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Wellhausenism Evaluated After a Century of Influence

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Wellhausenism Evaluated After a Century of Influence CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY .,+;*. Volume 43, Number 2 APRIL 1979 Wellhausenism Evaluated After A Century Of Influence .....................Raymond F. Surburg 78 Sing a New Song ...................................ArmandJ. Boehme 96 God's Here and Is Not Silent ..........................................Philip M. Bickel 120 Theological Observer .......................................................... 1 2 1 Homiletical Studies ............................................................. 124 Book Reviews ..................................................................... 157 Books Received ................................................................. 177 Wellhausenism Evaluated After A Century Of Influence By Raymond F. Surburg Julius Wellhausen (1 844- 19 18) was a famous German Luth- eran higher critic who influenced Biblical and Oriental studies for many generations during the second half of the nineteenth and the early decades of the twentieth centuries. Hans Joachim Kraus wrote of Wellhausen: With his philological, literary-critical, and historical investigations Wellhausen founded a school which has deter- mined for decades the picture of Old Testament science. However all work-performed outside his school and beyond it is inconceivable apart from the solid foundation on which Old Testament science in numerous, and till the present unchangeable, accomplishments was founded.' In describing the importance of Wellhausen Hahn wrote: His position in Old Testament criticism is somewhat analagous to that of Darwin in the intellectual history of modern times. The central idea which he made common property had already been broached by others before him, but he gave the theory its classical formulation and applied it with assurance to a wide range of data, assembled in a com- prehensive synthesis and unified by a dominant theme. What was new and original in Wellhausen's presentation was the way in which he combined the various lines of argument by his professors and drew the conclusions toward which the literary and historical criticism of a century had been tending.* According to William Neil, Biblical criticism on the European Continent achieved a considerable measure of stability in the nineteenth century. Two men were responsible for this in Old and New Testament studies, respectively, namely, Julius Wellhausen and Adolf Harnack.3 Ronald E. Clemens in his recent One Hundred Years of Old Testament Interpretation has no less than forty-one references to the work and influence of Wellhausen when he discusses the contributions of various scholars to the field of Old Testament ~tudies.~Hermann Gunkel, by com- parison, is mentioned only twenty-six times by Clemens in con- nection with his contributions to twentieth-century Old Testa- ment studies.5 It will be the pupose of this essay to set forth Wellhausen's views and their influence on his contemporaries as well as on 79 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY those following him during the last one hundred years and also to evaluate Wellhausen's views and influence. I. Wellhausen's Life and Academic Activities6 Wellhausen was born at Hameln, the son of a Protestant pastor. He was raised by his father in an orthodox Christian environment. He went to Goettingen in 1862 to study theology, to prepare himself for the pastorate in the denomination of which his father was a member. He threw himself with enthusiasm into his theological studies, but before long he abandoned the orthodox Christianity of his youth and simultaneously began to experience a time of great despair. At first he had no interest in critical studies. He devoted his energies to a study of the church chorals and to the reading of medievaI sermons. At Goettingen Wellhausen met Albrecht Ritschl, with whom he struck up a warm friendship; but inasmuch as he could not understand the former's theology, Wellhausen was unaffected by Ritschl's thought. In 1870 he received his licentiate and for the two years following acted as a private tutor. It was Heinrich Ewald (1 805-75), eminent Hebrew scholar and Orientalist, who changed Wellhausen's despair and created in the latter a Iove for studying the manner in which the history of Israel developed. By chance Wellhausen came to read Ewald's Geschichte des Volkes Israel. Ewald's presentation of the history of Israel fascinated Wellhausen, because the former was no dry historian, but a lecturer who depicted historical relationships in glowing colors. In the estimation of Wellhausen, Ewald por- trayed t he religious content of the Old Testament as an entity ,that had developed and occured in history. It was this procedure which sparked him to undertake the project of setting forth the history of the Old Testament as an historical process within which Biblical religion had grown and ripened. Wellhausen's Prolegomena to the History of Israel endeavored to dojust that. The dedication of this book reads: "To my never-to-be-forgotten