THE WESTFANE a NEW YoRK SSE BRAND Book VO\ 4 NE} FORK 1464 No.4

Nez Perce warrior Bill Jonas on a pinto. Lew Jain Collection, Fran Rader Studio, Lewiston, Idaho; courtesy Mrs. H. E. Bartlett.

Nez Perces and The Appaloosa Horse ... . False History

By ALVIN M. JOSEPHY, JR.

‘The article that follows this one, “The Appaloosa Jackson—a bronc-buster, rodeo rider and jockey. In Was Not the Nez Perce War Horse,” itten in time, he married the present ce Bartlett, who is 1967 by Harry E. Bardett, a sixty-five-year-old Nex well known in the Northwest today as an historian Perce Indian who was raised among the warrior v of Wallowa County, Oregon (lome’ of Chief Joseph) evans of the tribe and has been a horseman all his life. and conuibutor to “The Oregon Historical Quar- He was born into the Christianized, non-var group of terly” und other publications.’ ‘Together, the vibe, but as a boy became alienated from the letts now raise and race thoroughbred horses, residing church-going, “missionized” members of his family in Arizona in the winter and in Joseph, Oregon, in the and attached himself to the “heathen” element, ot stumnier, what were sometimes referred to as “the wild ones.” Mr, Bardew’s article is the first published statement They were the veterans of the so-called Nez Perce by a Nez Perce Indian on a matter that has become War, followers of Chief Joseph, Looking Glass, White- increasingly controversial—whether, as is widely ac bird and others who had led some of the Nez Perce cepted today, the Nex Perces ever bred the Appalo bands in a defensive conflict against the Americans horse as their war horse. Although other members in 1877. of the tribe have been publicly silent on the subject, In the midst of those men Mr. Bartlett grew up many of them have in confidence said that the story with horses and went on to become—like his older was untrue, but that if white men wanted to believe friend, the famed Nez Perce rodeo champion Sundown it, they could. Some of the Indians of today feel that 73

THE WESTERNERS _ BRAND BOOK Y — WEW YORIC POSSE

a Boas.hr

FOUNDED LN 1952, ‘The Westerners, New York Passe, is a non profit educational organization of those whose especial interest is the preserviition of a record of the ewltural background Iutinn of the West. anid to promete all covollity activities andthereol evo Address all coummunicuions to The Westerners ‘This 19th-century photograph of Nez Perce horsemen shows 1 Haines, an eminent Western historitn and a chron- 15 West 57th Street, New York, Y. 10019 icler of the spread of the horse amoung the Western Indians, read a story by Charles M. Russell in Trails Copyright, 1967, by The Westerners, New York Posse Plowed Under? ‘The story, “Mormon Murphy's Con- fidence," described an Indian in Montana, during OLTIC the Nex Perce War, riding a “legweary Appalusy.” Sherill “ . Jaatts D. Togas The character telling the story guessed that the Indian. Depuly Sheriff. sacha vee MICHAEL, GINSBFRE must be a Nez Perce, although he had signed that he Roundups Foreman Gwranonen Haste was a Gros Ventre, because “the Umatilla camp's a Registrar of Marks and Brands . Dos Wat long way olf, an’ these peculiar spotted ponies comes Tally Mav from either there or Nez Perce stock." frayin J. Nicnors That, said Dr. Haines, set olf a “chain of events.” Chuck Wran Maroarer Mactire In the January-February, 1957, issue of (Vestern PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Horseman (Vol. U, No. 1, pp. 8-9), an article ap- Mate Gtonisy Jans D, Horas peared by Dr, Haines, entitled “The Appaloosa, ot Peter Decker ALVIN M. Joseeuy, Jn. Palouse Horse.” Fisnry Sincanm Diaco Sou Lewis “What is an Appaloosa?” Dr. Haines wrote. ARCHIE D TESNNA, JR Don Warp, Editor most people, the (erm has no meaning. Those familiar with the western horse have heard the te applied to animals with peculiar spots on the rump, and have the story might even do the tribe some good—so why usually considered it some sort of color term. It is, make an issue of i:? Others hesitate to become em- however, a variant of the name of a breed developed broiled in an embarrassing argument with whites by the Nez Perce Indians in the Palouse counvy of over something that seems to the Indians unimport- Central Idaho and Eastern Washington. “Lhe Nex ant. Several proposals have been made to the wibe's Perce, noted horsemen and horse breeders, raisect many fine animals, but this special showy, hardy. leadership to form a colovlul Nez Perce posse mount- speedy type was developed primarily for war use... « ed on Appaloosa horses which might ride in parades and ceremonies, ‘Phe proposal has been turned aside “The non-treaty band, in the Wallowa county,” he politely by the keadersnip, which feels that it would went on, “still raised the war horses until their and be abetting a false story, but at least one tribal mem- was forcibly ken from them by the whites in 1877." ber has begun to acquire Appaloosas, possibly toward He ended the article: “Would it not be a worth the day when the ibe unght change its mind and while undertaking for the owners of these beautiful support such & posse. animals to unite in restoring this fine breed to its What is the true story? rightful place? Doubtless they could duplicate the

