principles which have been applied published in 1862, he increased the number to twenty-eight. throughout the entire Bible, and which are generally regarded His system was ultimately accepted by the Berlin Academy, by Hebraists as marks of special &Kp~/Seecc, while in reality they and was formally adopted at the Second International Congress are quite destitute of authority, not being found in the oldest and of Orientalists (London, 1874). All the symbols used by most correct MSS, nor in any of the early editions of the Bible~ Lepsius, with the single exception of the Greek x~ are ordinary Roman letters, sounds for which the Roman alphabet offers no equivalent being indicated by the aid of diacritical points. THE TRANSLiTERATION OF EGYPTiAN. But though Lepsius’ system, as a whole, found general accept- aiice, there was much diversity of opinion in matters of detail. J}y J~oirs TEACKLE DENNIS. Some scholars, for example, preferred accents to diacritical [Abstract of a paper read before the American Oriental 5ociety, Baltiasore, April 15, points, while others, like Maspero, Loret, and Petrie, discarded 19031. both points and accents, so far as possible, employing combi- The need of a system of transliteration which would clearly nations of letters in their stead. and simply express the sounds of the Egyptian language has On one point, at least, there was practical unanimity. From always been felt by Egyptologists, and within the last decade 5 Champollion, the time of Chainpollion until about ten years ago, it was the question has attained special prominence. generally agreed that the six hieroglyphic signs, the eagle, the 5ee ZeOschnft file (lie gesoeennte lutherioche IYeoleyie end icirche, vol. xxiv (Leipzig arm, the chicken, the reed-leaf, the double reed-leaf, and the 1863), pp. 413, 414. * Cf. F. Legge, The History of the Transliteration of E~yptian. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Aeckeolegy, vol. xxiv (London, 1102) pp. 273—252; cf. ibid., pp. 305—361 tAeetiqeeitio igyptiemnes du iUus6e do Lyoss (1857) ; Spicimeu des into rltations des Icri— and vol. xxv (1903) pp. 87—61. 102. 162, etc. teeres do t’onciensso Egypto (1858) ; Papyrus judiciuiro do Turin (1868). 74 JOHNS hOPKINS [No. 163. double stroke (a slanting parallel), were used to represent In the contioversy between the Berlin School and their vowels. In cases where a vowel was required by the pronnn- opponents, it has of course, been impossible to dissociate the ( ciation but was not expressed, a short e was conventionally 1llestion of transliteration from that which concerns the inserted. In 1892, however, two eminent German Egyptolo- Semitic affinities of Egvptian,tt and many eniinent Egyptol- gists, Adolf Erman, of Berlin, and Georg Steinclorff, of ogists still reject the allied theories of a distinct relationship Leipzig, advanced the theory that the hieroglyphic system of between Egyptian and Semitic, and of the purely coiusonantal writing was purely consonantal, the vowels, as in Semitic, not character of hieroglyphic writing. Nevertheless, the doctrines being indicated, and advocated a system of transliteration in of the Berlin School are gaining ground, and it is a signifi- conformity with this view.t The advocates of this theory, cant fact that they are very generally accepted by the rising who are usually teruied the Berlin School, also believe that a school of Egyptologists. The combdeuce of the advocates of definite relationship exists between Egyptian and Semitic, these views in their cause is exenuplified by a reniark of Dr. but, as regards the question of transliteration, the chief differ- Breasted, of the University of Chicago, who says (PSBA 24, ence between the Berlin School and their opponents lies in the 359) : “The evidence is so conclusive, that the liext generation fact that by the former the six hieroglyphic characters cited will most certainly wonder how the question could ever have above are regarded as consonantal signs, while by the latter been discussed at all after the piiblictttion of the evidence.” they are held to represent vowels. Tn Erman’s Agyptische Iii the meantime, the adoption of a uniform systeni for the Grammatile (1894) they are transliterated as follows: the transliteration of Egyptian a~pears to be a very reniote eagle: ~, representing ileb. ~; the arm: ‘, corresponding to possibility. ______Heb. v; the chicken: w, equivalent to Heb. ~; the reed-leaf. ~, the double reed-leaf: y; and the double stroke (a slanting EGYPTiAN STONE IMPLEMENTS. parallel): i. The last three correspond, broadly speaking to Hebrew ‘.§ By JAMES TEACKLE DENNIS. The opponents of the Berlin School have as yet adopted no [Abstract of a paper read before thu American Oriental 5ociety, Baltimore, April 16, uniform system of transliteration, but, as regards the six 1901]. characters in question, the transliteration employed in Petrie’s In view of the great interest attached to Dr. W. M. Fhinders History of Egypt (fourth edition, 1899) may be held fairly to Petrie’s recent discoveries at Abydos,d and the many l)aleolithic reflect their views. In this work the signs are transliterated, and neolithic tools and weapons found in that vicinity, it may in the order given above: a or 4, a or 1, u, a, y, and i. These vocalic values are derived from a number of cases in which Coptic appears to present a vowel where the corresponding ~‘ Egyptian word has one of the above hieroglyphs, and froni a comparison of the transliterations of Greek and Latin proper names into hieroglyphics and vice versa. But the correspond- ence is, at best, only partial, and the vowel system thus attributed to ancient Egyptian is a variance with that which prevails in Coptic. On the other hand, it appears from a mass of evidence that the Coptic consonants w and y are represented by the hieroglyphs to which these values are assigned by the Berlin School, and the hieroglyphs correspoiiding to Seniitic ~ and v can be clearly identified from a considerable number No. 1. of Palestinian proper names transcribed in Egyptian texts of the nineteenth dynasty. Although these gutturals are no longer to be found in Coptic, ** they have nevertheless made their influence felt in certain clearly marked phonetic phe- nomena. The contention of the Berlin School is, nioreover, strongly confirmed by Kurt Sethe’s great work Das agyjptische Verbum (Leipzig, 1899—1902) in which the subject of Egyp- tian phonology is most comprehensively treated, and the phonetic values of the letters of the hieroglyphic alphabet are thoroughly investigated through all the periods of the language. No. 2. ~~f.Erman, Das Ver/editniss des Agyptisc/een en den Semi/iscleen Sprachen, ZDMG 46, 93 if. 5teindorif Das altdgyplische Alphabet send seine Usnsch, eibnssg, ibid., pp. 709 If interest the members of the American Oriental Society to see See also Beitodge cur Assyrisisgie, vol. i (Leipzig, 1890) p. 327 (ad p. 236) and p. 328 (ad p. 266, n. 44). a few stone iniplemnents recently obtained ill Egypt. All were II Of. Professor Johnston’s paper In the Jehns Hop/Aces University Otren/As’s, No. 145 found by me at various i)0i11t5 between Abydos and Thebes, (May, 1900) p. 37. Of. Beils’dge sar Assys’ielegie, vol. i (Leipzig, 1890) p. 297, 1. 14. ** 95 was doubtless pronounced, though not graphically represented; of. steindorW ~ Qf. Erman, Die F/er/ow c/es ugyptisehen Verbums in the Proceedings of the Berlin Keptische Gruenmutik, (Berlin, 1894) 13, n. Academy (Jan—June, 1900) pp. 317—353. * (]/ 1~. hi. hinders Petrie, Abydes (London, 1902). JUNE, 1908.] UNIVERSITY CiRCULA I?S. 75

with the exceptiou of the spear-head, which was purchased at from English iiito Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and Etbiopic, and Akhmiiu. The use of stoue iiupleiueuts exteuded from the from Hebrew and Arabic iiito Assyrian. During the past earliest kuowu times dowii to the VI. clyuasty, so that these year also exercises for translation from Assyriaii into Sumerian speeimeus may fall iii the early historical period. The first have been added. two are probably ehippers or flakers, used iii the iuauufacture Within the last few years, several modern cuneiform com- of other iiupleineuts. No. I is about 4.5 iii. bug, 2.4 iu. wide, and 1.25 in. thick. It is a yellowish jasper, with black streak- ings; the jasper is of very poor quality, aud fliuty. No. 2 is about 3.8 in. bug, 3.1 in. wide, aud 2.1 in. thick. It is a gray tliut with white incrustation—evidently a worked uodule. The fractures are very deep ou the upper side aud both speci- incus appear to have beeu cbipped down to a comparatively level surface ou the nuder side. It

is possible that No. 1 is au unfinished ax-head, -~ judgiug froiu the iiideutatiou ou oue side. The two specimeus of knives (No. 3 and No. ~)t are very crude, aud the smaller may be only a fliut flake; but as such flakes were ofteu used as ~ knives, it may not be incorrect to consider them ~ both in this light. The poiut of the larger (No. 3) is still iu good coudition,

isthoughchippedthefromedge isa darkquite greenrough.rock,It N with browii point, and measures 4.5 in. iii leiigth, and 1 in. in breadth. Tbe small square-ended flake / (No. 5) is a very fine specimen.

According to Dr. Petrie (Abydos, N vol. i) the square-ended flakes ap- pear late in the prehistoric period, ~ and are especially frequent under \ Khasekhemui, ceasing with the end No. 5. b~o. 3. of the III. dynasty. It is a brownish flint, with very sharp edges, and highly polished, a little over 2.5 in. long and 1.1 in. wide. Its use cannot be ascertained with certainty. The shank of the spear-head is missing, but what reniains is an excellent example of the stone-work of the early Egyptian period. It is a good quality of yellow jasper, about 4.5 iii. long, 1.75 in. wide, and quite thin. The chippiiig oii both sides is very carefully doiie, and the edges are quite sharp. The last three specimens may be compared with similar speci- incus figured and described by Petrie in A6ydos, vol. i.

A MODERN CUNEIFORM CONGRATULATORY MESSAGE.

By Wm~m. G. SEIPLE.

From the beginniiig of the organization of the Oriental positions have been published by the Oriental Seminary of the Seminary of the Johns Hopkins University in 1883, special Johiis Hopkins University. Au Assyrian translation of the stress has been laid on the acquirement of a practical com- Siloam inscription was appended to Dr. F. F. Blake’s paper mand of the various Semitic idionis. In addition to exercises on the word ~ir, read at the meeting of the American Oriental in Hebrew and Arabic conversation, Professor Haupt has Society in New York, April, 1901 (See JAOS 22, C0).~ conducted, weekly through the year, written exercises in When the leading Oriental publisher of Germany, Mr. IRost, Semitic Prose Composition, in which the students translate celebrated, on Aug. 1, 1891, the centennial anniversary of the

-~ fJf. the notes on the English translation of the nook of Joshua in the Polychrome * ~f. the Assyrian translalion of navid’s Dirge on the death of Saul and Jonathan, Bible (New York, i599) p. 62, 1. 5. above, p. 116. 76 JOHNS FIOPKINS [No. 163. establishment of the firm of J. C. Hinrichs, Leipzig, he Xumeru~, Etdculu~, Pindaru.~, received from Professor IDelitzsch and Professor ilaupt a clay Supu1cli~, Tu1cndidi~, tablet ~ with a cuneiform congratulatory message. The text of this tablet was composed by Professor Haupt, and accom- ma ilmi anni inatalii-lci’t-ma ixdd’4. panied by a transliteration and a German translation prepared 25 ebrelca ana baldi nap~dti beli’a by Professor Delitzsch. A transliteration of the cuneiform n9alli~9 1cdli~unu. text with an English translation was published by the Fellow melamme ~umi1cama berini in Semitic, Dr. J. D. Prince (now Professor of the Semitic lca’dn6t-ina dlii libib limmir Languages in , New York) in the Johns ana matima ana ~dt

made at the village of Magdola in the southern part of the Fay- RECENT PAPYRUS FINDS IN EGYPT. yt~im. 1ini. During the The Germans are also working in the Fayyi By WM. G. SEIPLE. winter of 1901—1902, while the expedition sent out by the [Abstract of a paper read before the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, April 15, Deutsche Orient— Gesellschaft, of Berlin, under the leadership 1903.] of Ludwig Borchardt was excavating the ruins near Abusir Within the last few years, quite a number of interesting (the ancient Busiris), they came upon a grave-yard of the Greek, Hebrew and Greek papyri have been discovered in Egypt. In or Ptolemaic, period. Here they found a wooden coffin. Near 1892 an ancient MS of the LXX was found, written in the the head lay a broken little leather bag with pieces of sponge, uncial character and containing the greater part of the Book of some rusted iron, a carved piece of wood, and a roll of papyrus. Zechariah and part of Malachi. W. H. Hechier, who described On opening the roll, it was found to be very nearly four feet long, this MS in the Trawsctctions of the Ninth International Congress inscribed on one side only and containing five columns of Greek verse in ancient characters. Dr. I{ubensohn, who is commissioned of Orientalists (Vol. ii, p. 331) assigned it to the period before 300 A. D. In the summer of 1897, Dr. Schechter, now President by the Berlin Museum to secure Greek papyri in Egypt, was of the Faculty of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, hastily summoned from Cairo and pronounced it the long-lost New York, found in the Cairo Genizah collection of papyri at poem The Persians of Timotheos of Miletus. The papyrus was Cambridge, England, several leaves of the long-coveted Hebrew unrolled and photographed on the spot, together with the still coherent fragments. The original is low in the Museum at original of Ecelesiasticus. These fragments he and C. Taylor Berlin. afterwards published under the title of The Wisdom of Ben-Sira (Cambridge, 1899); cf. also Facsimiles of the Fragments hitherto Ulrich von Wilamowitz-M6llendorfl in an appendix to the Sept. number (1902) of the Mittcilungen of the Orient- Gesellschaft recovered of the Book of Ecelesiasticus in Hebrew (Oxford and Cambridge, 1901) and Hermann L. Strack, Die Spri~che Jesus, of Berlin, gives an interesting account of the contents and general des Sohnes Sirachs (Leipzig, 1903). character of this MS. The volume consists of six broad columns. The first column is In arecent number of the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology (Feb., 1903), Mr. S. A. Cook gives an interesting ahnost entirely lost. Of the second, more than half is preserved, but not a single line is perfect. The third column is complete, account of the oldest Heb. MS of any kind in existence and the with the exception of a few words. Of the last column, only four oldest fragment of any Biblical text. The oldest dated Biblical MS is the St. Petersburg Codex of the Prophets, 916 A. D. The lines areleft. The lines are irregular in length and do not end in Heb. papyri in the Berlin Museum belong perhaps to the 7th a complete word but a complete syllable. No regard is had to verse division. A change in the thought is indicated by a new century. The undated Heb. MS ‘Oriental 4445’in the British Museum, was probably written about A. D. 820—850; cf. Gins- stanza. The principal sections are indicated by a mark in the burg, Introduction to the Massoretico— Critical Edition of the left margin. Once, where the poem proper ends, we find in the left margin Hebrew Bible (London, 1897) p. 469, and A Series of XV Facsimiles of ]JISS. of the Heb. Bible published by James Hyatt something which may correspond to the later coronis, but which looks very much like the picture of a bird. Scribal errors abound. (London, 1897) pl. i. An epilogue follows the poem, in which the author mentions his The papyrus which Cook describes consists of four sheets name. A blessing on the city where the poem is recited forms cqntaining in twenty-four lines the Decalogue and the Shema’. The Decalogue follows, in the main, the Deuteronomic recension. the conclusion. Wilamowitz-Mdllendorff considers it the oldest The text is without vowel-points, accents, diacritical marks, or Greek book, probably older even than the founding of the Alex- andrian Library, and much older than the MSS of Plato and verse-division. To the Shema’ is prefixed the following intro- Euripides taken from the coffins in the Fayyflm. He thinks the ductory clause, found only in the LXX and the old Latin version: papyrus was written in Miletus or Memphis, probably 330 or 290 And these are the statutes and the judgments which Moses com- B. C., and that its owner was probably buried far back in the manded the children of Israel in the wilderness, when they went fourth century. forth from the land of Egypt. It may be of interest to note that this MS differs from the Massoretic text, in certain readings, more The Persians, which has thus been recovered, is the only specimen that we possess of the Greek nomos, a kind of musical than any other known MS, but where it does differ, it is generally composition, intended to be sung as a solo by its author, but supported by the LXX. Cook considers the form of the text pre-Massoretic, but on paheographic grounds, assigns the papyrus unfortunately the musical notes are wanting. The motif from to the 2d century of our era. which it derives its name, is the great naval victory of the Greeks At present, three European expeditions are conducting explora- over the king of Persia. Where the text first becomes intelligible, we have the picture of a sea-fight, with the rushing and thrusting tions in Egypt. Because of the climate, their work is entirely of the ships and the hurling of stones and fiery arrows. In the confined to the months of January, February, and March each third column, where the text becomes more coherent, a drowning year. The English expedition, under Greenfell and Hunt, has man is introduced. He curses the hateful sea, but still hopes his been working in the Fayyfim and at el-Hibeb, on theright bank of master, the Persian king, will be victorious. The Persian fleet the Nile, not far from Oxyrhynchus, where the famous Logia of flees; then are heard the complaints of the castaways, who, naked Jesus were discovered. At el-Hibeh, they found a grave-yard and stiff with the cold, are sitting on the rocks. They are inhab- of the Ptolemaic period. The corpses were wrapped in leaves of itants of Asia Minor, who long for home and pray to their native papyrus, some of which were inscribed. gods. The victorious Greeks take these survivors captive. Then The French are working in the Fayyfim under the leadership a Pbrygian is introduced, who, in his plea for mercy, murders of Pierre Jouguet, aiuid Qusttwe Lefebre. Excavations have been 78 JOHNS IIOPKINS [No. 163. the as horribly as does the Scythian archer in brated some great victory over their enemies with songs. Besides Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusce. Then fbllows the flight of the these songs of victory, there are also house-songs, street-songs, king’s retinue and the simple but elevated tragic speech of the songs of the rowers, lullabies, elegies, dirges, romantic poems, and Persian king, in which he orders the retreat of his forces. the kundiman or love-song, in which the gallant lavishes enthusi- Wilamowitz-M6llendorff has just issued, under the auspices of astic phrases and exaggerated comparisons on the lady of his the German Orient-Society, a magnificent facsimile edition of thoughts. this interesting papyrus, and also a critical edition of the Greek In the romantic poems, princes and princesses of high-sounding text, with aphilological commentary; cf. Die Perser des Timotheus names and imaginary kingdoms figure. In some gloomy forest, ron Milet. Aus cinem Papyrus von A busir un Ai~ftrage der the beautiful princess, tied to the trunk of a tree, sighs, calls up Deutschen Orient- Geselisehaft herausgegeben ron Ulrich von memories of the court, and utters the name of her lover. In some Wilamowitz-M6llendorff (Leipzig, 1903) — Part 3 of the Wissen- mysterious manner, the unknown knight appears in the forest, schaftliche Ver~ffentlichungen der Deutsehen Orient- Gesellschaft.* liberates the lady, and returns with her to the court, where they are married and receive the king’s blessing and the greetings of the people. TAGA~LOG POETRY. The most characteristic and essential thing in Tagdlog poetry is the assonance of the final syllables of the verses of a stanza. The B~ WM. G. SEIPLE. vowel of the last syllable must always be the same in all lines of [Read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore April 18, 1903.] a stanza. There are two general classes of assonant syllables: those ending in a consonant and those ending in a vowel. Those When the Spaniards conquered the Philippines, about the final syllables which end in a consonant may again be divided middle of the sixteenth century, they found the Tagalogs in into two classes: those which end in b, k, d, g, p, s, t, and those possession of an alphabet of their own. This primitive alphabet which end in 1, m, n, the guttural nasal ng, y, and w(o). was very imperfect. There was no means of expressing a conso- Examples of the first kind of consonontal assonance would be nant without a following vowel. Every consonantal sign, unless the words l6ob, heart, ending in ob; sig6k, to sob, ending in ok; marked by a special vowel-point, indicated the combination of loh6d, to kneel, ending in od; hand6g, to offer, present, ending in the consonant with a following a. og; sdkop, to redeem, ending in op; tib6bos, true, ending in Os; By means of a pointed piece of iron, or a knife, they wrote and balaki6t, a fickle man, ending in ot: of the second kind of these characters on the stout stems of the green cane, and on the consonantal assonance the words mahdl, noble, ending in al; leaves of the palms, the banana, and other trees. These charac- tamtdm, to join, ending in am; masongd6an, to attain, ending in ters are said to have been written from below upward, in vertical an; and bilang, to number, ending in the guttural nasal ng. columns as in Chinese and Japanese, beginning at the left and A word, having one of the endings in the first group, as b, k, d, ending on the right. Some also wrote horizontally from left to etc., can not be used in assonance with aword having the endings right, but this mode of writing is probably due to Spanish of the second group, 1, m, n, etc. Within these groups themselves, influence. as was already stated, the vowel must be always the same. A This ancient character was gradually abandoned for the simpler word ending in ab could not be used in assonance with one ending Roman character, as the Spanish conquest was extended and in o b or ib. Words ending in the semi-vowels 1, m, n, and the closer communication opened with the natives. In 1745 the friar guttural nasal ng can, however, be used in assonance with words Sebastian Totanes wrote that the native who knew how to read ending in the diphthongs ay, au(ao, aw), oy, and io(iu), the last these ancient characters was already rare, and he who knew how element of the diphthong being regarded for purposes of asso- to write them, rarer still. At the present day, the natives have nance as the consonants y and w: for example, the words, dlay, to no recollection of them whatsoever. offer, ending in ay; pPkao, to awaken, ending in ao; dsal, custom, No considerable portion of this ancient literature seems to have ending in al; 6igam, memory, ending in am; alan~dn, to be beenpreserved, although we have references to native manuscripts. insufficient, ending in an; and bilang, to number, ending in the Tagdlog literature at the present day may be grouped under guttural nasal ug. three heads: Assonant syllables ending in a vowel, may also be divided into 1. The religious literature, consisting of catechisms, manuals two kinds, and to distinguish between the two kinds is one of the of doctrine, etc., translated by the friars of the various orders greatest difficulties in Tagdlog poetry. into the native idiom. One of the most important of these is The first kind, consisting of wordswhose final vowels take h or n that of the Franciscan Totanes, which contains directions before the suffixes in and an of the passive imperative, is known for the celebration of the various sacraments of the Roman as ]Ifadiin or Miadiim, ‘pressed down, confined,’ a term also applied Church. to tbe peculiar guttural accent of certain final vowels, which is 2. Native newspapers. The most important of these, contain- usually indicated by a circumflex. ing articles in Tagiilog, is La Solidaridad, published in Madrid in The following is a specimen of the assonance known as Macliin: the interest of the natives during the last years of the Spanish masayd, happy; hangd, landmark; talag6t, to prepare; and may- regime. Another of these Tagiil6g newspapers is El Heraldo de sdla, sinner. All these words end in a and take the increment of la Revoluci6n, the organ of the short-lived Philippine Republic. h or n in the passive imperative, as e. g: saydhan, hangdhan, 3. Tagdlog poetry, which, according to some authorities, had talagdhan, salduan or sdnlan. its rise at the festivals of thanksgiving, where the natives cele- The second kind is known as Mabd ban, probably from b&bau, ‘above or over,’ and consists of words whose final vowels do not ~cf. Profeasor Gildersleeve’s remark in the Americcn Jeurnal ef Philelegy, vol. xxiv (Baltimore, 1903) p. 111’. admit of the increment h or n before the suffixes in and an. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVEBSITY CIBCULAI?S. 79