teacher Heinrich Ewald in thanks and honor." However, between the years 186670 there came a sharp parting of the ways between the two. In 187 1 Wellhausen published his first book, a study devoted to the text of I and 2 Samue1,'which is of importance because in it he dealt with the structure of the Pentateuch. At the age of 28, in 1872, he was called to the University of Greifswald, to a profes- sorship in theology. In 1878, a hundred years ago, Wellhausen published his pioneer work, Geschichte Israels, 1.8 Later on this book was renamed Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels. The book caused a great stir in orthodox circles and within four years time he resigned his professorship at Greifswald. Wellhausenism Evaluated 80 In 1882 he became associate professor of Oriental languages at Halle, and in 1885 was promoted to full professorship at rdarburg. In 1892 Wellhausen transferred to Goettingen where he assumed a similar professorship. After giving up Old Testament studies he devoted his time and effort to Arabic studies, in which he had become interested during his stay at Halle. With his trans- ference to Goettingen and contacts with Juelicher, Wellhausen entered the last phase of interest of his stormy career-studies in the New Testament area. With Juelicher, Adolp Harnack, and others, he wrote Die Christliche Religion, mit Einschluss der Israelitischen-Juedischen Religion. Wellhausen's views were applied by Johannes Weiss to New Testament criticism.9 Wellhausen died on January 7,19 18, surrounded by numerous scholars and admirers. Hans Joachim Kraus concluded his story of Wellhausen's life and influence with this evaluation: He brought historical-critical investigation to an unsur- passable highpoint and helped to awaken scientific motives and tendencies that had slumbered since the time of De Wette and helped them to a breakthrough.Io. 11. The Contribution of the Prolegomena from a Critical Viewpoint Ideas presented in this volume had, to be sure, already appeared in print elsewhere. But Hahn claims: What was new and original in Wellhausen's presentation was the way in which he combined the various lines of argu- ment developed by his predecessors and drew conclusions toward which the literary and historical criticism of a cen- tury had been tending." An earlier work than the Prolegomena to the History of Israel was Wellhausen's Die Komposition des Hexateuch, 1876-7 1, and in the latter he popularized what was to become known as the Final Documentary Hypothesis. It took about one hundred years until the speculations and theories jelled into what became the Four-Source Documentary Hypothesis in its final form. This latter theory is often known as the Reuss-Graf-Wellhausen Theory. Eduard Reuss in a lecture given in the summer semester of 1834 had expressed the opinion that the basic Elohist document (E), rather than being the earliest of the documents out of which the Pentateuch or Hexateuch had been woven together, was the latest. Again in 1850 Reuss defended this view, but the Old Testament scholarly world ignored it. The year 1866 may be said to be the turning point in Pentateuchal criticism because of Karl Heinrich Graf s work on the historical books. Both George and Vatke had proposed that the Levitical legislation was later than Deuteronomy and that the 8 1 CONCORDIA THEOLOGlCAL QUARTERLY materials found in Leviticus could not be earlier than the time of the exile. As early as 1862, Dr. J. Popper, a rabbi, had assigned Exodus 35-40 and Leviticus 8-1 0 to scribes who had lived after the time of Ezra. The effect of Grafs work was to bring to a climax ideas previously advanced by others. Graf taught that Deuteronomy was composed during Josiah's reign, and Graf s view presupposed that legislation was found in the Jahwist document. The Levitical laws found in Leviticus 18-26 were ascribed to Ezekiel. As far as the remainder of the Pentateuch was concerned, Graf followed the Supplementary Theory, maintain- ing that the basicdocument of the Pentateuch was the Elohist (E), which had been supplemented from the Jahwistic document (J), and the resultant work had been edited and redacted by the Deuteronomist. Two German scholars, Riehm and Noeldeke; attacked this scheme at two principal points.12 In opposition to the Supple- mentary Theory they held that the Jahwist was the main docu- ment and the Elohist the supplementer and that the Levitical legislation could not be separated from the Jahwist document. Graf accepted these criticisms and proceeded to modify his original position to the extent that the basic document was postulated as not the earliest but the latest portion of the Pentateuch. Prior to this reversal of position, the order of com- position of the various documents of the Pentateuch had been PEJD; but now according to Graf the order was EJDP or JEDP. The appearance of Abraham Kuenen's De Godsdients van Israel (1869-70) helped to strengthen and give further impetus to the acceptance of Graft's views. In 1874 August Kayser in his Das vorexilische Buch der Urgeschichte Israels had expressed views similar to those of Graf and Kuenen.
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