The Appaloosa—a spotted horse—is a very popular success of the Palomino breeders if they would reg! and generally high-priced horse, [t has become both ter and establish the type before it is too late. Aside popwiar and higa-priced since 1937, One of the chiet from the sentiment involved, such an activity would lactors contributing to Uhis popularity is its dramatic pay in actual dollars and cents to the Western horse and well-publicized “history’—a “history” that says breeders, and lend another fine color note to our that the Nez Perce bidians bred it as their war horse. shows and parades... .” ‘This “history” was unknown prior to 1937. Dr. Haines provided no documentation or refcr- in that year, according to his own story, Dr. Fh ences to any contemporary writings or historic sources, WW

'Appaloosas, From the Lew Jain Collection. either published or unpublished, for his linking of the wrote more. Alter Lirst noting that breeders of the Appaloosas with the Nez Perees—nor did he state or various types of spoued horses “are handicapped in explain in any way how he knew that the Appaloosa their work, and are not realizing adequate returns had been developed by the Nez Perces “primarily for for their outlay because they do not work together, war use.” Nevertheless, a second writer, signing him- in exchange of ideas or breeding stock," he pleaded self Don Alfredo, contributed an article to the’ same for agreement on 2 name for the breed. hould he issue of IVestern Horseman, supporting Dr, Haines— be appalucha, appaluchi, appaloosa, apaloosa, apalou- but, again, failing to provide anything in the way of sey, or some other variant... .7° “Phe question, in- evidence or prool. dicated also by the title of the article which did not “Dr. Haines,” Don Alfredo wrote, “seems to have use the name Appaloosa, reflected continuing contue the real dope... Yes, sir!” 1am convinced that Mr. sion over where the name had originated (in the Haines must haye solved the question at last. It will Appalachian area, among Southeast fndians, in Louw be a tine feather in the hat of the Mestern Horseman. istana—Opelousas—ete.) , and Dr. Haines now cinched ... As this article of My. Haines’ [sic] is the only the name, as it was linally to be adopicd, by providing authoritative matter 1 ve seen, I think we can dis- the history—once more without any doctunentation— count all previous attempts to place the breeding and of the spread of “these unusual war horses” trom New origin of the horse and make a new beginning on Spain and New Mexico to the Nes Perces, As it was solid ground. All that remains now, is to trace the to be accepted from then on, the horse got its name origin of the horse from Spain to the Nez Perce from the Palouse county (although Dr. Haines has tribe! never satisfactorily been able to answer how the Pu Dr. Haines did not cope with that question at once. louse country got ils name)” Dr. Haines conclucdec His next article, “How the Palouse or Appaloosa nd let me sity again, uit there is real advertising Horse Became a Lost Breed,” contributed to the May- value, real money Value, in having a name lor our June, 1937, issue of IVestern Horseman (Vol. U1, No, 3, spotted fiorses that sill mean just our horse and no- pp- 22-28), told how the Appaloosa had been seat thing else.” tered and forgouten after the military defeat of the These articles made an impact. On December 30, Nez Perces and as a result of missionaries’ efforts to 1988, Claude J. Thompson of Moro, Oregon. who had make the Nez Perces settle down and forget their oll been raising spotted horses for many years, incorpor- Wi But the linking of the Nez Perces with the ated the Appalooya Horse Club and became its lirst Appaloosa was now treated as an accepted fact. The president. Dr. Haines, then living at Chico, Calilor- story of the previous avticle was suengthened with nia, became historian of the club. Lt is not the pur such casual references to the Appaloosa as “the old pose of this article to trace the phenomenal success of breed of war horse developed by the (Nez Perce] the club since then in achieving the goals urged by Dr,