The following is a specimen of the assonance known as IFfab6tbau: In a dark and solitary wood, hiyd, shame; h~pa, earth; haiimb6twa, example; and kaawadwa, Where the thorny brake left no space, favorable. None of these words admit of the increment h or n, And where it was difficult for the rays of the sun as, e. g.: hiyin or hiydn, iupdan, haiimbaw6tam, and kaaw6tam. To visit its very tangled interior, In the case of vocalic assonance, as in consonantal, the vowel Great trees offered only of the final syllable must always be the same. A word ending in Affliction, sadness, and melancholy; a can not be used in assonance with one ending in i or o, either The song of the birds also was mournful, in ]J~fadiim or JIfab& ham. Even to the merriest and happiest hearts. The Tagdlog meters in general consist of seven, eight, twelve Religious Poems. or fourteen syllables to the verse, and three, four, five, or even eight verses to the stanza. A few specimens of Tagdlog poetry P6om yaring (tkimg i6ob Lord, this my mind (heart) may serve to illustrate the preceding remarks. tumgmat6im~is sumisigok Weeps and sobs. A stanza of three verses with seven syllables to each verse: piiso ko po’y iungmoioh6d My heart, Lord, bows down, Magkapat~d man b6o, Although you are brothers, naghah6tit maghahand6g Offers and presents Thy saving passion, kundi kapov& st’tyo If not helpful neighbors, kahir6tpam mong sumdkop p6iramgpinning maidyo. You are like distant cOusins. paga6idya mong tib6bos Thy pure defense sa kap6ti mong baiaki6t. Of Thy fickle creature. A stanza of four verses with seven syllables to each verse: Amygracia mopomgmahdi Thy noble grace, Lord, 4Eat6tas main amg bond6k Although the mountain is high, sa i6ob mdmi’y itamt6tm Has been added (joined) to our mamt6ty man sa bak6od Even if you are on a high place, at mang dmimg masomgd6am hearts y&mang mapagtaiokt6k Even if you reach the summit, ionaih&timg dimabiiang. In order that we may attain to Tothe bottom youwill come down, sa pant6ty dim admod. Glory ineffable. or more freely: No one is nearer the ground than he who is highest. The commonest meter is that of four or more verses with eight THE TAGALOG NUMERALS. syllables in each verse, as, e. g.: B~ WM. G. SEIPLE. JiYtso ko’y iuiutamgizitamg My heart hesitates [Abstract of a paper read before the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, April 18, sa gitm6t namg kadagdtam, In the midst of the sea; 1903.] ang 6kir~g timitimb6iamg But my pole-star is Of the number of native dialects spoken in the Philippine titig mamg matd i6tmamg. The desire to gaze steadfastly on Islands, the so-called Tagtilog is undoubtedly the most important. thy eyes. We find in this dialect two systems of numeration, an older, House-song. native system and a later system, strongly affected by Spanish [given the samp6tga /* influence. These two systems apply only to the numerals above Abit ayd kasampicga Alas, 0 thou to whom I have twenty. From one to twenty, there is only one system of numer- namgp6may ma oiiia Alas for the orphan dove! ation, which is of native origin. Both systems, like those of the kum umamb6’ypagsiitp ma When it rains, although it chirps, Semitic and Indo—European families, are decimal systems. waiting magkopk6p mamit. It has no mother to cover it. The first ten numerals are the following: is6t, daiaw6t, tati6, 6tpat, iim6t, dmim, pit6, wai6, siy6im, p6io or p6wo. The numerals Lullaby. two and three, daiawti and tati6 respectively, are reduplicated Iii ii ma, hili ka na Bye-bye, bye-bye thou, forms of iaw6i and ti6, as is shown by comparison with the cognate Hili ka na, hili ka Bye-bye thou, bye-bye thou, languages and also by the formation of the ordinals in Tagtilog. Hili ka. na b6tta ka Bye-bye thou, baby thou, These, with the exception of ‘first,’ are made by prefixing ikd to 31at6log ka na bira. Sleep, dear one. the cardinal, ‘second~ and ‘third~ being ikaiawd and ikati6 Ang In6t mo’ywaid pa, Thy mother is still away. respectively, not ika~iaiawci and ikatati6. N=tpuipa namg sampdga She has plucked samp6tga flowers ‘Ten~ is p6io or p6wo when counting consecutively. Otherwise, Isasdbog sa lila. To put on the altar. it is samgp6wo, contracted from is&mg p6wo, literally ‘one ten.’ The word hiii seemsto be an exclamatory word like our bye-bye, In Tagdlog, words which stand related to each other as modifier ia ia. and word modified, as the adjective and its noun, and the adverb Romantic Poem. and its verb, arejoined by a connective particle called a ligature. This is the guttural nasal mg with words ending in a vowel or m, Sa isdmg madiiim g~ibat ma mapangi6to and ma with words ending in other consonants, as for example: dawdg ma matimik ag waidmg pagitam ‘good man,’ tdwo-mg mab~iti; ‘strong man,’ maiak6ts ma t6ewo. h6tios nag hihirap amg kay F~bomg siiamg When, therefore, in the higher compound numerals, two words dum6tiao sa i6ob na iubh6tng manikai. stand together in the relation of modifier and modified, they are lllaiaiaking k6ihoy amg imihahamd6g usually joined by the ligature. pdwang daiamh6tti, kahapida’t iomgk6t, The numerals from 11—19 are formed by prefixing iabi, ‘in hiZmipa mang ibom, ay nakaiubimos excess, over,’ and joining it to the following unit by the ligature; sa idiong matimpi’t magsasaydmg i6ob. as ‘eleven,’ labing is6t, i. e., ‘one in excess of ten, one over ten.’

* A flower like thejasmine. We may compare with this the German numerals eif and zwiiif, 80 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 163. which appear in Gothic as ainlif and twalif, ‘one over and two The units with prefixed kd, like katl6, seem to be remnants of an over,’ the Old High German einlif and zwelif and the Lithuanian older system of forming the tens by abstract derivatives of the 6dika, dv~lika, etc. The element numerals from 11—19, e. g. veni~ unit. In a similar way, in Semitic, the tens are made by pluraliz- hf in Germanic and uk in Lithuanian is connected with Greek ing the unit, the plural idea and the abstract idea being closely XELWOJ, Latin unquo, English leave. allied. For example, just as in Tag6iog from bandl ‘virtuous’ Above twenty, as was stated before, there are two ways of we form ka ban6tlari, ‘virtue,’ in the same way we say in Vis~yan counting. The older native system is now practically aban- kaluhaan ‘twenty’ from duha ‘two,’ and kapatan ‘forty’ from apat doned, the later system, based on Spanish influence, being the ‘four.’ The ka seems to be the essential part of the abstract only one in use at the present day. According to the latter formation, since in Vis~yan, abstracts are regularly formed with- system, the method of counting is as follows: above ten there are out an, as kaputi ‘whiteness,’ and kaayo ‘goodness’ from puti special numerals for the powers of ten, viz., one hundred, one ‘white’ and ago ‘good,’ and with these Yis~iyan abstracts, forma- thousand, ten thousand, and one hundred thousand. ‘One hun- tions like katl6, kdjpat in these intermediate numbers in Tag~ilog dred’is sanqddan or isdng d6tan; ‘one thousand’ is sang libo or are to be compared. It is worthy of note that, while in Tagdlog is6tnq libo; ‘ten thousand~ is sang laksd or isdng laksd; and ‘one the formation with ka and an is used in the formation of abstracts, hundred thousand~ is sangy6ta or isdng y6ta. These numerals, and ka alone in the formation of the tens, in Yisayan the reverse expressing the powers of ten, are always preceded by sang or is true. isdng, meaning ‘one,’ just as in English we say ‘one hundred’ or Following the analogy of the tens, ka is also prefixed in these ‘a hundred,’ ‘one thousand’ or ‘a thousand,’ and are not intermediate numbers to the even hundreds and thousands. Thus, used alone, like the German Hundert, Tausend. The last ninety-one is expressed as ‘one going on towards a hundred,’ two numerals, sanglaksd, ‘ten thousand,’ and sangy6ta, ‘one moykwjdan is&, where we would expect may~ldan isd. The hundred thousand,’ are borrowed from the Sanskrit, where, forms, like maykatl6, inaykdpat, etc., stand in the relation of the however, laksa means ‘one hundred thousand’ and ayuta, ‘ten adjective to the noun, and are connected by the ligature when thousand,’ just as the common Semitic word for 1000, elf, is used they end in a vowel. in Ethiopic for 10,000. This anticipatory construction, if we may so term it, applies The even tens, hundreds, and thousands areexpressed as multi- only to the intermediate numbers between the second ten and the ples of these numbers. Thus twenty is dalaw6tng p6wo, i. e., first hundred, the second hundred and the first thousand, etc., ‘twice ten.’ Three hundred is ‘thrice one hundred,’ tatl6ng that is to say, between 20—100, 200—1000, 2000—10000, etc. ddan. Four thousand is ‘four times one thousand,’ djpct na libo. To express the numbers from 100—200, etc., a formation similar The intermediate numbers are expressed by addition, as in to that of the numerals between 10 and 20 is employed. For 11, English, except that the units are connected with the tens by the 12, etc., you say ‘over one, over two,’ labing isd, labing dalawd. conjunction at ‘and,’ which, of course, has nothing to do with In a similar way 101 is ‘one over a hundred,’ labi sa ~l4an isd, the Latin et. Thus, ‘four thousand two hundred and sixty-one’ 1002 is ‘two over a thousand,’ labi sa libong dalawd, etc., the would be expressed as ‘four thousand two hundred sixty and one,’ phrases labi sa ddan, etc., being treated as adjectives and con- apat na libo dalawdag d6tan dnim na p6wo at isd. nected with a ligature to what follows when they end in a vowel. The older system differs from themodern only in theformation of Reasoning on the analogy of the higher numerals, we should the numerals between the even tens, hundreds, thousands, and so expect labi sa p6wong isd for ‘eleven.’ But it is probable, in the on. It is more cumbersome and difficult than themodern system, case of the lower numerals, that the shorter form of expression and is an illustration of the characteristic Tag~ilog way of looking was sufficiently clear and hence the longer form was never used. at a combination of objects from the point of view of the com- In the higher numerals, however, it was necessary for clearness. pleted whole rather than the individual parts. For example, in The numerals following Iabi sa ddan, etc., have the same form TagMog, ‘he and I’ is expressed as kami niyd, ‘the we of him, as they would have if they stood alone. Hence we may have his we, the we of which he forms a part.’ ‘Adam and Eve’ combinations in which the first part looks backward towards a would be expressed as sind Ad6tn ni Eva, sind Addn meaning lower numeral and the second part forward to a higher numeral. ‘Adam and company’ and ni five, ‘of Eve,’ i. e., ‘the Adam Thus 121 is expressed as ‘that number over a hundred which is combination of which Eve forms the other member.’ ‘Peter the one looking toward thirty or the one in the third decade,’ and his father’ would be expressed as rnagamd ni P~idro, i. e., ‘the labi sa (Idan maykatl6ng isd. father and son combination of Peter.’ To sum up, then, the ancient system of numeration was con- In a somewhat similar way, the numbers between the even tens, structed as follows: The first ten numerals and the powers of ten hundreds, and thousands, excepting those in the first hundred, up to 100,000 have special names. Ten and its powers, as thousand, ten thousand, and so on, that is to say, those between landmarks in the decimal system, are distinguished by the prefix 100—200, 1000—2000, etc., are looked upon from the point of view sang or isdng. In the case of ‘ten,’ sang or isdng is omitted when of the higher numeral toward which the count is made. Twenty- counting consecutively. The simple form p6wo is probably the one is rnaykatl6ng isd, i. e., ‘one having thirty as its aim, one more original, the addition of the prefix sang being probably due beginning the decade of which thirty is the end or limit,’ thirty- to the influence of the higher numerals, like sangddan, one one is maykdpat isd, etc. With these intermediate numbers we hundred, sanglibo, one thousand. may compare the German anderthalb, ‘one and a haW’ dritthalb, The numerals in the first ten, hundred, thousand, etc., that is ‘two and a halg’ vierthalb, ‘three and a half,’ etc. to say between 10—20, 100—200, 1000—2000, are expressed as so In maykatl6ng isd, may is the ordinary word for ‘have’ or much over 10, 100, 1000, etc. In the case of the numbers from ‘having.’ For instance, the word for ‘father,’ which is regularly 11—19, the numeral p6wo, ten, is not used, as these are, so to speak, amd, may also be expressed as ‘having a son,’ i. e., mayandk. excess-numbers par e cellence. The even tens, hundreds, and JUNE, 1903.] UNIVEBSITY CIBOULA BS. 81

author on the Karkaphian tradition’ and the Syrian Massora, thousands are expressed as so many multiples of the tens, etc. have been largely utilized by Ndldeke7 and Duval’ in their The intermediate numbers between the second ten and the first valuable Syriac grammars, and by Merx in his Historia artis hundred, etc., that is to say between 20—100, etc., are expressed grammatical apud SyrosY with reference to the next succeeding ten, hundred, or thousand. But all these scholars seem to overlook the fact that the Thus 21 is ‘the one in the decade culminating in 30,’ 201 is ‘the use of classical Syriac did not die out altogether with Bar— one in the hundred culminating in 300.’ This system has been Hebracus, or Ebedjesus of Nisibis, or Warda, or ilamis of the greatly modified by Spanish influence and has been practically 13th and 14th centuries, but has continued to be cultivated by abandoned for the intermediate numbers above twenty, the simpler native scholars until the present day, and is still the liturgical system, based on the Spanish numeration, being substituted. language of six powerful oriental churches. In the mean time the two classical dialects have necessarily undergone many phonetic changes which should claim the attention not PHONETIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE only of Syriac scholars, but also of all students of Semitic EASTERN AND WESTERN DIALECTS OF SYRIAC. philology. A study of these phenomena, which necessitates, of course, a residence of some length among the modern By G. OUssANI. Nestorians and Jacobites, has never been undertaken, so far as [Abstractof a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, I know, by any European scholar. April, 1903]. In the present paper I shall endeavor to present some of Syriac, by far the most important dialect belonging to the chief phonetic differences between Eastern and Western the Aramaic branch of the Semitic family of speech, was Syriac, as they are now pronounced in the East, basing my originally the local dialect of Edessa in northwestern Mesopo- remarks upon the excellent grammars of two eminent modern tamia, and hence it is often termed by the older writers native scholars, Mgr. Clemens David, Syrian Archbishop of Edessenian or 2lfesopolamian. It possesses a copious literature, Damascus,” and Mgr. Jeremias Maqdasi, Chaldean Arch- extending from the secoild to the fifteenth century of the bishop of Se’ert in northern Mesopotamia,” as well as upon christian era, and, at the time of the Mohammedan invasion in the seventh century A. D., was the vernacular of all the my own observations during my residence at Mosul and other places several years ago. I hope to treat the subject more inhabitants of Assyria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia and a consid- fully in a future paper.” erable part of Persia. (1). Among the W. Syrians, post-consonantal x is usually It has given rise to two classical dialects, the Eastern or assimilated to the preceding consonant, and the resulting Nestorian and the Western or Jacobite, which, though no doubling of this consonant is resolved, with compensatory longer in vernacular use, are still extensively cultivated for lengthening of the vowel which precedes it. For example, literary and liturgical purposes in the modern Nestorian, instead of ni~’al ‘he asks~ and ~am’d‘unclean,’ they say n~Adl Chaldean, Jacobite, Syrian, Maronite, and Malabaric churches. and ~dmd,just as xi{’u ‘sin~ in Assyrian, becomesx1t~u for xit/u. They are still studied by priests and learned laymen, and form The Eastern Syrians, on the other hand, pronounce all these an indispensable element in the ecclesiastical education of the forms correctly except the word for ‘unclean~ which they oriental churches.’ pronounce ~a’inmd,with doubling of the m. They are represented, moreover by several modern dialects (2). An intervocalic s~, followed by and lexicographers, and is much earlier than the time of Bar- ing,’ they say q6~e’in and .~d~el; just as in modern Arabic we Hebracus, who lived in the 13th century. Among the Nes- have qd~im, s6~il, ndiiin, etc., instead of the classical forms torians, Bar Bahliil’ of the 10th century, the Patriarchs Elias qd’im, sd’il, nd’im, where the hamza is probably a late gram- the first and Elias of Nisibis, both of the 11th century, matical artificiality. Johannan Bar Zu’bi and Bar Malkon, of the 12th and 13th (3). In the perfect of verbs medial si, the shewa mobile which centuries, respectively; and among the Jacobites, James of European scholars insert after the first stem consonant is not Edessa of the 8th century, James of Tagrith of the 13th pronounced either by the Eastern or the Western Syrians; century and, above all, the great Bar-Hebraeus, have furnished they always say &al and b’ar,not ~“aland be~ar. Shewa mobile us with abundant materials for the study of the differences in fact, is a sound absolutely unknown to both Syrians and between the two classical dialects. In 1872 l’Abb6 Martin Jews. published in the Journal Asiatique a very long and learned (4). When followed by -~, c, or n, the Eastern Syrians pro- article on the subject,’ basing his remarks chiefly on the gram- nounce ~ as ~, and sometimes even like the hard g in the matical works of Bar-ilebracus, which he edited in the same 4 This article, a~ well the two others by the same English word ‘garden.’ They say, for example, nigpath (no~) year. a~ 82 JOHNS flOPJi§INS [No. 163.

