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Volume 8/Number 1/ November 2020/Article 5
ANUJAT/VOLUME 8/NUMBER 1/ NOVEMBER 2020/ARTICLE 5 Volume 8/ Number 1 November 2020 Article 5 Exploring the Relationship between the Mosaic Code and the Hammurabi Code ISAAC BOAHENG ISAAC BOAHENG is a PhD Candidate in Theology and a Research Fellow in the Department of Religion and Biblical Studies, University of the Free State, South Africa. He holds a Master of Divinity degree from the Trinity Theological Seminary and has research interests in Biblical Studies, Public Theology, Translation Studies and Mission, among others. Currently, Isaac is an ordained Minister of the Methodist Church, Ghana and serves as a Translator for the Bible Society of Ghana. For this and additional works at: anujat.anuc.edu.gh Copyright © November 2020 All Nations University Journal of Applied Thought (ANUJAT) and Authors Recommended Citation: Boateng, I. (2020). Exploring the Relationship between the Mosaic Code and the Hammurabi Code. All Nations University Journal of Applied Thought (ANUJAT),8(1): 77-89. All Nations University Press. doi: http://doi.org/ 10.47987/ CEFD7600 Available at: http://anujat.anuc.edu.gh/universityjournal/anujat/Vol8/No1/5.pdf ANUJAT/VOLUME 8/NUMBER 1/ NOVEMBER 2020/ARTICLE 5 Research Online is the Institutional repository for All Nations University College. For further information, contact the ANUC Library: [email protected] Abstract Over the years there has been a growing interest in the connections between the Old Testament and other Ancient Near East literature. The Hammurabi Code, a Babylonian legal document which predates the Mosaic Code by about 300 years, is one of the ancient documents that have featured prominently in such comparative studies. -
The Theological Development of the Young Robertson Smith by Donald R
81 The Theological Development of the Young Robertson Smith by Donald R. Nelson Dr. Nelson, Assistant Professor in the Department of Humanities at Michigan State University, was awarded his doctorate by that university in 1969 for a thesis on "The Life and Thought of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894". Here he studies the early influences on Robertson Smith's thought, and finds that these included deter minant philosophical influences as well as those of philological and historical study. RITING in 1889 of the impact of theories of higher criticism upon W the Christian's understanding of the Old Testament, Mary Augusta Ward interpreted "the present collapse of English orthodoxy" as resulting from "one cause only-the invasion ofEnglish by German thought."l Though doubtless there were believers who contested her assessment of the state of the Faith, few would have contradicted her notion that in recent decades British religious insularity had been breached by a theological barrage of Teutonic origin. The publication in 1860 of an incendiary little volume titled Essays and Reviews was a clear warning that the Channel no longer provided protection against "German rationalism." The chief intention of its seven Anglican contributors was to "break down the conspiracy of silence" that they felt had kept otherwise educated people in ignorance of the revolutionary developments that had long before occurred in German theology and biblical study.2 Essays and Reviews, its non-committal title notwithstanding, sparked two ecclesiastical trials and a literary battle of considerable magnitude. When in the eighteen-seventies and eighties the German "historical consciousness" first made its way to Great Britain on a scale sig nificant enough to warrant Mrs. -
The Victoria Institute, Biblical Criticism, and the Fundamentals
The Victoria Institute, biblical criticism, and the fundamentals Mathieson, S. (2021). The Victoria Institute, biblical criticism, and the fundamentals: with James C. Ungureanu, “Introduction to the Symposium on Science, Religion, and the Rise of Biblical Criticism”; Paul C. H. Lim, “Atheism, Atoms, and the Activity of God: Science and Religion in Early Boyle Lectures, 1692–1720”; Diego Lucci, “The Biblical Roots of Locke's Theory of Personal Identity”; Jon W. Thompson, “The Naturalization of Scriptural Reason in Seventeenth Century Epistemology”; James C. Ungureanu, “‘From Divine Oracles to the Higher Criticism’: Andrew D. White and the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom”; Nathan Bossoh, “Scientific Uniformity or ‘Natural’ Divine Action: Shifting the Boundaries of Law in the Nineteenth Century”; Stuart Mathieson, “The Victoria Institute, Biblical Criticism, and The Fundamentals”; and Samuel Loncar, “Science and Religion: An Origins Story.”. Zygon. https://doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12676 Published in: Zygon Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights Copyright 2021 the authors. This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. -
HOPES-AND FEARS ROLF RENDTORFF University Of