wibe,” “among the Nez Perces who developed them Haines in his articles of 1987-38. ‘The horse is, indeed,

[the Appaloosas],” and “the grand old war horse of a wonderlul animal. Cam the proud owner of twe the Nez Perces.”" * ‘The article ended: “Let us hope of them mysell, and [have no intention of contesting that both the breed and name will be rescued from the love and alfection felt for Appaloosas by their undeserved neglect.” Again, the article did not pro- great number ol owners and breeders. What vide the slightest bit of documentation or a single Iam ex- anining, however, is the alleged link between the source for any of the information presented. Appaloosa and the Nev Perce tribe, Hirst stated in 1937 Less than a year later, in a third article, “More by Dr. Haines and then broadcast wholesle as history. Care in Breeding Spotted Horses,” in Western Horse- “Phrough World War 1H Dr. Haines wrote in tis man, March-April, 1938 (Vol. 1H, No. 2), Dr. Haines Continued on page vighty-anr 73

Appaloosa . . . Nez Perce horses." This was fine sdlesmanship, but was it history? Continued from page seventy-five Apparently many persons who should have known 963 history of the horse, Appaloosa, “the Appaloosa better, including this author, accepted it without ques- Horse Club barely stayed alive.” But the story pub- tion as history. “The story circulated ever more widely lished in IVestern Horseman spread and, even without and with increasing frequency, and despite the Fact historic documentation, began to be accepted as fact. that neither Dr, Haines nor the Appaloosa Horse Club It was given a good boost in’ 194 by Ramon F. Adams, had yet provided one jot of documentation, the story who in Iestern Words, a dictionary of the range, cow began to reappear in the histories and writings of camp and trail, published that year by the University reputable scholars, with their footnotes citing Dr. of Oklahoma Press, included in the definition of Ap- Haines. paloosa: “This particular breed was developed by the Tt built and built. It became a standard part of Nez Percé Indians in the Palousé River country.” % Perce history, repeated in the accounts of the