‘she followed,’ pugddn4 (~‘~) ‘command,’ and ‘ekh6r (~‘i~) of a short 6; e. g., rahmtdnd ‘merciful,’ tan~a~ ‘pactum,’ and ‘I bury,’ instead of niqpath, puqddnd aud ‘eqb6r. This partial zalgd ‘flash of light,’ instead of rehinldnd, ten~a~, and zelgd. assimilation is not practiced by the W. Syrians. In some eases (13). The W. Syrians occasionally pronounce a long 4 in the original p is even replaced in writing by n; as in the words place of a short 4; they say, for example, qdj4ind ‘delegate, mdalcth4 (m~ii~) ‘mortarium’ and islcoplhd (~r~) ‘threshold,’ or representative,’ ‘4inilr4~4 ‘Amorite,’ instead of qa~imd or instead of p~ and ~ qajj6md, and ‘am6r4~4, etc. (5). As regards the pronunciation of the ~n in the two (14). On the other hand, the W. Syrians sometimes pro- dialects, there is no difference so far as the consonants ‘, ~, ~, nounce a short 4 where the E. Syrians have a long 4; e. g., and n, are concerned. The spirantic sounds of the conson- pahrd ‘prostitute,’ ‘ari~n4 ‘ark,’ and zagi~n4 ‘battle,’ instead ants n and ~, however, while correctly pronounced by the W. of pdhrd, ‘dr6nd, and zdgh6nd. As N6ldeke has remarked, Syrians as v and f respectively, have both become in the many words with original short 4 are written in the Eastern pronunciation of the E. Syrians. By the latter, for example, dialect with a long 4, especially in the case of diphthongs; the words ~ ~nx~‘n (‘in the name of the Father and of the e. g., m4~ta ‘death,’ s4~pa ‘sword,’ etc., instead of maula, Son’) are pronounced, not b~m av4 ~avr4, but b~m a~4 ~a~r4; saipa. and instead of naf~4 ‘soul,’ they say na~4. From the writ- (15). In some cases a long 6 in the Eastern dialect, appears ings of Bar-Hebracus of the 13th century, and from S~uird, as long 4 in the Western; e. g. hrdn~4 ‘another,’ and h4~{4~ who lived a little earlier, we know that, in their times, both ‘alas!’ instead of hr6nid and h6udi. E. and W. Syrians very carefully observed the distinction (16). The W. Syrians frequently pronounce a short 4, where between the spirantic and mute sound of the n as well as of the Eastern dialect has no vowel at all; e. g. dima’14 ‘tear,’ the other n~ii~ letters. But at the same time, from the gram- ~iira’t4, ‘crime,’ divahtd ‘sacrifice,’ instead of dim’14, ~lr’t4, matical works of Bar Hebracus, as well as from a letter of and divhld. In these cases the W. Syrians appear to have David bar Paulus, a Nestorian grammarian, who certainly inserted a helping vowel, just as in the Hebrew segolate nouns. lived before the 12th century, we know that the Nisibites (17). The diphthong a~ of the Eastern dialect is almost (who were Eastern Syrians) pronounced the spirantic sound of always reduced in the Western to long i, which stands for 6 the consonants ~ and ~ as instead of v and f respectively. contracted from a~. E. g. r~q4n4 ‘exterminator’ and inin~q4n4 (6). On the other hand the modern Western Syrians have ‘scorner,’ instead of ra~q4n4 and mma~q4n4. altogether lost the mute sound of the two consonants and ~, (18). In the Western dialect, words beginning with a gut- and they invariably pronounce them as v and f respectively. tural have the initial syllable pointed with a short ~, while in Instead of ma~p6n6 ‘teacher’ and Pa~r6s ‘Peter,’ they say the Eastern dialect no vowel sign is employed. The W. malf6n6 and Fa~r6s; and instead of ba’ath6 ‘supplication~ Syrians, for example, write and pronounce hilalchtd ‘journey’ and br6 ‘son,’ they say va’i~th6 and vr6. “iraqtd ‘flight,’ ‘iqarvd ‘scorpion,’ ‘jichal ‘he ate,’ instead of (7). It is to be noted, however, that among the modern hia/chid, ‘raqid, ‘qarvd, and ‘ichal. Eastern Syrians the spirantic sound of the ~ is observed in (19). In many words, consonants pronounced with Ri~k4h4 only a few words, not over 18 in number; in these cases the by the E. Syrians are pronounced with QiiA4~4 in the Western spirantic sound of the n is of course ~, and in all otber dialect; e. g., marg6 ‘prairies,’ ‘isb6 ‘grasses, vegetables,’ and words in which the n should be rulcahatum the mute sound is ~4ri’t4 ‘tent,’ instead of margh6, ‘isv6, and ~4ri’th4. In other substitnted instead. words the W. Syrians spirate a consonant which has the hard (8). The Western Syrians, as is well known, never double sound in the Eastern dialect; e. g., ~1hith4~4‘sixth,’ qdjimthd a consonant; even where the doubling is characteristic of the ‘arrow,’ instead of ~1i14~4,q4~em14, etc. form, as in the Piel and its derivatives, it is resolved and (20). There are finally, many differences of vocalization in simplified. E. g., instead of qatl6l ‘be massacred,’ they the two dialects which can only be learned by observation or say qdt6l, etc. In the pronunciation of the Eastern Syrians, by reference to the dictionaries. on the other hand,a consonant is very often artificially doubled The question naturally arises: which of these two dialects after a preceding short ~; e. g., they say ‘ammiqd ‘deep,’ is the more primitive? Bar-ilebracus, in his grammatical rahhiqd ‘distant,’ and maj’~4 ‘water,’ instead of ‘amiqd, rahiqd, works, as well as in his other writings, continually derides the and maid. Nestorians and their dialect, asserting that the Jacobite dialect (9). An original short ~ is often written and pronounced by is decidedly the more primitive and the more correct. But it the E. Syrians as short 6; e. g., ~em~d ‘sun,’ Kres~4n4 is well known that the illustrious Mafri4n of the Jacobite Christian,’ 9nelthd ‘word,’ instead of ~im~d,Kristidnd, and church was influenced in his judgment by sectarian prejudice millhd. against the Nestorians rather than by a scientific and impartial (10). In many cases long 6 is pronounced long i by the spirit, and in this respect, he has still many followers and Western Syrians; they say, for example, h4l~n ‘these,’ haidin imitators in the East. All modern scholars agree that the ‘then,’ qdr~n ‘calling’ (plural), kipd ‘stone,’ instead of h416n, Eastern or Nestorian dialect, though not correct in every case, ha~d6n, qdr6n, and k6pd. has preserved more of the primitive forms of Syriac than the (11). The W. Syrians often pronounce a short ~ instead of Jacobite. This is conclusively shown by comparison with sbort 4; e. g. if=dlhd‘raisins’ tah~ifta ‘supplication,’ and the Aramaic portions of Daniel and Ezra, with the Aramaic lihrd ‘wonder’ instead of af~d1h4, 1ah~aft4, and tahrd. words incidentally occurring in the New Testament, with the (12). The W. Syrians sometimes pronounce a short 4 instead language of the and the Talmud, with the many JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIli?CULA RS. 83

Syriac loan-words in Arabic, and with the transliteration of 2. A letter by Mar Jacob, Bishopof Edessa on Syriac orthog- Aramaic words preserved in classical writers. It is, therefore, raphy, also a tract by the same author, and a discourse by to be regretted that the Western dialect has been and is still Gregory Bar-Hebraeus on Syriac accents now edited in the to a great extent, exclusively studied in nearlyall the occiden- original Syriac with an English translation and notes by G. tal universities. This is due to the fact that Syriac studies Phillips (London, 1869). were introduced into Europe in the 16—18th centuries by the 3. Turas mamld sur~dfr~. oder syrishe Crammatilc des Mar Syrian priests of Mount , Georgius ‘Amira, Joshua Elias von Tirhan (t 1049) herausgegeben und i2~bersetzt von Fr. Akurensis, Isaac Sciadrensis, Abraham Echellensis, and espe- Beethgen (Lepzig, 1880). cially the three illustrious Assemanis, who were members of 4. A treatise on Syriac grammar by Mar Elias of Sobbd the Maronite cburch, and therefore used the Western dialect. (t 1049) ed. II. Gottheil (Berlin, 1887). Syriac scholars should certainly devote more consideration to 5. Qpuscula Nestoriana syriace edidit G. Hoffmann (Kilice, this important question. It is time that the study of the 1880. Nestorian dialect should receive the attention to which it is 6. Abrahami Ecchellensis colleg’ii Maronitarum alumni lin- clearly entitled, and not, as at present, be made subordinate to guce syriacce sive chaldaicce perbrevis institutio ad eiusdem that of its Jacobite rival. nationis studiosos adolescentes (Ilomce, 1628). NOTES. 7. Isaac Sciadrensis, Maronita e Libano, Archicpisc. Tr~polis Syrice, (lirammatica linguce Syriacce (Romce, 1636). (1) Cf. my articleon The Modern Chaldeans and Nestorians 8. Acurensis. Grammatica linguce Syriacce (Romce, and the Study of Syriac among them in the Journal of the 1647). American Oriental Society xxii, 79—96. 9. Jos~phus Guriel, Elementa linguce chaldaicce, quibus acce- (2) From the writings of this famous Syrian lexicographer dit series patriarcharum Chaldceorum (iRomce, 1860). Larsow derived the materials of his interesting essay: Dc dia- 10. Ebedjesus Khayyath, Eliments de lecture et de grammairc lectorum linguce Syriacce reliquiis (Berlin, 1840). chaldtennc (Mossoul, 1869). (3) Syriens Orientaux ci Occidentaux. Essai sur les deux 11. A Syriac grammar written in the dialect of Urmiah princ>aux dialectes Aramtens (z= Journal Asiatique, 1872, pp. (Urmia, no date). 305—488). 12. Karddhi, 61., Al-’Ihlcdm sen linguce et artis metricce (4) ~§Envresgraminaticales d’A boul-faradj dit Bar Hebraens Syrorum institutiones (Romce, 1880). A second edition of (t 1286) iidittes ~ar 2k!. l’Al3b~ Martin. Tom. I contenant le this work is in preparation. Ktovo d’tsemht. Tom. II contenant la petite grammaire en 13. Risio, G., Al-Kitdb (Beyrouth, 1897). A Syriac gram- vers de sept syllabes et le traitt “de vocibus cequivocis” texte et mar in Arabic. commentaire (Paris, 1872). (5) Tradition Karicaphienne on la ilfassore chez les Syriens ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARABIC — Journal Asiatique, S~rie vi, Tom. xiv, pp. 245—375 (Paris, DIALECTS. 1869). (6) Histoire do la ponctuation on de la iWiassore chez les By G. OussANr. Syriens Journal Asiatique. S~rie vii, Tom. v, pp. 81—208 [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental 5ociety, Baltimore, (Paris, 1875). Cf. also Abb6 Martin’s valuable paper: Bar April, 1903]. Zu’bi, trailt sur l’accemtuationchez les Syriens orientaux, in the Arabic, as a literary language, does not date farther back Actes de la Soci~t6 philologique (PaFis, Tome vii, No. 1). than the 5th or 6th century of the Christian era, and the (7) Kurzgefasste Syrische fiirammatilc (Leipzig; 1st ed. early history of this important branch of Semitic speech is 1880; 2d ed. 1898). involved in much obscurity. In fact, until the discovery of (8) §Ii’raiti de Grammaire Syriaque (Paris, 1881). It is to the South Arabian inscriptions little was known in regard toit. be noted that N6ldeke, in his grammar, points out some of the At a very much earlier time than was formerly supposed, phonetic differences between the Eastern and Western dialects the northern and southern Arabs reduced their language to of Syriac, while Duval makes a number of remarks on tbe writing. In northern Arabia but few inscriptions have been Aramaic dialects in general. found; they are written in a character somewhat resembling (9) Leipzig, 1889. the Sabacan, and, as they occur mainly in the district of (10) Grammaire de la langue aramiens selon les deux dialectes Thamdd, are usually termed ThamOdic. Syriaque et Chaldaique prtcidte d’un abrtgi de l’histoire de la The South Arabian inscriptions, which are much more langue, etc l’tcriture et de la littirature ~ennes par Sa numerous, exhibit four principal dialects: Minacan, Sabacan, Grandeur Mgr. David, Archev~que Syrien de Damns. (1st Hadramautic, and Catabanian. Although the two latter are edition, in one volume, Mosul, 1879; 2d edition, in two large at present represented by very few texts, their dialectic pecu- volumes, Mosul, 1896—98). liarities are quite clearly marked, and it can be asserted that (11) §L’ mamld Sur~d~d (Mossoul, 1890). both the Hadramautic and Catabanian are more closely related (12) In regard to the native Syrian grammarians and their to the Minaean dialect than to the Sabacan. The Minacan works, cf., among others, the following: and the Sabacan dialects, of which numerous monuments 1. Fragments of Turas ma9nld nahrd~d or Syriac grammar exist, exhibit strongly marked differences in regard togrammar of Jacob of Edessa, edited from Miss. in the British Museumand and vocabulary. These differences are partly to be explained Bodleian Library by W. Wright (London, 1871). on the ground of the greater age of the Minacan texts as .com- 84 JOHNS [IOPKINS [No. 163. pared with the Sabaean, and it is also to be noted that, while It may be of interest to note here some of the dialectic the grammatical peculiarities of Minaean point to an older peculiarities recorded by the Arabic grammarians and lexico- period of linguistic development, the vocabulary of Sabaean graphers of the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries.I! is more closely related to that of classical Arabic. As is tbe In the dialect of the tribe of Qud~’a final Yd, when preceded case with all Semitic systems of writing, except the Assyro- by ‘Am, was pronounced as Jim, while in the dialect of Babylonian, the South Arabian alphabet does not represent Fuqaim every Yd was pronounced as Jin. the vowels, and, therefore, a detailed knowledge of the forms In the dialect of Hudail Ltd was pronounced as ‘Aim, while of these dialects is rendered difflcult.* in the dialects of Tamim and ‘Asad every initial Hamza was All at once, in the 6th century of the Christian Era, we pronounced as ‘Aim. meet with a perfectly developed Arabic language, surprisingly In the dialect of 11i myar the article al was pronounced as rich in forms and vocabulary, and by reason of its extreme am, and in the Hadiths it is related that the Prophet himself, flexibility, singularly adapted to the requirements of poetic in addressing one day the tribe of I3imyar, used the same composition. Tbis phenomenon, which has no parallel in any peculiarity, in order to be understood by them. other language, cannot be accounted for as a spontaneous and In the dialect of iRabi’a the Kdf of the pronominal and sudden transformation; it must have been the result of a verbal suffix of the second person fem. sing. was pronounced gradual development extending over a very long time. This as Sin, and in the dialect of Mudar the same consonant, when period, which embraces the 6th and 7th centuries of our Era, employed as the masculine suffix, was pronounced as Sin. marks the real golden age of Arabic poetry; all subsequent These two dialectical peculiarities are called by the native poetical productions are imitations of these admirable ante- grammarians 1ca~1ca~a1 and Icasicasat, respectively. Islamic models. In the dialect of Yemen every Kdf was pronounced Sin and But it is an error, as N6ldeke has already pointed out,t to every Sin as I’d. suppose that the language of the ancient Arabic poets was the In the dialect of the tribes of Sa’d ibn Bakr, Hu~ail, al- language of ordinary life; still less does the Koran exhibit ‘Azd, Qais and al-’An~r, a vowelless ‘Aim was always pro- the language in its spoken form. Ancient Arabic poetry is nounced as Nun. marked throughout by a certain tendency to artificiality and In the dialect of the tribe of Mazin B4 and .2liliim were mannerism, and in order to obtain an idea of the ordinary constantly interchanged. language of the Ancient Bedouins we must have recourse to This list of phonetic differences could be greatly enlarged, the prose of the ancient traditions (Hadiths), the genuine and many other divergences, both in grammar and in vocabu- accounts of the deeds of the Prophet and of his companions, lary, can be traced in classical Arabic. The native Arabic and the stories concerning the battles and adventures of the philologians ascribe these dialectical differences wholly to Bedouins iii the heathen period and in the earlier days of Ish~m. foreign influences, especially to the influence of Aramaic; but The formation of this dialeclus poetica, in which only this is an error. They represent, for the most part, perfectly poetical compositions were written, and in which purer forms natural local variations in the speech of the different tribes, were used and colloquial• expressions were avoided, marks a such variations, in fact, as must occur in every language, noble effort and a splendid achievement on the part of the especially when, as in the case of Arabic, the prevailing dialect ante-Islamic Arabs, and is mainly due to their frequent annual is not fixed by a written literature. It is, however, undoubtedly gatherings in certain public places or markets, of which the true that one of the consequences of the foreign conquests, fair of ‘Uktd was the most famous. This fair was not only achieved by the Arabs under Mohammed’s four immediate a great market open annually to all the tribes of Arabia; it successors, was an extensive corruption of the Arabic language; was also a sort of literary, or rather poetic, congress, whither the nations subdued were obliged to adopt the speech of the the warrior poets resorted to celebrate their exploits in rhym- conquerors, a speech which is notoriously difficult for foreigners ing verses, and peacefully to contend for the prize. It was to acquire, and they naturally spoke it incorrectly. Their at these congresses tbat the various dialects of Arabia became corrupt speech reacted upon the idiom of the Arabs dwelling fused into a literary language, the language of poetry, which among them, and a new dialect arose, characterized by the afterwards became the standard dialect now known as classical omission of inflections and the neglect of those grammatical Arabic. niceties which constitute the chief difficulty of classical Arabic. Furthermore, at the time of the Prophet, the dialect of the In. the latter half of the first century of Isbim, this simplified tribe of Koraish, which had already acquired a certain suprem- dialect was generally spoken in the foreign towns and villages acy, was fixed by the Koran as the future literary language of inhabited by the Arabs, and it gradually extended to the the whole nation. Had it not been for this circumstance, we deserts, as well as to the towns of Arabia itself, until, within might. have known Arabic in the form of half a dozen lan- a century after the death of the Prophet, the speech of even guages, differing from one another almost as widely as the the desert tribes had lost the purity of ante-Islamic times. modern languages of northern India and the members of the Here, the change was accelerated by the military expeditions Romance group4 which brought the desert Arabs into contact with remote districts like ‘Omdn, Balirain, and especially northern Yemen. * Cf. 0. Weber, Arabienver dem (Leipzig, 1901) p. 15, and nommel in Hilprecht’s E%pleratiens in Bible Lands (Philadelphia, 1903) p. 693—752, especially pp. 727—732. j Die Semitisehen Sprachen (2d ed. Leipzig, 1899) p. 58; En elepcedia Bs’itannice (I have been engaged for the past two years in collecting material in regard to the (9th ed.) xxi, 652. early dialectic peculiarities of Arabic, and hope to treat the subject more fully in a Cf. W. wright, Cemparalive Gsa ar ef the Semitic Languages(Cambridge, 1890) p. 27. future paper. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CI.RCULA PS. 85