THE PARADIGM IS CHANGING: HOPES-AND FEARS ROLF RENDTORFF Universityof Heidelberg This has been a great century in Old Testament scholarship. At its dawn we find a number of names that have left their stamp on the whole century, and the ideas of these scholars still serve as guide- lines in many areas of Old Testament studies. I name three of them: Julius Wellhausen, Bernhard Duhm, and Hermann Gunkel. Wellhausen, in a sense, represented the conclusion of one epoch of research and, at the same time, the opening of a new one. The question how to interpret the history of the origins of the Pentateuch was discussed throughout the whole of the nineteenth century, and different models were proposed and applied. Now one model gained the upper hand: the "newer documentary hypothesis". It was not invented by Wellhausen. His own contemporaries, for example, Heinrich Holzinger in his famous Einleitung in den Hexateuch (1893), called it the "Graf Hypothesis", because Karl Heinrich Graf was the first to publish the new hypothesis. But Wellhausen was so fas- cinated by it, and his impact on Old Testament scholarship of his time was so overwhelming, that during the following decades it be- came more and more the Wellhausen hypothesis, as it is to this day. Let us consider for a moment what happened when, after a short while, this new theory became commonly accepted. In a more tech- nical sense, it was the victory of the "documentary hypothesis" over the earlier "fragment hypothesis", and in particular over the "sup- plementary hypothesis" that had been widely accepted in the de- cades before Wellhausen. -
Similarities and Differences Between the Old Testament and the Ancient Near Eastern Texts
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Vol. 49, No. 1, 5-32. Copyright © 2011 Andrews University Press. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN TEXTS ROBE R TO OU R O Adventist School of Theology Sagunto, Valencia, Spain Introduction In 1902, the noted Assyriologist Friedrich Delitzsch presented a series of lectures on comparative studies under the auspices of the German Oriental Society. Delitzsch’s lectures, entitled “Babel und Bibel,” claimed that the literature of the Bible was dependent on, and even borrowed from, the literature of Mesopotamia. He questioned the appropriateness of the traditional theological terminology used to describe the Bible (e.g., revelation, inspiration) in light of its now evident dependency.1 Delitzsch’s work spawned a movement called “Pan-Babylonianism,” which argued that all world myths and Christian Scriptures (OT and NT) were simply versions of Babylonian mythology.2 As the series developed, however, it became clear that the lecturer’s motives were not entirely pure. His interest was to minimize the values of OT teaching so that it could be contrasted with that of the NT.3 The widespread interest in finding connections between the Bible and other ANE cultures has bred its own reaction in the warning raised by several scholars against exaggerating the importance of such similarities, a practice baptized with the name “parallelomania.”4 Of particular concern has been the often tacit assumption that such parallels can be construed as evidence for a genetic connection between the cultures that share them. Despite such warnings, the pendulum of biblical studies has continued to swing back and forth with remarkable regularity over the generations, as initial archeological discoveries have led to enthusiastic claims of similarities with various biblical practices and the implied, if not always stated, conclusion that these constitute the source for the biblical practice in question. -
Authorship of the Pentateuch
M. Bajić: Authorship of the Pentateuch Authorship of the Pentateuch Monika Bajić Biblijski institut, Zagreb [email protected] UDK:27-242 Professional paper Received: April, 2016 Accepted: October, 2016 Summary This piece is a concise summary of the historical and contemporary develo- pment of Pentateuch studies in Old Testament Theology. This article aims to provide information on the possible confirmation of Mosaic authorship. The purpose is to examine how the Documentary Hypothesis, Fragment and Su- pplemental Hypotheses, Form and Traditio-Historical Criticism, Canonical and Literary Criticism have helped to reveal or identify the identity of the author of the Torah. To better understand the mentioned hypotheses, this article presents a brief description of the J, E, D, and P sources. Key words: Pentateuch, authorship, Mosaic authorship, Torah, Documen- tary Hypothesis, Fragment and Supplemental Hypothesis, Form and Tradi- tio-Historical Criticism, Canonical and Literary Criticism. In the most literal sense, the Pentateuch 1 (or Torah) is an anonymous work, but traditional views support the belief of Mosaic authorship (Carpenter 1986, 751- 52). Yet, with the advent of humanism and the Renaissance, the sense of intellec- tual freedom and upswing in research have led to the fact that many have begun to read the Bible critically, trying to challenge its text as well as the traditions and beliefs that are formed from it (Alexander 2003, 61-63). One of the most commonly attacked beliefs is Moses’ authorship of the Torah. There has been an 1 Taken from the Greek translation LXX. Pentateuch is derived from the Greek word pentateu- chos, which means a five-book work, known as the Books of Moses (Carpenter 1986). -