The famous Arabic geographer al-Hamadani, in his valuable looked upon indiscriminately as corruptions and barbarisms geographical description of the ,§ gives an and were noticed by schools only in order that they might be interesting account of the correct and incorrect speech of about avoided. A more rational philology, however, considers that 150 different tribes, in the 3d and 4th centuries after Islam. they are essential parts of the speech of a people, and that a In case of the Arabs dwelling outside of Arabia the change knowledge of them is necessary to any thorough investigation was even more profound. In addition to the effect on their of the genius, nature, and development of that speech. The speech of the corrupt Arabic spoken by the peoples they had modern Arabic dialects have lately been the subject of careful conquered, another powerful factor was at work. The rapid investigation by some of. the leading Arabists of the world, change, from poverty and the simple life of the desert to great and the brilliant results obtained in this field of research have wealth and a life of luxury in great cities, brought with it new demonstrated the importance of such dialectic studies, not conditions and new ideas for which the speech of desert nomads only for Arabic, but for Semitic philology in general. contained no proper equivalent. Many Arabic words went out of use, foreign words were freely borrowed, and occasionally new words were coined. In this way about half the rich MOURNING RITES AND CUSTOMS IN EARLY vocabulary of classical Arabic fell into disuse, while a large ARABIA. number of words from Syriac, Persian, Coptic, Berber, and By G. OussANi. later from Turkish, were adopted into the language. Along with the change of vocabulary went a corresponding mutilation [Abstractof a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental 5ociety, Baltimore, April, 1903]. of grammatical forms. The change took place independently, A few years since, Professor Morris Jastrow, of Philadelphia, to a greater or less extent, in all the provinces under the Arab discussed in two interesting articles, published in the Journal dominion. With the dismemberment of the Arabic Moham- of the American Oriental Society,’ the principal mourning medan Empire, which began to take place as early as the 2d century after Mohammed, and the consequent independence of customs of the ancient Hebrews. In the present paper I sball endeavor to describe some of the mourning customs of ancient its many Asiatic and African provinces, these linguistic changes Arabia, with special reference to certain points of comparison became decidedly more distinct, so that the Arabic spoken in the African provinces differed greatly from that spoken in suggested by Professor Jastrow’s article. My material is derived from the works of the ante-Islamic poets, the only Asia, in Spain, in Sicily, or in Malta. reliable source of information in regard to the subject. It is very difficult to define the boundaries of Arabic as a A characteristic difference between the Hebrews and the spoken language. In certain countries like Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia it is exclusively dominant; in others Arabs lies in the fact that, while among the former both sexes alike participate in these expressions of grief, among the Arabs like Tunis, Algeria, Morocco and many other Berber States it is it is chieflythe women that appear as mourners. The practice the tongue most commonly used. It is also spoken in Malta, of rubbing dust and ashes over the face, and sprinkling ashes in certain towns of Persia and India, by about fifteen different and earth upon the head and body of the mourners, although tribes of northwestern and northeastern Africa, in some parts of the Sahara, and even by some tribes in southern and in a general custom among the ancient Hebrews, does not seem to have prevailed in early Arabia, The only reference I have equatorial Africa. been able to find is in the flam4sa of Aba-Tammam where the Prof. N6ldeke rightly observes ** that the Arabic dialects poetess Hind bint ‘Asad-ad-dubabijia’ refers to the cousins of the present day resemble one another more closely than might be expected, considering the great extent of country and relatives of the dead hero as seated around him weeping over which they are spoken, and the very considerable geo- amid wailing, and scattering on him dust and earth; where, graphical obstacles that stand in the way of communication. evidently, the dust is scattered on the dead and not on the But it must not be supposed that people, for example, from mourners, just as at the present day it is customary to throw Baghdad or Mosul, in Mesopotamia, Morocco, San’a, and the dust and ashes upon the coffin as it is lowered into the ~grave. interior of Arabia, would be able to understand one another The ancientchristian Arabic poet and orator Qiss ibn Sa’idah, without difficulty. On the contrary this difficulty amounts, in many cases, to an impossibility. It is an error to regard first a monk and then bishop of Najran in Arabia, before the the difference between the modern Arabic dialects and the introduction of Islam, in a short elegy on the death of two , who were friends of his, refers to the practice of pour classical language as a trifling one, or to represent the develop- ment of these dialects as something wholly unlike the develop- ing wine on the grave in order that the body may be refreshed ment of the iRomance languages. No living Arabic dialect by the libation. He says: “I pour on your two graves wine; diverges from the classical speech so much as French from accept it, pray, that it may refresh your bodies.”’ This Latin; but, on the other hand, no Arabic dialect resembles the custom as well as that of offering at the grave, and classical language so closely as the Lugodoric dialect, still the worship of ancestors among the heathen Arabs, has been discussed by IRobertson Smith,4 Wellhausen,’ and Goldziher.e spoken in Sardinia, resembles its parent speech. A similar custom was that of throwing stones on the grave Until quite recently, dialectic varieties of language were as a symbol of mourning, and as a tribute of love and~ affec- tion, which is still practiced by many Jews in our own days. Geographic der arab chen !-Jalbinsel, ed. D. H. Mailer (Leydcn, 1884.91), vol. 1, pp. 134-136. IT his is alluded to in the Diwan of the poetess Al-ijiansa’, * Die Semilisehen Sprachen (2d ed. 1i~eipzig, 1899) p, 63; Encyclopaedia Brilannica where we read that the friends of ~ahr “whenever they passed (9th ed.) xxi, 633. 86 JOHNS IIOPHIJVS [No. 163. by his grave, threw stones on it, which was considered as a natural expression of grief. The late Robertson Smith17 sug- gested that the dust used was taken from the grave, and the tribute of love on their part, and was practiced ill the time of Ignorance (al-j~thilijja).” This practice is evidently a trace ashes from sacrifices performedat the grave. Schwally thinks that the rites in question may have sonic connection with the of the older custom of covering the grave with stones ill order to protect the body from the animals. institution of slavery.’8 In early Arabia women cut off their hair, while men, as a Both these explanations are quite improbable. In fact, rule, let it grow long as sign of mourning. The poet Lebid Robertson Smith’s theory is omitted in the 2d edition of his in fact, shortly before his death, said: “My two daughters lectures, while Schwally’s explanation has been severely criti- would like to see their father live; but am I not a mortal like cised by Dr. Johannes Frey in his “Die Altisraelilische Toten- any man of the tribe of Rabi’a and Muclar? Arise then and trauer.” Besides, as Professor Jastrow rightly observes, these chant the praise of your father, and do not scratch your faces two theories do not solve the problem, and the questioll still remains: “why should the dust have been placed on the head? and do not shave your heads.” 8 And the poetess Al-Hansd’ says: “Cease thy wailing and be brave; be patient by all why should ashes have been rubbed over the face? and why should the oarments have been torn off.” Dr. Jastrow practi- means, for patience is far better than shaving the head and b beating the face with the sandals.”9 cally agrees with Robertson Smith, as far as the use of dust In the Aghdni it is related that when Kulaib was killed by and ashes is concerned, but as to the tearing off the garments GiassAs, his brother al-Muhalhil, the famous poet, was just he suggests an ingenious explanation of his own. He thinks returning from a banquet. Approaching his tribe, he saw that the tearing of garments, as well as the use of sackeloths, them clipping the manes of their horses, and breaking to pieces is an illustration of the fact, well known to students of the their swords and lances in sign of mourning, by which he history of religions, that in religious rites there is, in general, knew that his brother was killed. Then and there he vowed a marked tendency to return to primitive fashions and earlier that he would neither drink wine, nor perfunie his hair and modes of life, and that the tearing of garments is not primarily clothes, but would let his hair grow nntil he had avenged the a specific funeral or mourning custom, but a ceremony death of his brother.” observed in connection with religious rites in general, prompted Another custom was that women after the death of a hus- by the general tendency to preserve in all religious ceremonies band or near relatives, besides shaving the head, wrapped it in the customs of primitive days. a black cloth, and hanging one or both sandals of the deceased In support of his interpretation Professor Jastrow points to upon the head or around the neck, beat with them their faces the fact that both ancient and modern Mohammedan pilgrims, and chests. This custom is clearly mentioned by Al-Mubarrad in approaching Mecca, take off their clothes and put on a very in his Kd9nil,” by the Hudailite poet ‘Abd Mandf ibn IRab”’ simple linen garment called ‘ihrdrn or ‘izdr; he refers also to and by many other poets. the general custom in the East, from time immemorial, of A similar custom was that women after the death of their taking off the sandals in approaching sacred places, exemplified husbands took a piece of cotton (called as-siqdb), saturated it in the command given to Moses by JHVH to take off his with their own blood, and put it on top of the black cloth sandals upon approaching the burning bush. in which they wrapped their heads. The custom is clearly But, notwithstanding the ingenuity of Dr. Jastrow’s inter- alluded to by al-Azhari, who is quoted by the author of Lisdn- pretation, I think the old view, which considers all these ul-’Arab ;“ and another poet says: “When she learned that muourning customs as the natural expression of emotion in her husband was dead, she shaved her head, and put the siqTh extreme grief, is more satisfactory. Oriental peoples are natur- on the top of her head.” 18 ally very emotional, and are not accustomed to suppress and The custom of tearing off the garments was undoubtedly control the external manifestation of their feelings and pas- the most common mourning custom in early Arabia. It was sions. In the East I have myself seen persons, altogether out- very extensively practiced, but, strange to say, only by women. side the Mohammedan influence, in time of extreme~ grief, It did not consist, as a rule, in stripping off all the clothes, scratch their faces, tear their flesh, pull out their hair, strike but simply in tearing off the sleeves amid the upper parts of their heads and chests, tear their sleeves and the upper parts the garment, and sometimes in putting on sackcloth, woven of of their garments, and even the handkerchiefs in their hands, black goat’s hair, covering the body from the chest to the simply because they ai’e unable, or rather unaccustomed, to knees. I have found over fifty references to this custom in place restraint upon their feelings. the ante-Islaniic poets.15 The custoni of the Arabs totake off their ordinaryclothes and As to the origin and symbolical meaning of the mourning put on a clean loin-cloth (the “~zdr or ‘ihrdrn) when approach- customs among the ancient Hebrews and Arabs, Schwally” ing Mecca may be explained in another way. It is done in has protested against the method which seeks the explanation accordance withthe principle that one who approachesa sacred of popular customs, such as these under consideration, in place should try to be clean both in soul and body, to lay aside psychological motives. Weeping, he says, is a natural expres- his ordinary conimon clothes, and put on a new and clean gar- sion of emotion, and among peoples unaccustomed to restrain muent in order to be worthy to appear before the niajesty of his their feelings, we can easily understand that a tendency should god. Robertson Smith and Wellhausen have shown that in exist to tear out the hair under the influence of extreme grief; early Arabia the appearance of the worshipper in a sanctu- but the removal of the clothes, or the putting of dust on the a~y without clothes is an alternative to appearing in a head are clearly symbolical acts, and must be accounted for in special garb, borrowed from the priest, as was the case in some other way than as a manifestation of humility, or as a the sanctuary of al-Jalsad, or obtained in some other way. JUNE, 1903.] UJViFEBSITY CiRCULA 1?S. S7

The ordinary clothes were looked upon as unfit to wear (14) Hansd’, bc. cit. when appearing before the divinity and coming in contact (15) Cf., e. g., Hamdsa, pp. 105, 122; Cheikho, Su’ard-ul- with holy objects, and therefore other garments were provided. nasrdniiia, pp. 162, 179, 828; Jfardthi, pp. 94, 105, 106 Besides, all these Mohammedan pilgrimages are expiatory rites Ndldeke, Delectus carminum veterum arabicorum, pp. 41, 64, in which the sinner approaches God with fear and humility Ibn Hi~ni, pp. 516, 518, 626, 627, 730. for the purpose of placating his wrath and of imploring his (16) Das Leben nach dem Tode (Giessen, 1892) p. 135. mercy. He approaches God as a stranger, not with the old (17) Religion of the Semites, 1st ed., p. 413. joyous confidence of national worship, but with atoning cere- (18) Qp. cit., p. 15. monies and rites of self-mortification. The taking off of the sandals in approaching sacred places does not necessarily mean a tendency to readopt the customs of THE WORDS S6RAH AND NISMAN IN ISAiAH primitive ages. Any one who has been in the East knows how xxviii. 25. a man’s sandals or shoes look after he has walked in the muddy By WM. B. MCPHERSON. and dusty streets, and is aware that the Orientals take off their [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental 5ociety, Baltimore, shoes not only when entering mosques, churches, and syna- April 16, 1903.]

gogues, but also whenever they enter a room in any house. The iiwa~ XEy4LEVa s6r6th and n’ismdn in the proverbial poem It is simply a matter of social etiquette and politeness. at the end of Is. 28 have always been a stumbling-block. I contend, therefore, that all the mourning customs among The Authorized Version, following some of the older inter- the ancient Hebrews and Arabs, as well as among other Semitic preters, regards both words as adjectives, meaning respectively peoples, are to be explained on purely psychological grounds. principal and appointed, and renders the passage, When he They are simply the spontaneous manifestations of an afflicted hath made plain the face thereof (i. e., of the ground) doth he spirit, and represent the humiliation and self-mortification of not . . . cast in the principal wheat and the appointed barley, the human heart under the influence of extreme grief and and the rye in their place? The Revised Version, on the other affliction. hand, takes them as adverbial accusatives, and translates, Does NOTES. he not put in the wheat in rows * and the barley in the ap- pointed place?, referring to the so-called drill-husbandry (1) Dust, earth and ashes as symbol of mourning among (German Drillicultur) which in modern agriculture is per- the ancient Hebrews, JAOS xx (1899) 133—150; and The formed by special machinery. LXX reads KO~ ,r&Xcv O7l~EtpEc tearing of Garments as a Symbol of Mourning, with especial WVpOV, KaL KpLOflV KcLL KEYXPOV KcLL EV TOL’ optOL~ OOV, ~1flittlil~ reference to the Customs of the Ancient Hebrews, ibid. xxi rirn~r; but several of the best MSS, including the Sinaiticus (1901) 23—39. and Alexandrinus, omit also KcJ KEYXPOV and millet — ~ If (2) Cf. [famasa (Beirut edition) p. 105, and Cheiko’s mardthf we reconstruct the Hebrew text on this basis it would read as ~a~{d’ir-el-’Arab,Part 1, p. 154. follows :—‘n~~~ ~ ~i~i~c~n~iri. The Peshita also omits both (3) Cf. Flamdsa p. 98, and Cheikho’s Arabic Christian ~rntr and pzu~. poets (Su’ard’ ul-nasran4~a, Beirut, 1890—91) p. 215, where In view of these omissions Wellhausen, following Koppe, the elegy is ascribed to Qiss, and not to a poet of Baun Asad conjectured—in the first edition of his History of Israel,t as in the Hamdsa. subsequently issued under the title of Prologomena to the (4) Religion of the Semites (2d ed. London, 1894). History of Israel—that ~rni1’and po~ were ‘undeleted corri- (5) Reste des Arabischen Heidenthums (Berlin, 1887). genda’ of the preceding ri~ty~ and the following ni~, respec- (6) Revue de l’histoire des religions, Paris, 1884 (extrait). tively. This conjecture has been adopted by a number of the Cf. also the recent valuable work of Pbre M. T. Lagrange most distinguished Old Testament critics: Cheyne, Duhm, (Director of the Revue Biblique) Etudes sur les Religions Griitz, Kautzsch, Oort, and Marti, all believe that the scribe S~nitiques (Paris, 1903). first wrote n-eir instead of ~ytr, then he corrected his mistake (7) Diwdn (Beirut, 1896) p. 243. and added the correct form, but forgot to cancel nrntr. In the (8) Cf. Ab2isi’s Bulugh-el-’arab ~fi’a7~4l-el-’arab (Bagdad, same way, they think, the copyist wrote first ~ instead of 1314) vol. iii., p. 10; Ibn lli~m, pp. 626-627; Hans~’, pp. n~n, then he added the correct ni~ni without canceling ii~. 20. 16. 164; Lisdn, i, 451; xi, 346; Su’ar4-ul-nasr4n~a, p. But we can hardly believe that a scribe should have forgotten, 162; Cheikho’s mardthi ~a~4’ir-el-’arab(Beirut, 1897) p. 50; twice in the same line, to cancel a corrigendum after having and Ibn-es-Sikkit Critique du langage (Beirut, 1896) p. 297. added the correct form; and besides (as was pointed out by (9) Diwdn, p. 173. Professor Haupt during the interpretation of the text in the (10) Cf. Aghdni, iv, 151; Mubarrad’s K6rmnil, i, 216; Oriental Seminary of the Johns Hopkins University) we find Su’ard’ul-nasrdnia, pp. 162—164—168; and Cheikho’s ma- both words, supposed to be undeleted corrigenda, in enumer- rdthi ~a~4’ir-el-’arab,pp. 10—11. ations of different kinds of grain. (11) Kdnil, p. 742; Lisdn, ix, 346; and llansd’, pp. 20. The twelfth edition of Gesenius’ Hebrew Lexicon, published 173. 174. in 1895, called attention to the fact that ~rn~z’was found as the (12) Quoted in llansd’s Diw4n, p. 174. (13) Quoted in Lisdn, i, 451, and llansd’, p. 16. The *Jehudali ben-Koreish, cited in Gesenins’ commentary (Leipzig, 1821) p. 846, trans- lated wc-sjufabbir el hinie ft sdret elfcdddn. The vsilgate reads, et penet Iriticum per verse, though attributed by the author of the Lis~n to this erdinesn. Arabic Sappho, does not appear in her Diw~n. j- Geschichle lsscels (Berlin, 1878) p. 409, n. 1; Peeleg. (1883) p. 417. 88 JOHNS HOPKiNS [No. 163.

name of some grain in one of the ZenjirlI texts, viz., in 1. 6 of term ~ n~u~.’ must have denoted some kind of grain with the Inscription of Panamma, a contemporary of Tiglath Pu- long, bushy head, just as certain varieties of Setaria are now called ‘foxtail, or ‘bristly fox tail’ (Setaria glauca).* eser III (r45—~’2~’ B. c.) where we read :—~v~w~i nsrn ~ ~x’. Professor Sachau, in his paper printed in part xi of the Mit- In like manner Goldschmidt translates ps~w’, the word given theilungen aus den Orientalisehen Sammiungen (Berlin, 1893) in the Talmud to explain i~, by ‘rye,’ but ryealso is unknown p. ~2, below (cf. ibid., pp. 68. 80, 1. 6) conjectured that ~-e~’ in Bible lands t there is no word for it either in Hebrew or meant durra,* the African or Indian millet, Sorghum vulgare, Arabic. Levy, in his Neuhebr6iisches W6rterbuch, and Krauss, adding that the word was translated millet in some of the in his Griechisehe und lateinische Lehnw6rter im Talmud, &c., Ancient Versions of Is. 28, 25; bnt this statement is erron- part 2 (Berlin, 1899) p. 581, translate ~ by ‘oats,’ and eous; it is ~ not ~-ntv, that some of the Ancient Versions regard it as borrowed from the Greek o~efr2v ‘oats;’ but Ldw states, in a note to Krauss’ paragraph on that a Greek translate by KEYXPOV ‘millet.’ Even if ~-n~’were an expression r~’~’, for millet, it would not necessarily denote African millet or word o~tc/~v ‘oats’ is unknown, although it is true that O-IX~COVLOV durra, since several varieties of millet are cultivated in the is used in Dioscurides (1, 620) as a synonym of /3p~4Lo~ ‘oats.’ East, not only durra, the African millet, but also the Italian Ldw, however, regards this O-I4WVLOV as a Semitic loan-word millet, Setaria Italica, and the ordinary millet, Panicum mu- Heb. ps’i’ is certainly a genuine Semitic word and may be iaceum, etc. derived from rwv ‘to bruise ‘ ~ or ‘grind’ just as triticum Of the remaining names of grain contained in the Panamm=i ‘wheat’ is connected with terere ‘to grind.’ Heb. ps’s’ stands for ~prns’, exhibiting the same dissimilation which we find in Inscription, we know that n-~v~’ is barley, and ‘~ wheat. •As in~’i~ for ?s~e~, or r~s’~ for ~ p~’n for rinn.§ If ps’s’ is a variety to ~‘, Sachau combined it with Assyr. ~e’u ‘grain,’ adding of n~is~ ‘spelt,’ as the passage in the Talmud cited above states, that ~‘ must be some special kind of grain; similarly corn is used in Scotland for oats, in the United States for maize, then it may be either the so-called St. Peters’s corn, i. e., one- while in Germany Korn is applied especially to rye.t Now it grained wheat, Triticum monococcum ~ or the emmer wheat Triticum dicoccum,tt both of which afford excellent food for is possible that nxs’ is the name for durra, the African millet, which is one of the staple grains in the East; while ~ may horses. have been the so-called Italian millet, Setaria Italica. The term n-ni’ may be a by-form of n-ai’, borrowed from some In tbe Critical Notes on Isaiah, in the Polychrome Bible, Semitic dialect in which v quiesced, as e. g. in Assyrian or Cheyne makes the remarkable statement, ‘There can hardly Phenician; just as we find n~ (Josh. 19, 3) +pn (Josh. 15, be a doubt that the carver of the Inscription of Panammil at 29) or ni1ns’~ (Josh. 15, 50) yiins’t~ (Josh. 21, 14 etc.). Zenjirli really made the same mistake which we have supposed Now it i~ well known that doublets, one of which is bor- the scribe to have madein our passage.’ Cheyne has evidently rowed from another language, often have different meanings overlooked the fact that in the Panammii Inscription nrn~’ is (ef. e.g. our captive and caitiff, or the French eaptifand ehdif); therefore, while n-~vii’ is the name for barley, n-ni’ may have not followed immediately by mwt7, as in the Isaiauic proverbial poem, but is separated from it by ri~sn. However, we must ap- been used as the name of some other bearded or awny grain. preciate the fact that Canon Cheyne refrained in this instance The original meaning of nn.vti’ is ‘bristly,’ hence we see its from applying to the obscure ~rn~’bis panacea Jerahmeel. applicability to barley, but Italian millet, Setaria Italica, Heb. ~-e~rin Is. 28, 25 is warranted, not only by the Pan- which is originally an Asiatic cereal, also presents a bristly animit Inscription, but by a passage in the Palestinian Talmud, appearance,4 and n-ni’ may well have been used as the name where we also find r~ mentioned. In Hall6ih for it. 1b we read It is also possible that n-eu’ is a dialectic contraction of nyW, i~ ~vwr~’~n~’ ~r n-ni’, S6r6th is shibb6leth-shii’dl, nismdn from -n~i’ ‘to bristle,’ from which the word for ‘nail, spike,’ is the shiph6n; and in Pesahim 2, 5 we read, Shlph6nis a kind Heb. -n~i’?~, Arab. mismdr, IIH is derived. As Professor Haupt of spelt, and shibb6leth-shil’&l is a variety of barley. Lazarus showed in his paper on the semi-vowel ~ in Assyrian, published Goldschmidt in his Babylonian Talmud ~ translates shibb6leth- in the second volume of the Journal of Assyriology, Assyr. m shii’4l by ‘oats,’ following the modern usage of the Jews; often becomes .and is finally elided; e. g., the name but no importance can be attached to this usage, since the of the month TammPz appears in Assyrian as Duzi~i (ZA 2, Jews have applied many of the ancient names of plants and 2~’0), and the term bit nalcamdti ‘treasure house’ is found in animals to things which do not at all correspond tothem: they the Old Testament in the form n~ n’~ (ZA 2, 266, n. 5). In use not only mfrni ‘sword-lily ‘§ for ‘rose,’ but even ~-n~i the same way we find in modern Syriac Z6nd ‘time’ (ZA 2, ‘mandrakes ‘ for ‘violets,’ ** and r~m ‘wild bull ‘tt for ‘rein- 268, n. 2) for Zavnd, Zamnd, Heb. r~r, which is a loan-word deer.’ Moreover ‘oats’ is not cultivated in the East; ‘barley’ is the grain fed to horses, just as in ancient . The * Cf. e. g. the plate Getreide iii, no. 2 in Meyer’s Konversations-Lexikon, vol. vii, fifth edition (Leipzig, 1894) p. 490. * Cf. also D. II. Mfiller, Die al ernilisehenInschriflen von Sendschirli (vienna, 1893) pp. i- Hasting’s Dictionary of the Bible, voL i,. p. 316 b, below, states: ‘The genuine rye 6. 64 and Lidzbarski, Epigr., p. 374. (Secale cereale) was probably not cultivated in Bible lands; itis called in Gemara nesh- tModern Jews, therefore, use pi for rye. man by a paronomasia on Is. l~8, 25.’ Cf. e. g. vol. i, p. 257; vol. ii, p. 445. I ~f. Professor Haupt’s Note on the Protevangelium in the Johns Hopkins University Cf. also Michael L. iRodkinson’s English translation of the Babylonian Talmnd, vol. C’ircalars, No. 106 (June, 1893) p. 107. v (New York, 1898) p. 52 and Le Talmud de traduit pour la premi4re fois par Cf. modern Arabic isifdn which seems to be an Aramaic loanword. Moise 5chwah,6ewdoe;Tomeseeiii (Paris,Haupt,1879)The Bookpp. 262-312.ef Canticles (Chicago, 1902) p. 51 = Hebraica Contrast Margolis in Hebraica 19, 165, w. 18,Greek241. O ** German Elukorn, Peterskorn, Pferdedinkel. ** 5ee e. g. Rosenberg’s flebrdische Conversations-grammatik (vienna) pp. 154. 158. German Zweikorn, Amelkorn,Geratendinkel, Beisdinkel, Esnmer, Ammer,Sommmerspelz. ji- Cf. Friedrich Delitzsch, Zweiter Vorirag ilber Babel and Bibel (stuttgart, 1963) p. 7; ft Setaria means ‘provided with bristles’ (setce); cf. setarious, setaceous, setose. contrast Professor Haupt in the notes on the English translation of the Psalms, in the tt (I Arab. mismdr is an Aramaic loanword; see Friinkel, Die aremdisehen Freoudworter Polyobrome Bible, p. 173. im Arabischen (Leyden, 1886) p. 89. JUNE, 1903.] UN] VEI?SJTY CLRCULAI?S. 89

derived from the Assyr. simdnu ‘appointed time’ (KAT3 650, , 23—29. n. 5) from the stem uasama, a form like liddnu from ~alada (ZA 2, 265, n. 3); similarly we find in modern Syriac g6rd :1fllZll~ 1¶IP’1 nr,n~ p a ~ ‘husband’ for gabrd, and ~ ‘in the evening’ for ~ just as we have in Amharic, ddna ‘cloud’ for damand (ZA 2, v ??~1 n~• y~pm 7~0 IP~X l~ 270, n. 1). We have three plant-names derived from the stem [] ir~~n.i ~n DV1 -~ir in Assyrian viz. .~amr6inu, ~imr4nu, and ~imru; and this stem ~iz~’ ‘to bristle’ may be identical with the Assyrian stem fl0•iV’~?~ ~i7717j)e117Thli nyp-2h~ yi~ I<~7 27 .~am4ru ‘to be vehement, wild, enraged,’ * the original meaning nsp ~ of which is probably ‘to bristle up.’ According to Professor Haupt the unintelligible T~ appears to be a corruption for ~ ~ -iizo~ ‘bristly,’ from this same stem, and this may have been £ P0~7Z 11~V01 29 the name for ‘broom-corn’ (German Besenmohrhirse or Besen- Icraut) a variety of Sorghum ‘oulgare largely cultivated in the East as a breadstuff for the poorer classes. It is not impossible that rn~ = -~o~ stands for ~ with for owing to the following labial, as in Assyr. nirmalcu ‘bowl.’ t There may have been also a form mu~maru (cf. This proverbial poem may be translated as follows mu~palu ‘depth’ and mudbaru ‘desert’) and this may be the PROvERBIAL POEM. Semitic prototype of /34o-p~opov (for ~o’cr~opov) given by Strabo (§692) as the name of a variety of grain which is smaller than 23 Give ear and list to my voice now! attend, and list to my utterance. wheat and grows in regions between rivers in India. Strabo 24 Does any one a plow through all and $ turn up the ground with a seasons, harrow? (§690) mentions /3&rp~opov in conjunction with sesame and rice, flax and millet; all these plants were sown in India during 25 Does he not, when the surface is sow broadcast fennel and ~ cummin, the rainy season. Diodorus of Sicily, 2, 36 reads /3&-wopov leveled, instead of /3o’o-p.opov. And duly drill wheat there and while spelt is set out for its border? abroomcorn, Owing to the corruption and consequent misunderstanding of the text, ~rni~’and ~vi~’‘millet and barley,’ were probably 27 Who threshes out fennel with are wheels e ever rolled over. added in the margin to explain the obscure ~ -~v~ = sledges? cummin? -o~i~’i~. Eliminating these expansions and correcting ~ to With staffs do we thresh out the with rods do we beat out the vz~, we then get the following line: fennel, cummin.

28 There is none who threshes ~ or pounds it small with a wheel.~ And duly drill wheat there and broom-corn, While spelt is set out [or its border. breadcorn for ever,~ Now it will be noticed that this line exhibits a well-defined 29 This, too, is the prompting of from Him comes wondrous counsel rhythm, and falls naturally into two halves, each having JEvH, L and help. ic three beats or accented syllables4 Duhm and Marti recognize (a) 24 the plowman (~) in order to sow (y) 25 strew (1) millet or barley the fact that vv. 23—29 constitute a poem, and regard it as (a) 27 of the (threshing) carriage (~) 28 I do not thresh (~) so that he ruins it (,~) of his (threshing) carriageor his horse (a) 29 5abaoth being composed of two decastichs, i. e., two stanzas of ten (a) 26 He has trained him with regard to the proper way, He teaches him hemistichs each. Cheyne, in the Polychrome Bible, also ar- ranges it in the same way, but there is rio regularity in his This little proverbial poem, which represents a post-Exilic lines, some containing four beats, some three and some two. addition to the preceding Isaianic , was intended to In order to get a proper metrical arrangement, we must omit, give encouragement to the post-Exilic community. The idea not only ~-oi~ and ~‘-~y~’,but also several other scribal expansions; the author would convey, seems to be that, just as the husband- above all we must cancel v. 26, lIe has trained him with regard man does not always plough and harrow the ground, so JHYH to the proper way, He teaches him, which now appears at the does not continually plow up and harrow His land of Israel end of the first stanza, but is only a misplaced prosaic gloss to and Judah. Though the enemies of Israel have plowed them * the last line of the poem; while ~•7r1,generally mistranslated and overturned them, this plowing was only to prepare the ‘wisdom,’ must be rendered ‘help,’ as has been conclusively ground for the reception of the seed. And then, when the shown by Dr. Grimm in the Johns Hopkins Semitic papers harvest comes, the seed is not crushed, but separated from the presented to this society at the meeting held in New York in straw, cummin and fennel being beaten out with sticks, while 1901 (JAOS 22, 36. 38). the breadcorn is threshed withthreshing-sledges or threshing- According to Professor Haupt, to whom I am indebted for carriages. t Neither does JHYH utterly destroy his people, but the explanations given in the present paper, the Hebrew text § only separates the grain from the straw; He punishes them should be restored in the following manner no more than is necessary, preserving all the good elements of Israel. * Cf. Friedrich Delitzseh, flieS. (Leipzig, 1902) P. 151, below. t 5ee Prof. Haupt’s list of forms with prefixed in Beitrdge zur Assyriologie, vol. i (Leipzig, 1890) p. 177, cf. ibid., pp. 313, 325. * Cf. Ps. 129, 3 and Lagarde, Jtlillheilsingen, vol. ii (GOttingen, 1887) pp. 121 (214) and Cf. Haupt, The Beek ef Cassticle.s (Chicago, 1902) p. 19, below (.= Hebraica 18, 209). 274, 1. 5 from the bottom; David Kaufmann, Paul de Lagarde’s jiidische Gelehrscmkei Professor Haupt’s critical noteson the Hebrew textwill be published elsewhere. (Leipzig, 1887) p. 15. For ~ (gloss ~) ef. Esth. 9, 24. For the unaccented toip in rwp-~’w (v. 27) cf. t Cf. Beuzinger, Hebrdische Archdologie (LeipzIg, 1894) pp. 209, 210; Hasting’s Diction- ,l~ ~o’—~lin t1~e !~st st~n~a of David’s dirge (2 S, 1,21). ary ef 1/se Bible, voL i (New York, 1898) p. 50. 90 JOHNS HOPKINS [INo. 163.

THE CORONATION OF ARISTOBULUS. a song in his honor. jt is true that the were the final editors of the Psalter, but the fact that Ps. 2 commemorated the By AARON EMBER. coronation of the first Jewish king would account for its admis- [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, sion into the collection. April 16th, 1903.] Before giving a metrical translation and the original text as Ps. 2 is generally considered to be Messianic. But like all the restored in connection with the interpretation of Messianic Psalms so-called Messianic psalms it can be shown to refer to contem- in the Oriental Seminary of the Johns Hopkins University during porary events. Various interpretations of this psalm have been the session 1902/3, it may be well to prefix a few remarks on the proposed. Nearly all of the Jewish commentators refer it to the poetic form of the psalm as well as on some passages which are uprising of the Philistines against David (2 S 5, 17—21). Ewald generally misunderstood. The phrase 11Y~ ~ thou art my son assigned it to the reign of Solomon, while others thought of the means that the king will be a special prot~g6 of Jilvil; God will reigns of Jebosaphat, , , etc. protect him as a father protects his son (ef. 2 5 7, 14). However, there is no incident in the history of pre-Exilic The phrase IYT’2’ ~V~t ‘.~N is usually translated I have this Israel, which exactly suits Ps. 2. Moreover, the Aramaic word day begotten thee; but a father cannot say to his son: I have ~ in v. 1, and ~ in v. 9, and also the advice of the poet, this day begotten thee. We must translate it I have this day created in v. 12, to the heathen rulers to embrace point to post- thee (i. e., appointed thee) King over the Jews. The King of the Exilic times. Jews is a ‘creatures of JHvH; he owes his rise and appointment Professor Haupt, in his article on The Poetic Form of the First to Jilvil, and is subject to His will and influence. He is King Psalm in the last number (April, 1903) of the American Journal over the Jews by the grace of Jilvil. Just as the king of Eng- of Semitic Languages, remarks that Ps. 2 was composed for the land may create one of his subjects a peer, so Jilvil created (i. e., coronation of Aristobulus, the eldest son of the Maccabean con- appointed) His high-priest Aristobulus King of the Jews. The queror John Hyrcanus (105—104 B. C.). whole clause, however, is shown by the meter to be a gloss to We infer from the poem that a number of heathen tribes of the preceding Thou art my son. Palestine, which had been for some time under Jewish supremacy, The most difficult passage is that generally translated Kiss the planned rebellion against the King of the Jews. The conspiracy son, Heb. ~ The Midrash and the Talmud explain ~ was doomed to failure inasmuch as JHvH Himself had appointed by ~VT~11law, discipline. Such an explanation is more or less him King of , thus making him His theocratic representative allegorical. Similarly the Ancient Versions give for ~: dis- on earth. The heathen rulers are advised to desist from their cipline, purity, or the adverb purely. But these renderings do futile undertaking, to accept the Jewish religion, and submit to not suit the context. Kimchi, Delitzsch, Btethgen, and many Jilvil. These circumstances agree quite well with the reign of other Biblical scholars translate ~ by son. But ~ son is Aristobulus. Aramaic. If the poet intended to u~e ~ instead of the Heb. John Hyrcanus, the father of Aristobulus, during his prosper- we should expect, in v. 7, ~ instead of ‘Z. Moreover, we ous reign of thirty years (135—105 B. C.) greatly enlarged the should expect Kiss His son, or Kiss thefeet of His son, instead of boundaries of Judea to the North, East, and South, and compelled Kiss a son. Hupfeld read ~ instead of ~ translating Submit a number of heathen tribes, especially the Idumeans, to embrace to him. But ~ is not good Hebrew. Judaism. Before his death John Hyrcanus proclaimed bis wife queen, while Judas, his eldest son, who afterwards assumed Professor Haupt thinks that ~ in this phrase is identical with the Greek name Aristobulus, was appointed high-priest. After the word forfield, land, ground which we find in Job 39, 4 and in several passages of the Talmud. Moreover barr is a common the death of his father, Aristobulus starved his mother to death in prison, incarcerated all his brothers, except Antigonus, word for ‘land’ in Arabic. It is especially used for terrafirma. and ascended the throne. He was the first of the Hasmoneans With regard to meter, Ps. 2 must be divided into four stanzas. to assume the regal title. It is quite conceivable that a number Each stanza consists of three meshalim or poetic lines. Each mash6iil has two hemistichs, and each hemistich has three beats. of tribes subdued by Hyrcanus should have endeavored to take The Hebrew text shouldibe restored * as follows advantage of this condition of political affairs, and attempt to throw off the Jewish dominion. Tbe coronation of Aristobulus :a~’~ urn WI~ took place in 105 B. C., and great must have been the rejoicing Y~l~ ~ ~Y’T~’2 of the Jewish people at the coronation ceremony of their first I prn~I—’—’ national king after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B. C. :l1~’ ~ ini~tv~ fl~’l’ 4 This psalm may ha.ve been composed for this occasion by one of II llY~ -~rn ut 5 the followers of Aristobulus. ¶.) ‘I~01

The objection might be raised, however, that Aristobulus is .~ ~ mm prrnl~t m,o~ 7 usually represented as one of the darkest figures in the history rn~e u~ll-’ne~’ 8 ~ ~ D~T~ 9 of the Hasmonean dynasty, and therefore it might be argued ~1’ that such a psalm would never have been written in his honor. ~O0P ~l1O But we must bear in mind that our information concerning the enXl’fl mmni~ ri~y ~ Hasmoneans is almost exclusively derived from Pharisean sources, :~6~ ~ which would naturally be more or less prejudiced against a ruler ‘n~ 7 (‘II) ,9~ 5 (~) lfl’tPll ~~plmm ~y 1 (a) of such Philhellellic tendencies as Aristobulus. Even if we con- ,~ ‘inn ‘-svt~ 12 (t) cede the sanguinary character of Aristobulus, it is not at all inconceivable that one of his followers should have written such * contrast cheyne, Encyclopae5is Biblica, cot. 3950, note 6. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CII?CULA 1?S. 91