The Polemic Nature of the Genesis Oosmology by Gerhard F
81 The Polemic Nature of the Genesis Oosmology by Gerhard F. Hasel This paper, emphasizing that the creation narrative of Genesis I, far from being dependent on the "creation" stories of Babylonia and other ancient Near Eastern comogonies, designedly polemicizes against them, was originally presented to the Uppsala Congress of the International Organization for Old Testament Studies in August, 1971. We are glad to publish it in this revised form. Dr. Hasel is Associate Professor of Old Testament and Biblical Theology in Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan. LMOST one hundred years ago a new phase of OT study was A inaugurated with the publications of the Babylonian versions of the flood t and the creation account.2 Soon a school of thought arose which attempted to show that there was nothing in the Old Testament that was not but a pale reflection of Babylonian ideas.3 This "pan-Babylonian" school led to the well-known "Bible versus Babel" controversy which was started in the first decade of our century by Friedrich Delitzsch,4 who claimed that the Old Testament was lacking almost completely in originality. Today the situation has changed radically. We can no longer talk glibly about Baby loaian civilization because we now know that it was composed of three main strands and that even before the end of the third mill ennium B.C. as W. G. Lambert and othersS remind us. The cultural and religious situation is not only multi-layered but also extremely complex and diverse with its own long history of traditions.6 The finds at U garit have made it apparent that Canaanite mythology does not need to agree with that of Mesopotamia. -
The Documentary Hypothesis © כל הזכויות שמורות
© כל הזכויות שמורות The Documentary Hypothesis © כל הזכויות שמורות Contemporary Jewish Thought from Shalem Press: Essential Essays on Judaism Eliezer Berkovits God, Man and History Eliezer Berkovits The Dawn: Political Teachings of the Book of Esther Yoram Hazony Moses as Political Leader Aaron Wildavsky © כל הזכויות שמורות The Documentary Hypothesis and the composition of the pentateuch Eight Lectures by Umberto Cassuto With an introduction by Joshua A. Berman Translated from the Hebrew by Israel Abrahams Shalem Press Jerusalem and New York © כל הזכויות שמורות Umberto Cassuto (1883–1951) held the chair of Bible studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His books include A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, A Commentary on the Book of Exodus, and a treatise on Ugaritic literature entitled The Goddess Anath. Shalem Press, 13 Yehoshua Bin-Nun Street, Jerusalem Copyright © 2006 by the Shalem Center All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. Originally published in Hebrew as Torath HaTeudoth by Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1941 First English edition 1961 Cover design: Erica Halivni Cover picture: Copyright J.L. de Zorzi/visualisrael/Corbis ISBN 978-965-7052-35-8 Printed in Israel ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the -
Notes from the Oriental Seminary
JOHNS HOPKiNS UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS Published with the approbation of the Board of Trustees VOL. XXIJ.—No. 163.1 BALTIMORE, JUNE, 1903. [PRICE, 10 CENTS. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, POSTOFFICE. NOTES FROM THE ORIENTAL SEMINARY. EDITED BY PROFESSOR PAUL HAUPT, LL. DA~ More than twenty years ago Delitzsch delivered a lecture on BIBLE AND BABEL. the location of Paradise,0 which contained, perhaps, just as By PAUL HAUPT. much that was new and revolutionary from the traditional point of view as his recent lectures on Babel and Bible, but—the [Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, April 17, 1903.] German Emperor was not present and did not command a repetition of the lecture at the Imperial Palace; nor did he deem The pessimistic philosopher who wrote the original portions of it necessary to define his faith in an open letter. Delitzsch’s the Book of Ecelesiastes, probably not long before the time of 1 says, The race does not belong to the swift, nor Ex Oriente Lux, written about five years ago for the German our Savior, the battle to the strong: everything depends on time and chance. Orient Society, did not stir up a sensation, although he pointed (EccI. 9, 11). If my distinguished friend, Professor Friedrich out there just as plainly I that the Old Testament contained a Delitzsch, of Berlin, had not delivered (Jan. 13, 1902) his lecture great deal derived from Babylonian sources.—Everything depends on Babel and Bible2 in the presence of the German Emperor, on time and chance. -