This may be translated into English as follows:— 27. GRIMM, K. J. The Double Accentuation of the Decalogue: No. 145 (May, 1900) p. 38. 1 Wherefor do gentiles rage, and peoples devise what is naught, 28. HAIIPT, P. The so-called Woman’s Language of the Ancient Babylonians: 2 The Kings of the lands contrive plots and princes take counsel together? No. 29 (March, 1884) p. 51. 3 “Their bonds we will break asunder, their cords we will cast away!” 29. — Special Course in Assyriology: No. 52 (Nov., 1886) p. 16, cf. No. 56 4 He laughs whose throne is in heaven, the Lord derides them all. (March, 1886) p. 117. 5 But thereupon He asks (His auger strikes them with terror) 30. — On the Etymology of Nekasim: No. 59 (Aug., 1887) p. 117. 6 “Have not I established my King on Zion, my holy mountain?” 31. — A Proposed Assyrian—English GloMsary: No. 61 (Dec., 1887) p. 18. 32. — Beitrage zur Assyriologie und vergleichenden semitischen Sprach- 7 JHVH’sdecree I proclaim, He said to me, Thou art my son. wissenschaft (Contributions to Assyriology and Comparative Semitic 5 Ask and thy heritage is thine, and the ends of the land thy possession. I’hilology): No. 61 (Dec., 1887) p. 19 No. 76 (Nov., 1889) p. 16: 9 With iron sceptre thou’lt shatter them, like a potter’s vessel break them. No. 110 (March, 1894) p. 56; No. 128 (Feb., 1897) p. 24; No. 163 10 And now, ye Kings, bewary! Ye rulers of the land take warning! (June, 1903) p. 96. 11 See ye serve JHYH with fear, with trembling kiss ye the ground! 33. — Study Collection of Casts of Assyrian and Babylonian Antiquities in 12 Lest He rsge, and ruin seize ye; His wrath is easily kindled. the National Museum, Washington, D. C. : No. 62 (Jan., 1888) p. 23. 34. — On Assyrian Writing: No. 64 (March, 1888) p. 41. (a) 1 against JHVE and against His anointed (jI) 7 I have this day created thee 35. — Address on Modern Researches in Assyria and Babylonia: No. 64 (y) 5 the gentiles (5) 11 and tremble (March, 1888) p. 46. (e) 12 Happy all they who in Him put their trust! 36. On some passages in the Cuneiform Account of the Deluge: No. 69 (Feb., 1889) p. 17. The last hemistich of the psalm Happy all they who in Him 37. — Contributions to the History of Assyriology with Special Reference to the Works of Sir Henry Rawlinson: No. 72 (Apr., 1889) p. 58. put their trust is shown by Dr. Grimm*~ in his dissertation to be a 38. Dimensions of the Babylonian Ark: No. 75 (Sept., 1889) p. 104. euphemistic liturgical appendix which wasadded in order to offset 39. — On the Book of with Special Reference to the closing section: No. 90 (June, 1891) p. 115. the ominous conclusion For His wrath is easily kindled. 40. — Proposed New Translation of the Bible: No. 98 (May, 1892) p. 87. 41. — Note on the Protevangelium: No. 106 (June, 1893) p. 107. 42. — On a New Hebrew Particle: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 107. 43. — A New Polychromatic Edition of the Old Testament, prepared by Eminent Biblical Scholars of Europe and America, under the Editorial LIST OF ORiENTAL PAPERS IN THE JOHNS Direction of Paul Haupt: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 108, cf. No. 116 (Jan., 1895) p. 30, No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 98. HOPKINS UNiVERSITY CIRCULARS, 1879-1903. 44. Polychromatic Large-Paper Edition of the Old Testament in Hebrew, edited by Paul Haupt: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 123. COMPILED BY AARON EMBER. 45. Batim lo benuyim: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 108. 46.— Denominal Verbs in Semitic: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 109.. A.—Semitic. 47. Note on Psalm 110, 3: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 110. 48. — The Possessive Suffix of the First Person Singular in Assyrian: No. 1. ADLER, CYRUS. The City of Harran: Note on its Name and History: 114 (July, 1894) p. 111. No. 32 (July, 1884) p. 126. 49. Assyrian Names of Lapis Lazuli and Magnesite: No. 114 (July, 1894) 2. — On the Catalogue of Old Testament Writings contained in the MS. of p. 111. the Teaching ofthe Twelve Apostles: No. 41 (July, 1885) p. 120. 50. Written Examination of C. Johnston in his Principal Subject: As- 3.— On Hebrew Words in the Codex Sangallensis 912: No. 47 (March, syriology: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 120. 1886) p. 63. 51.— Written Examination of Daniel G. Stevens, Jr., in his Principal 4. — The Book of Job, with a New Commentary, by Benjamin Szold: Subject: Biblical Philology: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 120. No. 53 (Nov., 1886) p. 26. 52. Written Examination of Daniel G. Stevens, Jr., in his first Subsidiary 5. — The Legend of Semiramis and the Nhnrod Epic: No. 55 (Jan., 1887) Subject: Assyrian : No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 121. p. 50. 53. — The Chaldean Flood Tablet: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 124. 6.— The Shofar—Its Use and Origin: No. 77 (Dec., 1889) p. 26. 54. — The Origin of the Mosaic Ceremonial: No. 145 (May, 1900) p. 121. 7. ARNOLT, W. M. Selah in the Psalms and Habakkuk: No. 81 (May, 1900) 55. — Babel and Bible: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 47. p. 76. 56. Archteology and Mineralogy: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 51. 8.— Remarks Introductory to a Comparative Study on the Deluge Tablets, 57. David’s Dirge on Saul and Jonathan: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 53. with special reference to Dr. P. Jensen’s “Kosmologie”: No. 98 58. — Drugulin’s Marksteine: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 57. (May, 1892) p. 95. 59.— Philippine Problems: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 57. 9.— On Semitic Words in Greek and Latin: No. 102 (Jan,1893) p. 22. 60. HIRscH, E. G. Medieval Jewish Poetry, Announcement of Course: No. 10. BLAKE, F. B. The Opening Chapter of Deutero-Isaish: No. 145 (May, 157 (Apr., 1902) p. 66. 1900) p. 39. 61. JOHNSTON, C. The Alleged Grecisms of Ecclesiastes: No. 90 (June, 1891) 11.— Professor August Fischer’s Notes on the Siloam Inscription: No. 163 p. 118. (June, 1903) p. 62. 62.— Report on some Oriental Manuscripts owned by the Johns Hopkins 12.— Analogies between Semitic and Tag6.log: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 65. University: No. 90 (June, 1891) p. 119. 13.— Babylonian and Atisarvan Magic: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 66. 63.- Dr. Lehmann’s Samassumukin: No. 98 (May, 1892) p. 90. 14. BROWN, F. The Akkadian and its Influence on Semitic Languages: No. 64. — Note on K. 84: No. 106 (June, 1893) p. 108. 11 (July, 1881) p. 149. 65. — The Suffix Pronoun of the Second Person, Feminine Plural in As- 15. CAsANowicz, I. M. The Book of Ecclesiastes in the Version: syrian: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 117. No. 90 (Jan., 1892) p. 117. 66. — Assyrian Medicine: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 118. 16. — Professor Haupt’s Nimrod Epic: No. 98 (May, 1892) p. 91. 67. Epistolary Literature of the Assyrians: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 119. 17. Paronomasia in the Old Testament: No. 98 (May, 1892) p. 96. 68.— The Letter of an Assyrian Princess: No. 126 (June, 1896) p. 91. 18. CHEYNE, T. K. Phases of Jewish Religious Life After the Exile. An- 69. The Laws of Hammurabi and the Mosaic Legislation: No. 163 nouncement of Course: No. 133 (Dec., 1897) p. 32. (June, 1903) p. 59. 19. EMBER, AARON. The Coronation of Aristobulus: No. 163 (June, 1903) 70.— Cuneiform Medicine: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 60. p. 90. 71. LEHMANN, C. F. The Dialectic Equivalence of n to in Proto-Babylo- 20. FOOTE, J. C. The Biblical Ephod: No. 145 (May, 1900) p. 40. nian: No. 32 (July, 1884) p. 125. 21. — The Diphthong ai in Hebrew: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 70. 72. LEON, (Ihn Abi Suleim~.n) The Study of Classical Arabic among Modern 22. — Some Unwarranted Innovations in the Hebrew Text of the Bible: Arabs: No. 77 (Dec., 1889) p. 27. No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 71. 73. — Arabic Conversation. Announcement of Course: No. 86 (March, 23. FROTHINGHAM, A. L. Historical Sketch ofSyriac Literature and Culture: 1891) p. 72, No. 91 (July, 1891) p. 140. No. 30 (Apr., 1884) p. 73. 74. Jewish Philosophers in the Middle Ages. Announcement of Course: 24. — Assyrian Archseology. Announcement of Course: No. 45 (Dec., 1885) No. 91 (July, 1891) p. 140. p. 32, cf. No. 46 (Jan., 1886) p. 56. 75. LEvIAs, C. On the Etymology of the Term Seva: No. 118 (Apr., 1895) 25. — Babylonian and Assyrian Archleology. Announcement of Course: No. 49 (May, 1886) p. 90. p. 64. 76. — The Use of the Imperative in the Protasis of a Conditional Sentence: 26. — Babylonian and Assyrian Art. Announcement of Course: No. 52 (Nov., 1886) p. 35. No. 118 (Apr., 1895) p. 64. 77. MOORE, G. F. Report on the Thesis of G. D. Stevens: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 121. ** Karl J. t25riasm, Euphemisti~ Lflur~icel A endixes in the 015 ffestement (Baltimore, 78. McPHERsoN, W. B. A Modern Cuneiform Congratulatory Message: No. 145 1901). (May, 1900) p. 40. 92 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 163.

79. MCPHERSON, W. B. The Words S6rTh and Nisrn~n in Isaiah xxvnr, 25; 123. BLOOMFIELD, M. A search for Functional or Dialectic Difference in the No. 163 (June, 1903), p. 87. Present System of the Veda: No. 20 (Dec., 1882) p. 26. 80. OussAKi, G. Arabic Conversation. Announcement of Course: No. 153 124. — Arthur C. Burnell and Talavak5~ra-Brahmana: No. 21 (Feb., 1883) (July, 1901) p. 100; No. 159 (July, 1902) p. 102. p. 51. 81. — Phonetic Differences between the Eastern and Western dialects of 125.— On the Etymology of ‘VLXOS: No. 25 (Aug., 1883) p. 141. Syriac: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 81. 126. — On certain Irregular Vedic Subjunctives or Imperatives: No. 27 82. — Mourning Rites and Customs in early Arabic: No. 163 (June, 1904) (Nov., 1883) p. 6. p. 85. 127. — On an edition, proposed by the Writer, of the K~u9ika-sfitra of the 83. Origin and Development of the Arabic Dialects: No. 163 (June, Atharva-Veda: No. 29 (March, 1884) p. 52. 1903) p. 83. 128.— Latin usque=:Vedic dcch&: No. 36 (Jan., 1885) p. 32. 84. PRINcE, J. D. A Modern Cuneiform Congratulatory Tablet: No. 98 (May, 129.— 7rE7rWy ‘ripe’ and ~rE7rwv ‘mild, weak’: No. 36 (Jan., 1885) p. 33. 1892) p. 92. 130. — On a probable Equivalent in Sanskrit of the Greek particle &p, jS&: 85. Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin: No. 98 (May, 1892) p. 94. No. 39 (May, 1885) p. 76. 86. — List of Books Presented to the Semitic Department of the Johns Hop- 131. — On a New Group of Vedic words belonging to the root pra~ “to ask”: kins University : No. 98 (May, 1892) p. 94. No. 41 (July, 1885) p. 119. 87. ROSENAU, W. The Talmud (Lectures) Announcement of Course: No. 147 132. Note on the Study of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology: No. 41 (July, 1900) p. 77; No. 159 (July, 1902) p. 102. (July, 1885) p. 119. 88. — Hebrew Conversation. Announcement of Course: No. 153 (July, 1901) 133. The Correlation of v and m in the Veda: No. 49 (May, 1886) p. 93, p. 100; No. 159 (July, 1902) p. 102. cf. No. 56 (Jan., 1887) p. 56. 89. — Medieval Jewish Philosophers, (Lectures) Announcement of Course: 134.— A Vedic Concordance: Being a Collection of Hymns and Sacrificial No. 147 (July, 1900) p. 77. Formulas of the Literature of the Vedas: No. 99 (June, 1890) p. 99. 90. — Jewish Ceremonial Institutions. Announcement of Course: No. 153 135. — Contributions to the Interpretation of the Veda. Third, fourth, and (July, 1901) p. 99. fifth series: No. 99 (June, 1892) p. 101. 91. — The Sonneborn collection of Jewish ceremonial objects: No. 163 136. — The Unique Manuscript of the Kashmirian Atharva-Veda: No. 154 (June, 1903) p. 67. (Dec., 1901) p. 17. 92. Some Hebraisms in the New Testament: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 68. 137. — Kashmirian Atharva-Veda: No. 155 (Jan., 1902) p. 28. 93. SEII’LE, W. G. A Modern Cuneiform Congratulatory Tablet: No. 163 138. HAIJPT, P. On the Pronunciation of tr in Old Persian: No. 59 (Aug., 1887) (June, 1903) p. 75. p. 117. 94. SMITH, G. A. Hebrew Poetry, (Lectures) Announcement of Course: No. 139. HAWKS, W. J. Modern Persian. Announcement of Course: No. 87 117 (March, 1895) p. 49. (March, 1891) p. 72. 95. S~v~r~s, D. G. The so-called Songs of Degrees: No. 95 (Feb., 1892) 140. LAYMAN, C. R. Why has the Sanskrit Ablative so seldom a Form exclu- p. 115. sively its own?: No.~2 (Jan., 1880) p. 17. 96. Messianic Psalms: No. 106 (June, 1893) p. 108. 141. On the Relative Frequency of ancient and modern gramatically 97. A Translation of Leviticus, Chapters 1—5: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 112. Equivalent Forms as a criterion of the age of different Vedic Texts: 98. — The Songs of Return: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 115. No. 2 (Jan., 1880) p. 17. 99. UHLER, P. R. List of Works in the Library of the Peabody Institute re- 142. MAGOUN, H. W. The Asuri-Kalpa: No. 65 (July, 1888) p. 81. lating to Assyrian, Chaldean, etc., Texts, and Inscriptions: No. 25 143. — The K5~u~ika-Siitra of the Atharva-Veda: No. 84 (Dec., 1890) p. 34. (Aug., 1883) p. 153. 100. WARD, W. H. On recent Explorations in Babylonia: No. 49 (May, 1886) p. 89. D,—Malayo-Polynesian. 101. WILLIAMs, G. A. Natural Occurrence of Lapis Lazuli: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 111. 102. WILLIAMS, T. Translation of Some Arabic Medical Prescriptions of the 144. BLAKE, F. R. Tag~log for Beginners. Announcement of Course: No. 153 End of the Fifteenth Century: No. 84 (Dec., 1890) p. 31. (July, 1901) p. 100; No. 159 (July, 1902) p. 102. 145. Tag6iog (Second Year’s Course). Announcement of Course: No. 159 (July, 1902) p. 102. 146. — Vis~yan for Beginners. Announcement of Course: No. 159 (July, B.—New Testament, 1902) p. 102. 103. CRoss, J. M. The Testaments of the Twelve Apostles: No. 3 (Feb., 147. — Sanskrit Loan-Words in Tag6iog: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 63. 1880) p. 34. 148.— See A, No. 12. 149. HAUPT, P. Malay for Beginners and Interpretation of Selected Texts. 104. On the exaggerated Influence of the Septuagint on the Greek of the New Testament: No. 10 (Apr., 1881) p. 128. Announcement of Course: No. 141 (July, 1899) p. 81. 105. Final Sentences in the New Testament: No. 10 (Apr., 1881) p. 128. 150. — The Philippine Islands (Lectures) Announcement of Course: No. 147 106. HALL, I. H. Hopkins Hall Lectures. The New Testament: Bibliograph- (July, 1900) p. 77. ical, Biographical, and Textual Studies. Announcement of Course: 151. SEIPLE, W. G. Tag6log Poetry: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 78. 152. — The Tag~log Numerals: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 79. No. 45 (Dec., 1885) p. 29. 107. Reproduction in Phototype of a Syriac Manuscript (Williams MS) with the Antilogomena : No. 46 (Jan., 1886) p. 55. E.—Egyptology. 108. Lectures on the History of the Printed New Testament. Announce- ment of Course: No. 46 (Jan., 1886) p. 55. 153. ADLER, CYRUS. Note on a Coptic Inscription in the Cohen Collection of 109. HARRIS, J. R. New Testament Autographs: No. 21 (Feb., 1883) p. 51. Egyptian Antiquities: No. 84 (Dec., 1890) p. 30. 110. On the Normal Forms of Early Epistles: No. 22 (Apr., 1883) p. 66. 154. COHEN, MENDES. On “the Cohen Collection of Egyptian Antiquities” 111. — Introductory Note on the Euthalian Stichometry: No. 25 (Aug., 1883) and its collector, Colonel Mendes I. Cohen: No. 35 (Dec., 1884) p. 140. p. 21. 112. — On the Examplar of Cod. C in the Apocalypse: No. 27 (Nov., 1883) 155. DENNIS, J. T. The transliteration of Egyptian: No. 163 (June, 1903) p.6. p. 73. 113. — On an Etymology of Isidore: No. 28 (Jan., 1884) p. 40. 156. — Egyptian stone implements: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 74. 114. Stichometry and the Vatican Codex B: No. 29 (March, 1884) p. 54. 157. JOHNSTON, C. The Relation between Egyptian and Semitic: No. 145 115. — Notes on Early Stichornetric MSS.: No. 29 (March, 1884) p. 54. 116.— On the “Pistic Nard” of Mark xiv, 3 and John xii, 3: No. 39 (May, 1900) p. 37. (May, 1885) p~ 77. 158. SEIPLE, W. G. Recent Papyrus Finds: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 77. 117. — On the Western Text of the New Testament: No. 39 (May, 1885) p. 78. F.—Miseellaneons. 118. — The Teaching of the Apostles and Sibylline Books: No. 46 (Jan., 1886) p. 44. 159. ADLER, CYRUS. Accessions to the University Library. Oriental Lan- guages: No. 37 (March, 1885) p. 59. C.—Jndo-European. 160. — List of Books relating to the East in Enoch Pratt Free Library: No. 81 (May, 1900) p. 82. 119. BEvIER, L.—On the Guttural Nasal as Consonant and Vowel and its Rep- 161.— Ancient Eastern Politics: No. 114 (July, 1894) p. 116. resentation in Sanskrit and Greek: No. 7 (Dec., 1880) p. 82. 162. EMBER, AARON. List of Oriental Papers in the Johns Hopkins University 120. BLARE, F. R. See A, No. 13 and D, No. 147. Circulars, 1879—1903: No. 163 (June, 1903) p. 91. 121. BLOOMFIELD, M. Final as in Sanskrit before Sonants: No. 13 (Feb., 1882) 163. PRINCE, J. D. Modern Turkish (Osmanli) Announcement of Course: No. p. 174: cf. No. 17 (Aug., 1882), p. 243. 86 (March, 1891) p. 72; No. 91 (July, 1891) p. 140; No. 98 (July, 122. — On the Grhyasasbgraha-pari9i~ta of Gobhilaputra: No. 15 (May, 1892) p. 98. 1882) p. 205. 164. — Linguistic Position of Turkish: No. 87 (Apr.~ 1 ~91) p. 80. JUNE, 19O~.J LTNIFEjj~sIpy CThC1JI§ARS.

INDEX TO LIST OF ORIENTAL PAPERS IN UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS. year, while Professor Haupt conducted a series of exercises in Syriac Prose Composition. Arabic: Nos. 72, 73, 80, 82, 83, 102. In Arabic, Professor Haupt conducted weekly exercises in Assyrian: iNos. 5, 8,13,16, 24, 26, 29, 31—38, 48—50, 52, 53, 55, 63—71, 78, Prose Composition, while Professor Johnston met a class for the 84, 93, 99, 100. Egyptian: Nos. 153—158. reading of selections from Arabic Historians. The instruction in Greek: Nos. 9,103—119, 125, 129, 130. Elementary Arabic was given by Dr. Blake, and the Fellow in Hebrew: Nos. 1—4, 6, 7,10, 11, 15, 17—22, 27, 30, 39—45, 47, 54, 55,57,60, Semitic, Mr. Oussani, interpreted selected siiras of the Kordn, 61, 74—77, 79, 85, 87—92, 94—98. during the first half-year, and conducted exercises in reading Latin: Nos. 9,128. Unpointed Arabic texts, during the second half-year. Mr. Oussani Malay: No. 149. also gave a course in Arabic Conversation. Miscellaneous: Nos. 56, ~58,59, 62, 101, 150, 159, 160—162. Persian: Nos. 138, 139. In Ethiopic, exercises in Prose Composition were conducted by Sauskrit: Nos. 13, 119—128, 130—137, 140—143. Professor Haupt, while Dr. Blake interpreted selected texts in Semitic: Nos. 9, 12, 46, 51,86,157. Dillmann’s Chrestomathy. Sumerian: Nos. 14, 28. Four hours weekly were devoted to the study of Assyriology. Syriac: Nos. 23, 81. Professor Haupt gave a series of lectures on Sumerian Grammar, Tag~log: Nos. 12, 144, 145, 151, 152. and interpreted selected Sumerian Hymns and PenitentialPsalms. Turkish: Nos. 163, 164. Vis~yan: No. 146. He also explained the Babyloniaii Yimrod Epic, and conducted weekly exercises in Assyrian and Sumerian Prose 6’omposition, the students translating Arabic sentences and selected Hebrew texts into Assyrian, and Assyrian sentences into Sumerian. Under REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE ORIENTAL SEMINARY DURING THE SESSION the guidance of Professor Johnston, a class met, two hours weekly 1902-1903. through the year, for the study of Assyrian and Babylonian Historical Inscriptions. In the Oriental Seminary, under the direction of Professor In Egyptology, Professor Johnston gave a course in Hieroglyphic Haupt, twenty-eight courses in the various departments of Ori- Egyptian; he also interpreted selected Hieratic Papyri. ental research were given during the past year, special attention Two courses in Tag6tlog, the most important native language being paid to the interpretation of the Bible as well as to Oriental of the Philippine Islands, an elementary and a more advanced History and Archteology. course, were conducted by Dr. Blake. Eleven hours weekly during the first half-year, and thirteen As delegate of the Johns Hopkins University, the Smithsouian hours weekly during the second, were devoted to the study of Institution, and the American Oriental Society, Professor Haupt Hebrew and the Old Testament. In the Old Testament Seminary, attended the Thirteenth International Congress of Orientalists, Professor Haupt gave, two hours weekly through the year, a held at Hamburg in September, 1902. He read three papers in Critical Interpretation of Selected Messianic Psalms, preceded by the Semitic section of the Congress: (1) The Poetic Form of the some introductory lectures on the origin of the Psalter, the Messi- Biblical Love ditties; (2) Quotations in the Old Testament; (3) anic idea in the Old Testament and in cuneiform literature, the Tarshish. Abstracts of these papers will appear in the Proceed- history of the Maccabean period, the Dispersion of the Jews, the ings of the Congress. The paper on Tarshish will be published in form of Hebrew poetry, etc. Professor Haupt also conducted a full in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. series of weekly exercises in Hebrew Prose Composition, the stu- At the meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature, held in dents translating idiomatic English sentences into Hebrew. Dr. New York, December, 1902, Professor Haupt read two papers: Blake, Instructor in Oriental Languages, gave a course in Hebrew (1) The Poetic Form of the First Psalm; (2) The Stones of Syntax, and in conjunction with the iRayner Fellow in Semitic, Tarshish. The first paper appeared in the Aprll number of the Dr. Foote, conducted the• Second Year’s Course in Hebrew, two American Journal of Semitic Languages (vol. XIX, pp. 129—142), hours weekly through the year. During the second half-year while the July number of this Journal contains a paper by Pro- Dr. Rosenau met a class for the reading of Unpointed Hebrew fessor Haupt on Isaiah’s Parable of the Vineyard. The same Texts, and also conducted exercises in Hebrew Conversation. The number contains also a review of R. F. Harper’s Assyrian Letters instruction in Elementary Hebrew was given by Dr. Foote, under (vols. vi—vni), by Professor Johnston. the supervision of Professor Haupt, two hours weekly through Two elaborate dissertations by graduates of the Oriental Semi- the year. Dr. Foote also gave a course of lectures on the Litera- nary were published during the session: one by Dr. Rosenau on ture of the Old Testament, on the basis of the Authorized Hebraisms in the Authorized Version of the Bible, a volume of Version. 283 pages, and the other (255 pp.) by Dr. Guttmacher, on Associate Professor Johnston lectured on the History of the Optimism and Pessimism in the Old and, New Testaments. Dr. Ancient East, with special reference to the History of Israel, and Rosenau also published an illustrated book on Jewish Ceremonial also gave a series of lectures on Biblical Archceology. During the Institutions and Customs with a catalogue of the Sonneborn second half-year Dr. iRosenau lectured on the Talmud. Collection (193 pp.) Professor Haupt gave a course of lectures on ComparativeSemi- At the annual meeting of the American Oriental Society, held tic Grammar with special reference to roots and stems in Semitic. in Baltimore, April 1903, twenty-three papers were presented by In Biblical Aramaic, Dr. Blake gave a minute grammatical inembem of the Oriental Seminary: viz., Professor Haupt: (a) analysis of the Aramaic portions of the . David’s Dirge on the Death of Saul and Jonathan, (b) Difficult In Syriac Professor Johnston gave an elementary course during Passages in the Epic, (c) Bible and Babel, (d) Drug- the second half-year, and a more advanced course through the ulin’s Marksteine ;—Associate Professor Johnston: (a) Moses and 94 JOHNS ItO=KINS [No. tea.

Hammurabi, (b) Cuneiform Medicine ;—Dr. Blake: (a) Intransi- Biblical Philology. tive Verbs in Hebrew, (b) Prof. August Fischer’s Notes on the 3. The Literature of the Bible (on the basis of the Authorized Siloam Inscription, (c) Sanskrit Loan-words in Tag~log ;—Dr. Version). iRosenan: (a) The Sonneborn Collection of Jewish Ceremonial Ob- Professor HAUPT and Dr. FooTE. Thursday, 5 p. m. jects, (b) Some Hebraisms in the New Testament ;—Dr. Foote, (a) 4. General Introduction to the Hebrew Text of the Old Testa- The Diphthong ai in Hebrew, (b) Some Unwarranted Innovations ment (Masorab, etc.). in the Hebrew Text of the Bible ;—Mr. Oussani: (a) Mourning Dr. FooTE. Thursday, 9 a. m. Rites and Customs in Early Arabia, (b) Phonetic Differences be- 5. Elementary Hebrew. tween the Eastern and Western Dialects of Syriac, (c) Origin and Professor HAUPT and Dr. FOOTE. Wednesday, 2—4 p. m. Development of the Arabic Dialects ;—Mr. McPherson: The 6. Hebrew (Second Year’s Course). Words s6rdh and nismdn in Isaiah XXVIII. 25 ;—Mr. Dennis: (a) Dr. BLAKE. Thursday, 3 p. m. The Transliteration of Egyptian, (b) Egyptian Stone Imple- 7. Hebrew Syntax. ments ;—Mr. Seiple: (a) Tagilog Poetry, (b) The Tag6log Dr. BLAKE. Thursday, 2 p. m. Numerals, (c) Recent Papyrus Finds in Egypt ;—Mr. Ember: 8. Reading of Unpointed Hebrew Texts. The Coronation of Aristobulus. Abstracts of these papers are Dr. RosENAP. Wednesday, 9 a. sa. given in No. 163 of the University Circulars [pp. 47—93] issued 9. Prose Composition (Hebrew, Arabic, Assyrian, Sumerian, at the end of the session. Syriac, Ethiopic). Before the University Philological Association, members of Professor HAurT. T~sesday, 4—5.30 p. m. the Oriental Seminary read thefollowing papers: Professor Haupt 10. Comparative Semitic Grammar. (Dec. 19): King Solomon’s Mines; Associate Professor Johnston Professor HAUPT. Monday, 2 p. m. (Feb. 20): The Laws of Hammurabi; Dr. Blake (Oct. 17): 11. Old Testament Seminary (Critical Interpretation of The Analogies between Semitic and Tag~ilog; Mr. Seiple (Nov. 21): Book of Ecelesiastes). Theocritean Parallels to the Song of Songs [printed in the Janu- Professor HAIJPT. Tuesday, 2—4 p. m. ary number of the American Journal of Semitic Languages, vol. 12. The Ancient Versions of the Book of Ecelesiastes (Greek, xix, pp. 108-115]. Latin, Aramaic, Syriac, etc.). Professor Johnston also read a paper (April 20) on Magic and Associate Professor JoHNsToN, Dr. FOOTE, Mr. OUsSANI. Thursday, 4p. m. Medicine in Ancient Babylonia before the Historical Club of the 13. Hebrew Conversation. Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dr. RoszNAu. Wednesday, 10 a. m. The first part of the fifth volume of the Contributions to Assy. 14. Post-Biblical Hebrew (The Mishnic tract Yom~e, ed. Strack; riology and Comparative Semitic Grammar, edited with the Talmud, Berakhoth). codperation of the Johns Hopkins University, by Professor Dr. ROSENAIJ. Tisesday, 9—11 a. m. Haupt in conjunction with Professor Friedrich Delitzsch, of 15. Lectures on Jewish Ceremonial Institutions. Berlin, appeared at the end of the session. It contains a number Dr. RosENAU. Monday, 5 p. m. of modern Arabic stories (with a glossary and a grammatical 16. Biblical AramaicGrammar and Interpretation of the Aramaic sketch) collected by Professor Meissner, of Berlin, during his Portions of the . sojourn in the ruins of Babylon. The second part of the fifth Dr. BLAKE. Thursday, 11 a. m. volume, cbntaining an edition of theArabic poems of Mutalammis by Professor Vollers, of Jena, formerly Director of the Khedivial Syriac. Library at Cairo, Egypt, is in press. 17. Syriac (Rddiger’s Chrestomathy). The Sonneborn Collection of Jewish Ceremonial Objects was Associate Professor JoHNSToN. Tuesday, 12 m. increased by a number of valuable additions, and several rare 18. Syriac Prose Composition. objects with interesting historical associations will be added before Professor HAUPT. See No. 9. the beginning of next session. The Strouse Semitic Library of the Oriental Seminary received Arabic. during the past year, besides a number of the latest publications 19. Elementary Arabic. on Semitic Languages and Biblical Literature, an exceptionally Dr. BLAKE. Monday, 9 a. m. valuable addition in an excellent collection of Rabbinical litera- 20. Extracts from Arabic Geographers. ture comprising 1,700 titles in about 3,000 parts. Associate Professor JOHNSTON. Eriday, 9 a. m. 21. Reading of Unpointed Arabic Texts. Mr. OUssANI. Friday, 3 p. m. PROGRAMME OF THE ORIENTAL SEMINARY 22. Arabic Conversation. Mr. OUssANI. Monday, 11 a. m. FOR THE YEAR 1903-1904. 23. Arabic Prose Composition. Professor HAIJPT. See No. 9. Oriental History. 1. History of the Ancient East (Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, Ethiopic. Persia, Israel and Judah). 24. Elementary Ethiopic. Associate Professor JOHNSTON. Friday, 12 m. Dr. BLAKE. Monday, 10 a. m. 2. Historical Geography of Palestine. 25. Ethiopic Prose Composition. Associate Professor JOHNsTON. Wednesday, 12 m. Professor HAUPT. See No. 9. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULAI?S. 95 Assyriology. THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 26. Elementary Assyrian. Dr. FOOTE. Monday and Thursday, 12 m. OF BALTIMORE. 27. Assyrian Historical Texts. Associate Professor JOHNSTON. Tuesday and Wednesday, 10 a. m. LIST OF SERIALS. 28. Babylonian Niinrod Epic. Professor HAUPT. Monday, 3 p. m. I. American Journal of Mathematics. FRANK MORLEY, Editor. Quarterly. 4to. Volume XXV in progress. $5 per volume. 29. Sumerian Hymns and Penitential Psalms. (A. very few complete sets of this journal remain. These will be sold Professor HAUPT. Monday, 4 p. m. for $100 per set.) 30. Assyrian and Sumerian Prose Composition. II. American Chemical Journal. IRA REMSEN, Editor. Monthly. Professor HAUPT. See No. 9. 8vo. Volume XXX in progress. $5 per year. III. American Journal of Philology. B. L. GILDERSLEEVE, Editor. Egyptology. Quarterly. 8vo. Volume XXIV in progress. $3 per volume. (Only a few complete sets remain. Price will be stated on application.) 31. Hieroglyphic Egyptian for Beginners. IV. Studies from the Biological Laboratory. Svo. Volume V com- Associate Professor JOHNSTON. Friday, 10 a. m. plete. 32. Coptic (Steindorif’s Grammar). V. Studies in History and Politics. J. M. VINCENT, J. H. HoL. Associate Professor JOHNSTON. Friday, 11 a. m. LANDER~ W. W. WILLOUGHBY, Editors. Monthly. Svo. Volume XXI in progress. $3 per volume. (The set of twenty series in cloth will be sold for $60, and including Malayo-Polynesian Philology. subscription to the current (twenty-first) series for $63. The twenty series 33. Malay. with nineteen extra volumes will be sold for $80.) Dr. BLAKE. Thursday, 10 a. m. VI. Johns Hopkins University Circulars. Monthly. 4to. Volume 34. Elementary Tagdlog. XXII in progress. $1 per year. Dr. BLAKE. Friday, 5p. m. VII. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. Monthly. 4to. Volume XIV 35. Tag~log (Advanced Course). in progress. $1 per year. (The set offourteen volumes will be sold for $35.) Dr. BLAKE. Friday, 4 p. m. VIII. Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports. 4to. Volume XI in progress. 36. Visiyan. $5 per volume. Dr. BLAKE. Wednesday, 4 p. m. (The set of eleven volumes will be sold for $60.) IX. Contributions to Assyriology, etc. Volume IV complete. X. Memoirs from the Biological Laboratory. W. K. BROOKS, Editor. CONTENTS. Volume V complete. PAGE. (The set of five volumes will be sold for $35.) NOTES FROM THE ORIENTAL SEMINARY: Bible and Babel. By PAUL HAUPT, 47 XI. Modern Language Notes. A. M. ELLIOTT, Editor. Monthly. 4to. Volume XVIII in progress. $1.50 per volume. Archnology and Mineralogy. By PAUL HAUPT, - - - 51 David’s Dirge on Saul and Jonathan. By PAUL HAuPT, - - 53 XII. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. W. H. WELCH, Editor. Bi-monthly. 4to. Volume VI in progress. $5 per volume. Drugulin’s Marksteine. By PAUL HAUPT, - - - - 57 (The set of five volumes will be sold for $30.) Philippine Problems. By PAUL HAUPT, 57 The Laws of Hammurabi and the Mosaic Code. By C. JOHNSTON, 59 XIII. American Journal of Insanity. HENRY M. HURD, Editor Cuneiform Medicine. By C. JOHNSTON, 60 Quarterly. 4to. $5 per volume. XIV. Reports of the Maryland Geological Survey. Notes on the Siloam Inscription. By FRANK R. BLAKE, - - 62

Sanskrit Loan Words in Tagiiog. By FRANK IR. BLAKE, - - 63 XV. Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity. L. A. Analogies between Semitic and Tagalog. By FRANK IR. BLAKE, 65 BAUER, Editor. Quarterly. Svo. Volume VIII in progress. $2.50 per volume. Babylonian and Atharvan Magic. By FRANK IR. BLAKE, - - 66 The Sonneborn Collection of Jewish Ceremonial Objects. By W. (The set of eight volumes will be sold for $22.50.) iRoSENAIJ, 67 XVI. Reprint of Economic Tracts. J. H. HOLLANDER, Editor. First Series. 1903. $1. Some Hebraisms in the New Testament. By W. ROSENAU, - 68 XVII. Annual Report of the Johns Hopkins University. Presented The Diphthong Al in Hebrew. By T. C. FOOTE, - - - 70 Some Unwarranted Innovations in the Text of the Hebrew Bible. by the President to the Board of Trustees. XVIII. Annual Register of the Johns Hopkins University. Giving By T. C. FOOTE, - . 71 the list of officers and students, and stating the regulations, etc. The Transliteration of Egyptian. By J. T. DENNIS, - . - 73

Egyptian Stone Implements. By J. T. DENNIS, - - - 74 A Modern Cuneiform Congratulatory Message. ByW. G. SEIPLE, 75 ROWLAND’S PHOTOGRAPH OF THE NORMAL SOLAR SPECTRUM. 10 Recent Papyrus Finds in Egypt. ByW. G. SEIPLE, - - - 77 plates. $20. Tag6iog Poetry. By W. G. SEIPLE, 78 THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND SPANISH The Tag~ilog Numerals. By W. G. SEIPLE, - - - - 79 AMERICA. By John H. Latan6 (The Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplo. Phonetic Differences Between the Eastern and Western Dialects matic History for 1899). 294 pp. l2ino. $1.50. of Syriac. By G. OusSANI, 81 THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY. By J Origin and Development of the Arabic Dialects. By G. OUssANI, 83 M. Callahan. (The Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History for 1900). 304 pp. l2mo. $1.50. Mourning Rites and Customs in Early Arabia. By G. OUSSANI, 55 ESSAYS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The Words S6r6~h and Nisman in Isaiah xxviii, 25. By W. B. J. Franklin Jameson, Editor. Cloth, $2.25. MCPHERSON, 87 THE PHYSICAL PAPERS OF HENRY A. ROWLAND. 716 pp. Royal Svo. Coronation of Aristobulus. By A. EMBER, - - - - 90 $7.50. Listof Oriental Papers in theUniversity Circulars. ByA. EMBER, 91

REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE ORIENTAL SEMINARY FOR TIlE YEAR Communications and requests for detailed lists of publications 1902—1903, - - 93 should be addressed to The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md. PROGRAMME OF THE ORIENTAI~ SEMINARY FOR THE YEAR 1903-1904, 94 96 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 163.

The Chaldean Plood Tablet. CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASSYRIOLOGY AND SEMITIC PHILOLOGY. The Johns Hopkins Press has now on sale a few plaster casts of the eleventh tablet of the so-called Jzdubar or Gilgamesh Legends, commonly (Beitr&ge zur Assyriologie und Semitisehen Sprachwissenschaft.) known under the name of the Babylonian Nimrod Epic. The tablet contains the cuneiform text of the Chaldean Account of The Deluge as Edited by Professor FRIEDRICH DELIvzsdH, and Professor PAUL HAUPT. restored by Professor Paul Haupt in the second part of his edition of the Babylonian Nimrod Epic. The text is based on thirteen different copies Volume 1. 636 pages, royal 8vo., 2 portraits and 14 plates of inscriptions. of the Flood tablet, the fragments of which are published in Professor Haupt’s edition. The originals were found during the British excavations Price, $l0.00.—Volume II. 645 pages, royal 8vo., 2 portraits and 83 plates in the Valley of the Euphrates and Tigris, and are now preserved in the ofinscriptions. Price, $10.50.—Volume III. 590 pages, royal 8vo., 48 plates British Museum. The present clay tablet has the size of the largest of inscriptions, 30 illustrations, 3 maps and 1 plan. Price, $10.00—Volume Deluge fragment (8~ x 6~ in.) known in the Kouyunjik collection of the IV. 590 pages, royal 8vo., 19 plates. Price, $10.00. British Museum as K 2252. The text has been engraved in clay under Attention is called to the very limited edition in which the Beitrdge is the direction of Professor Haupt by Rev. IR. Zehnpfund, Ph. D., of Rosslau, Germany. published. The completion of the sets of the older periodicals (the Zeit- schr~fi filr dgyptiselte Sprache und Altertumskunde, for example) is often diffi- cult, if not quite impossible. 8ubscriptions in America should be addressed to THE JoHNs HOPKINS PRESS, Baltimore.