Kaiser, Christ, and Canaan
Forschungen zum Alten Testament Herausgegeben von Konrad Schmid (Zürich) · Mark S. Smith (Princeton) Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen) · Andrew Teeter (Harvard) 122 Paul Michael Kurtz Kaiser, Christ, and Canaan The Religion of Israel in Protestant Germany, 1871–1918 Mohr Siebeck Paul Michael Kurtz: born 1984, in Harrisburg; 1999–2003, Diploma, Dunlap High School, Illinois; 2003–2007, B. A., Harding University, in English Literature and Biblical Languages; 2007–2010, M.Div., Princeton Theological Seminary, in Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitics; 2010–2012, Doctoral Fellow, University of Chicago; 2010–2011, Fulbright Scholar, University of Göttingen; 2012–2016, Dr. phil., University of Göttingen, in History and Religion; 2016–2017, Research Associate, University of Göttingen; since autumn 2017, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual European Fellow, University of Cambridge, and Postdoctoral Research Associate, Queens’ College, Cambridge. ISBN 978 3-16-155496-4 / eISBN 978-3-16-155497-1 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-155497-1 ISSN 0940-4155 / eISSN 2568-8359 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 by Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproduc- tions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was typeset by Martin Fischer in Tübingen, printed by Gulde Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. To my mother and my father for all they’ve done for me, known and unknown … history itself is in many respects the most undisciplined of disciplines. -
Wellhausenism Evaluated After a Century of Influence
CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY .,+;*. Volume 43, Number 2 APRIL 1979 Wellhausenism Evaluated After A Century Of Influence .....................Raymond F. Surburg 78 Sing a New Song ...................................ArmandJ. Boehme 96 God's Here and Is Not Silent ..........................................Philip M. Bickel 120 Theological Observer .......................................................... 1 2 1 Homiletical Studies ............................................................. 124 Book Reviews ..................................................................... 157 Books Received ................................................................. 177 Wellhausenism Evaluated After A Century Of Influence By Raymond F. Surburg Julius Wellhausen (1 844- 19 18) was a famous German Luth- eran higher critic who influenced Biblical and Oriental studies for many generations during the second half of the nineteenth and the early decades of the twentieth centuries. Hans Joachim Kraus wrote of Wellhausen: With his philological, literary-critical, and historical investigations Wellhausen founded a school which has deter- mined for decades the picture of Old Testament science. However all work-performed outside his school and beyond it is inconceivable apart from the solid foundation on which Old Testament science in numerous, and till the present unchangeable, accomplishments was founded.' In describing the importance of Wellhausen Hahn wrote: His position in Old Testament criticism is somewhat analagous to that of Darwin in the intellectual -
The Babel-Bible Controversy
1911.] The Babel-Bible Controvers'y. 641 ARTICLE VI. THE BABEL-BIBLE CONTROVERSY. BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM NOTZ, PH.D., WATERTOWN, WIS. AMONG the epoch-making achievements .. scientific research during the past century which possess a lasting character, the results of the explorations carried on in the countries of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers stand forth preeminently. Al though excavations had been 'carried on systematically in Mesopotamia since 1842, the interest of the educated Christian world was more generally aroused in France in 184-6 at the return of Paul Emil Botta from his successful expedition to Assyria. In England the interest of the public reached a climax when George Smith, in October, 1872, discovered, among the clay tablets of Assurbanipal's library at Nineveh, an account of the Deluge, which he made public on December 3, 1872, to a representative audience over which Gladstone presided. A similar wave of enthusiasm swept over at least the Eastern States of this country, when the magnificent re sults of the various expeditions sent out by the University of Pennsylvania to Nippur in Babylonia, under Peters, Haynes. and Hilprecht, were made known. Again a clim,ax was reached when, in the autumn of 1902, Professor Hilprecht, in a course of public lectures to large audiences, reviewed the remarkable finds made at Nippur. What a deep and perma nent interest was createci may be seen by the fact that, within the past twenty-five years, courses in Assyriology have been established in all the leading universities of this country. 642 The Babel-Bible Controversy. [Oct.