CONTENTS OF YOLUMES 1—JY. BELSER, CARLWILHELM, Babylonische Kudurrn-Jnschriften (Mit 24 Tafein, autograph- jert von F. H. Weksbach). II. S. 111—ios. BILLERBECK, A., und ALFRED JRREMIA5, Der IJntergang Nineveb’s nud die Weissa- gungsschrift des Nahum von Elkosoli (Mit 30 Abbildungen und 3 Karten). III. S. 87—188. BORE, FERDINAND, Elamisehes. IY. S. 431—433. BROcKELMARN, C., Ibn Gauzi’s Kitdb ci- Wefd fi fadd’il cl-Mustefd, nach der Leidener Handaclirift untersuclit. III. S. 1— 39. DELITZ5cH, FRIEDRIcH, Zur assyriseli-babylonisehen Brieflitteratur. Erster Aufsatz I. 5. 185 —243. ZweiterAufsatz I. S. 613—631. Dritter Aufsatz II. 5. 19— 62. — — Em Thonkegel Sin-idinnam’s (MitAbbildung inLichtdruck und 4 Tafeln autogra- phierter Keilschrlfttexte). I. S. 301—311. — — Nachtriigliches zn Hagen’s Cyrns-Texten. II. S. 248—237. — — Der Berliner Merodachbaladan-Stein. II. 5. 238—273. — — Bemerkungen zn einigen aitbablylon. Kdnigs- u. Personennamen II. 5. 622—626. — — Notizen zu den neubabyloniachen Kontrakttafeln. III. 5. 383—392. — — Zur juristischen Litteratur Babyloniens IV. S. 78— 87. REVERSE OF ORIGINAL TABLET, K 2252. — — Randbemerknngen znE. Lindi, , DieDatenliste der erstenDynastic von Babylon.” IV. 5. 403—409. — — Zusatzbemerknngen zn Nagels Abbandlung fiber Kings Hammurabi-Briefe. IV. 5. 483—300. — — und J. A. KNUDTZOE, Briefe Hammurabi’s an Sin.idinnam. (Mit 2 antographier- ten Tafein). IV. S. 88—100. DEMUTH, LuDwIe, Fiinfzig Rechts- nnd Yerwaltnngsurknnden ans der Zeit des KOnigs Kyros (538—329 v. Chr.) III. S. 393—444. FLEEMING, J., Der litterar. Nachiass G. F. Grotefend’s (Mit Portrait). I. S. 80— 93. — — Hiob Ludoif. Bin Beitrag zur Geachiebte der orientalisehen Philologie (Mit Por- trait). I. 5. 337—382. II. S. 63—110. — — Sir Henry Rawlinson und seine Yerdienste um die Assyriologie (Mit Portrait). II. 5. 1— 18. FRAREKEL, S., Zum sporadischen Lautwandel in den Semit. Sprachen. III. S. 60— 86. FRIRDRDJR, THOMAS, Die Anagrabungen von Sendachirli und das bit ivilidni (Mit 6 Ab- bildungen). IV. 5. 227—278. GELDEREN, CoRNALIs VAN, Ausgewiihlte babylonisch.assyrische Briefe, transacribiert und iXbersetzt. IV. 5. 501—343. HAGRN, 0. B., Keilsebrifturkunden zur Geschichte des Kdnigs Cyrus (Mit 2 Tafein: die Nabfln~~id.Annalen). ii. 5. 203—248. HARPER, EDWARD T., Die babyloniachen Legenden von , Zn, und Dib- barra (Mit 32 Tafeln Keilschrifttexte antographiert von H. Zimmern und 10 Licht- drucken nach photograph. Aufuabmen von B. T. Harper). II. S. 390—321. HAUPT, PAUL, Das Nominaiprifix nc in Assyriechen. I. S. 1— 20. — — Die zwdlfte Tafel des babyloniachen Nimrod-Epos (Mit 9 Tafein antographierter Keilschrifttexte). I. 5. 48— 79. — — Ergebuisse elner nenen Collation der Jzduhar-Legenden. I. 5. 94—132. — — Zur Assyriachen Nominallebre. I. 5. 138—184. REVERSE OF THE MODERN REPRODUCTION OF THE CHALDEAN — — Die semitiachen Sprachlante und thre Umschrift. I. 5. 249—267. FLOOD TABLET, RESTORED FROM DUPLICATES. — — Die beiden Halbvocale u and ~. I. 5. 293—300. — — Verzeichniss der Abkflrznngen. I. S. 362—368. The casts have been most carefully finished in colored plaster so as to — — A1cklnlzse oder makldasu I. 5. 631. give them the appearance of a real cuneiform clay tablet. The tablet —— The Hebrew term ahdlilh. IV. 5. 583—587. contains in six columns 331 lines of cuneiform writing. An accompanying HOMMEL, FRITZ, Uber den Grad der Verwandisebaft des Altiigyptischen mit dem statement gives explicit directions for the reproduction of cuneiform tablets. Semitachen. II. 5. 342—358. The present tablet will be found especially valuable for academic classes, HROZN{~ FRIEDRIdH, Zum Geidwesen der Babylonier. IV. 5. 543—350. as it will enable students who have not access to originals to study the JXGER, MARTIN, Der Halbvocal im Assyriachen. I. 5. 443—491. cuneiform writing. It is proposed to issue a number of the most important — — Das babylonische Hiatuszeicben. I. 5. 189—392. Assyrian and Babylonian texts in this manner. — — Assyriache Rathaci und Sprdchwdrter. II. 5. 274—305. The tablets are safely put up in handsome boxes and will be sent post JAsTRow JR., MoRRIS, A new Fragment of the Babylonian Etana Legend (Mit 4 Tafelo free on receipt of $1.50. in Photolithographie und Autographie). ILL 5. 363—384. JEREMIAS, ALFRED, siehe: Billerbeck. JEREMIAS, JOMANSES, Die Cultustafel von Sippar. I. 5. 268—292. Orders should be addressed to THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE. KNUDTZON, J. A., Textkritische Bemerkungen zn Lay. 17. 18, XJ. 5. 306—311. JUNE, 1903.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULA RS. 97

KNUDTZON, J. A., Ergebnisse einer Collation der EI-Amarna-Tafein. IV. S. 101—154. — — Weitere Stndien zu den El-Amarna-Tafein. IV. S. 279—337 und 410—417. — — Briefe Hammurabi’s an Sin-idinnam siehe: Delitzsch. PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION KOOLER, J., Em Beitrag ZILOIL neubabylonisehen Recht. IV. S. 423—430. KOTALLA, EDIJARD, Fiinfzig babylonische Itechis. nod Verwaltungsurkunden ans der OF Zeit des Kdnigs Artaxerxes I. (464—424 v. Chr.). IV. S. 551—574. KRAETZSCHMAR, RICHARD, Relativprooom,n nod Relativsatz im Assyrisehen. I S. 379—442. THE UNIQUE MANUSCRIPT OF THE — — Die Priiposition Ia im Assyrischen. I. S. 383 - 588. LEII1IIANN, C. F., Em Siegelcylinder Kdnig Bor-Sin’s von Isin (Mit ejoer Abbildung des KASHMIRIAN ATHARVA-VEDA, Cylinders). II. 5. 589—621. LINDL, ERNEST, Die Datenliste der ersten Dynastie von Ilabylon (Mit 4 Abbildungen nod Nachirligen). IV. S. 338—402. THE SO-CALLED PAJPPALADA-§~AKHA. MARX, VICTOR, Die Stellong der Franen in Babylonien gemlss den Konlrakten ans der Zeit von Nebiskadnezar bis Darius (604—485). IV. S. 1— 77. MCGEE, DAVID W., Zur Topographie anf Grand der Urkunden Nabopolassars nod Nebokadnesars. I. Tell. III. S. 524—560. MEAKIN, BCDGRTT, The spoken Arabic of Morocco. IV. 5. 575—582. The photographic reproduction of the unique manuscript of the MEISSNER, BRUNO, Aitbabylonisebe Briefe (Mit 4 Tafeln aulographierter Keilsebrift- Kashmirian Atharva-Veda, the so-called P5ippal~da-9~tkh~t, is texte). II. S. 557—564 nod 573—579. now completed. It has been edited under the auspices of the — — Assyrisehe Freibriefe (Mit 5 Tafein autographierter Keilschrifttexte). II. S. 565—572 nod 581—588. Johns Hopkins University and the University of Tuebingen by — — Altbabylonisehe Gesetze (Mit 9 antographierten Tafelo). III. S. 493—523. Professor Maurice Bloomfield of Baltimore and Professor Richard — — Falkenjagden hel den Babyloniernnod Assyrern. IV. S. 438—422. — — nod PAUL hOST, Die Baninsebriften Asarhaddoos (Mit Plan n. 35 autographierten Garbe of Tuebingen. It contains 544 plates 15~ x 12 inches. Tafein). III. S. 189—362. The technical work has been done with great success by the MITTwoCII, EUGEN, Hebrilisehe Insebriften aus Palmyra (Mit 1 Tafel in Lichidrock). IV. S. 203—206. firm of Messrs. Martin Rommel & Co., of Stuttgart, and it is MUSS—ARNOLT, W., The Works of Jules Oppert (With Portrait). II. S. 523—556. believed that no more handsome and satisfactory reproduction NAGEL, GOTTFRIED, Die Briefe Hammurahis an Sin-idinnam. IV. S. 434—483. NESTLE, E., Die Verha mediae ~ im Syrisehen. I. 5. 153—357. of such a manuscript has ever been made. The work has been PIcILIPPI, F., Die semitisehe Verbal- nod Nominalbildung in ibrem Verhlltoiss zn em- reproduced in three parts, in temporary binding. aoder. II. S. 359—389. PRAETORIUS, FEANE, Zur iithiopischen Grammatik nod Etymologie. I. 5. 269—378. In the entire domain of Indian Manuscript tradition there is — — Uber die hamitisehen Sprachen Ostafrikas. II. 5. 312—341. no single manuscript which claims so much interest as the unique ]Ilosv, PAUL, siehe: Meissner. birch-bark manuscript of the Kashmirian Atharva-Veda now in SOBEENHEIM, MORITZ, Palmyrenisehe Insebriften (Mit 3 Plan nod 3 Abbildung). IV. 5. 207—219. possession of the library of the University of Tuebingen. The STEINDOEFF, GEOHO, Die keilsebrifiliche Wiedergahe iigyptischer Eigennsmen. eminent Sanskrit scholar, the late Professor Rudolf von Roth, as I. 5. 330—363 nod 593—612. STRONG, S. ARTHUR, On some Oracles to Esarhaddon and Asurbanipal (Mit S Tafein early as the year 1856, was led by a remark of the traveller aulographierter Reilschrifttexte). II. 5. 627—645. Baron von Huegel to the belief that a new version of the Atharva- THUREAU—DANGIN, F., Leseblifres fractionnaires dans Ideriture bahylonienne archaiqne. III. 5. 588—589. Veda might be found in Kashmir. Baron von Huegel in his WEISSOACH, F. H., Zur Serie Mclgu (Mit autograph. Tafein). IV. 5. 155—167. work, “Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek,” vol. ii, p. 364, re- — — Susisehe Tontlifeichen (Mit 14 aulographierten Tafelo). IV. 5. 168—202. marked that the Brahmins of Kashmir belonged to the Atterwan, — — siehe: Belser. WILLIAMS, TALCOTT, The spoken Arabic of North Morocco. III. 5. 561—587. or as they said Atterman Veda, iind upon the strength of this ZRHNPFUND, IIUDOLF, Bahylonisehe Weherrechnongen. I. 5. 492—536. statement Professor von Roth induced the authorities of the — — Zssqaqipu, das Schrdpfinstrument der Babylonier (Mit 1 Abbilduog). IV. 5. 220—226. British Government in India to institute a search in the inacces- ZIRHER, ERNST, FOofzig Ilechis- nod Verwaltungsorknnden aus der Zeit des Kdnigs Kambyses (529—521 v. Chr.). III. 5. 445—492. sible earthly paradise in the hope of finding a new version of the ZIMMERN, H., Zusatzhemerkungeo znr Legende von Adapa. II. 5. 437—438. Atharva-Veda. His prophetic surmise came true most brilliantly. — — siehe Harper. In the year 1875 His Highness the late Maharaja of Jammn and Kashmir, Ranbir Singh, had this manuscript sent to Sir William Studies in Honor of Basil L. Oildersleeve.—527 pages. OCtavo. Muir, the then Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Provinces, $6.00. by whom it was in turn dispatched to Professor von Roth. The This volume contains 44 separate papers with a photogravure of Pro- latter, after publishing a stirring account of its discovery, char- fessor Gildersleeve. acter and contents in his famous tract, “Der Atharva-Veda The Teaching of the Apostles.—(AIAAxH Tf~N AflO~TOAflN.)—Newly in Kaschmir” (Tuebingen, 1875), guarded it until his recent edited, wills facsimile, text and a commentary. (From the manuscript lamented death; it has now passed into the possession of the of the Holy Sepulchre, Convent of the Greek Church, Jerusalem.) University library of Tuebingen, whose greatest and priceless By J. RENDEL HAlims. 110 pages quarto, and 10 plates. $5.00. treasure it forms. Repeated search and persistent enquiries have The Syrian Eplstles.—2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, and Jude. conclusively shown that no other original manuscript of this Written A. D. 1471, by Suleim~n of Husn Keifa. Edited by ISAAC Veda is likely to turn up. H. HALL. 17 phototype pages. $3.00. The manuscript is written on birch.bark in the Kashmirian, Selections from the Ilarly Scottish Poets.—By WILLIAM HAND the so-called Sharada, character. It consists of 287 leaves BROWNE. 240 pages. l2mo. $1.25. (written on both sides) of about 20 by 25 centimeters in size. The Taill of Rauf Coilyear.—A Scottish metrical romance of the 15th The few copies of the volume not subscribed for in advance century. Edited with introduction, notes and glossarial index by will be sold at the price of $50.00—a very low price considering WM. HAND BROWNE. (In press). the cost of the reploduction. Orders may be sent for the above works to Subscriptions may be sent to The Johns Hopkins Press, Balti- THE JoHNs HOPKINs PRESS, more, Md. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVEI?SITY CII?CULARS. rNo. 16g.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS OF BALTIMORE.

A NEW POLYCHROME EDITION PART 18: DANIEL, in black and red, by Prof. ADOLPH KAMPHAUSEN, Bonn. English translation of the notes by Prof. B. W. BACON, OF THE D. D., New Haven, and Prof. D. B. MACDONALD, B. D., Hartford, Conn. 43 pp. 1896. $0.80.

PART 19: EZRA AND NEHEMIAH, in ten colors, by Prof. H. GUTHE, OLD TESTAMENT. Leipzig, and Rev. L. W. BATTEN, Ph. D., New York. Eng- lish translation of the notes by Prof. B. W. BACON, D. D., Exhibiting the composite structure of the books, with Critical Notes in New Haven, and Prof. D. B. MACDONALD, B. D., Hartford. English, under the title: 55 pp. 1896. $1.00.

PART 20: CHRONICLES, in five colors, by Prof. R. KITTEL, Leipzig. THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. English translation of the notes by Prof. B. W. BACON, D. D., New Haven. 82 pp. 1895. $1.75. A CRITICAL EDITION OF THE HEBREW TEXT, PRINTED IN COLORS. IN PRESS:

PART 5: DEUTERONOMY, by Prof. GEO. A. SMiTH, Glasgow. With Notes, prepared by eminent Biblical Scholars of Europe and America PART 9: KINGS, by Prof. B. STADE and Prof. F. SCHWALLY, Giessen. under the Editorial Direction of COPIES IN CLOTH, GILT TOP. PROFESSOR PAUL HAUPT, LL. D. In addition to the regular edition, in quarto size, there is a large paper edition in folio, limited to 120 copies, each signed by the editor, and printed on a very fine stout paper. THE FOLLOWING PARTS ARE NOW READY: Of Jeremiah, the Psalms, and Daniel, there is also an edition printed on hand-made paper. Of this edition only 50 numbered copies are issued. PART 1: GENESIS, in eight colors, by the Rev. C. J. BALL, Oxford. Information as to these editions will be sent on application. 120 pp. 1896. $2.00. Orders should be addressed to THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, PART 3: LEvITIcUS, in three colors, by Prof. S. R. DRIVER and Rev. Baltimore, Maryland. H. A. WHITE, Oxford. 32 pp. 1894. 75 cents. PART 4: NUMBERS, in eight colors, by Prof. J. A. PATERSON, Edin- burg. 67 pp. 1900. $1 .50. POLYCHROME BIBLE IN ENGLISH. PART 6: JOSHUA, in eight colors, by Prof. W. H. BENNETT, London. Edited by Professor PAUL HAUPT. 32 pp. 1895. 75 cents. Of the POLYCHROME BIBLE IN ENGLISH, the following parts are PART 7: JUDGES, in seven colors, by Prof. (4. F. MOORE, Cambridge, Mass. 72 pp. 1900. $2.50. now ready: PART 8: SAMuEL, in nine colors, by Prof. K. BUDDE, Marburg. Eng- LEVITICUS, translated by Prof. S. R. DRIVER, of Oxford. lish translation of the notes by Professor B. W. BACON, D. D., JOSHUA, translated by Prof. W. H. BENNETT, of London.

New Haven, Coun. 100 pp. 1894. $2.00. JUDGES, translated by Prof, G. F. MOORE, of Andover. PART 10: ISAIAH, in seven colors, by Prof. T. K CHEYNE, Oxford. ISAIAH, translated by Prof. T. K. CHEYNE, of Oxford. 206 pp. 1899. $3.75. EZEKIEL, translated by Prof. C. H. Toy, of Harvard. PART 11: JEREMIAH, in black and red, by Prof. C. H. CORNILL, PSALMS, translated by Prof. , of G6ttingen, and Breslan. English translation of the notes by Prof. C. JOHN- Dr. H ORACE HOWARD FURNESS, of Philadelphia. STON, Baltimore. 80 pp. 1895. $1.25. A detailed prospectus of these parts of the English edition of the POLY- PART 12: EZEKIEL, by Prof. C. H. Toy, Cambridge, Mass. 116 pp. CHROME BIBLE may be had in America from Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., 1899. $2.50. New York. PART 14: PSALMS, in black and red, by Prof. J. WELLHAUSEN, G6ttin- gen. English translation of the notes by Prof. J. D. PRINCE, Columbia University, New York. 96 pp. 1895. $1.75. ASSYRISCRES HANDWORTERBUCH, PART 15: PROVERBS, in black and red, by A. MULLER and E. KAUTESCH, Halle. English translation of the notes by Prof. By Professor FRIEDRICIL DELITZSCH. D. B. MACDONALD, B. D., Hartford, Coun. 86 pp. 1901. 750 pages. Price, bound in paper, $12.00; bound in half leather, $13.00. $1.50. Orders in America should be addressed to PART 17: JOB, in four colors, by Prof. C. SIEGFRIED, Jena. English translation of the notes by Prof. R. B. BRUNNOW, Heidelberg. THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, 50 pp. 1893. $1.00. Baltimore, Maryland.

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