Adams cited Dr. Haines's Western Horseman articles tribe's history written for adult readers, and forming as his source, but added as his own contribution the the theme of Indian boy-and-horse books written for accent mark over the “ce” in Palouse, thus innocently young readers. It was commented on in great detail or not giving satisfaction to those who still thought by Frank Gilbert Roe in his distinguished study, The it proper to call the horse an Appalousey.* indian and the Horse (University of Oklahoma Press, After the war, Dr, Haines, who in 1989 had also Norman, 1955, pp. 153-55, 255, 890-92) , where, despite published a history of the Nez Perce Indians (Red some questioning, Haines is described as the “foremost Eagles of the Northwest, The Scholastic Press, Port- authority” on the Appaloosa and his account of its land, Ore.), moved to Lewiston, Idaho, and became history and of its breeding as a war horse by the Nez Professor of History at Northern Idaho College of Perce is passed on to readers with no citations other Education in that city. With his interest and that of than to Haines’s own undocumented writings. George B. Hatley, ari Appaloosa brecder of Moscow, In the mid-1950's, I may haye played a small role Idaho, the Club took on new vigor and expanded its in adding to the Appaloosa’s “history.” In a Sunday promotional activiti A first stud book was issued newspaper supplement I came on a picture of a spot- in 1948, and a second one three years later, by which. ted horse painted in a cave in southern France about time Dr. Haines was President of the Club. 20,000 years ago. Dr, Haines had begun the story To the historian the stud book is particularly inter- of the Appaloosa in. Avia only some 2000 years ago. I esting because it included a brand-new, full-blown, sent him the clipping, and in his rewritten history, thirty-cight-page history of “The Appaloosa Horse,” The Nex Perces, published by the University of Okla: which—while resting on nothing but the author's homa Press in 1955 (p. 28), he noted anew about the word—purported to trace the animal back for more AP} aloosas: he origin of the breed is lost in anti- than 2000 years to the pastures of the Ferghana region quity, Cave artists in southern France painted spotted of west central Asia on the northern slopes of the horses very like the modern animals.” Again, how- Hindu Kush. The “history” carried the horse in great ever, he wrote: “By the use of their selective-breeding detail through time and space, across Europe to the technique, the Nez Perces were able to raise hundreds New World, and eventually to the Nez Perces—and, of the spotted horses from a few anima They were one must admit, it added up to a most dramatic and used chiefly for war and for parades.” ‘There was still colorful narrative that, in effect, provided the Appa- loosa owner with a fabulously exciting pedigree for his horse and gave the would-be owner a powerful motive Lo possess such a romantic animal. Again, of course, there was the background about how the Nez AMERICANA Perees had made the Appaloosas their war horses: “Because they loved colorful war horses so much, some of the Plains tribes valued a fleet pinto above all Bought and Sold other horses. Among the Nez Perces, however, the pinto was not valued highly, probably because they Catalogues Issued had something better, They had the Appaloosa, the horse with the white rump covered with distinctive spots, a horse that had been valued for its speed for over two thousand ycars."” In another section in the same “history,” Dr. Haines continued: “Once the Nez Perce had secured their Eduard Eberstadt & Sons foundation stock of the spotted horses from Chihua- hua, they soon became the owners of more Appaloosas. 888 MADISON AVENUE than all the other tribes combined. Early white wav- elers noticed the horses, and described them as the NEW YORK 21 peculiarly spotted horses of the Nez Perce, to distin- guish them from the ordinary spotted horse, the pinto. Among the mountain men they were simply called

al

no documentation,” of the Museum who was checking Dr. Haines’s manu- The matter first began to trouble me in 1958 ag 1 script, asking me for historic sources about the Nez did my research for the work thar eventually became Pevees and their horses that could be used as foot- The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the North- notes to substantiate statements made by Dr. Haines! wes! (Yale University Press. New Haven, 1965). 1 Apparently he had not heen able to provide sources could lind nothing to support any of Dr. Haines's himself that satisfied the checker, story save a reference by Lewis and Clark to some [ had to reply that { could not furnish suitable “pide” horses among the Nes Perce herds, which citations, but in an effort to be helpful 1 did send as could have referred to pintos (although Dr. Haines complete a bibliography as 1 could of all the liter- does not accept such an interpretation), and a single ature of the mountain men, and others who had reference by the Hudson's Bay Company fur trader known the Nez Pevces, suggesting that they be combed Join Work to a “Nez Perce horse,” though Work did again thoroughly. To make a long story short, the not explain what a “Nez Perce horse” was. Otherwise, checker-researcher, a most conscientious person who the literature, both printed and manuscript, of all the is now on the staff of a noted art gallery in New York explorers, fur (traders, missionaries, military men, City, was unable to do any better than I had done, miners, setUers and others who met and wrote about writing me, on one occasion, that “all the printed the Nez Perces in the nineteenth century was barren sources . . . give the Nez Perces stary without docu- of any descriptions of, ar even reference to, spotted mentation, or documented back to Dr. Haines.7* horses among the Nez Perce herds or among the Nez When the book, Appaloosa, finally appeared from Perce buffalo hun and warriors. Of all the artists the University of Texas press in 1963, much of it was who painted eyewitness scenes of the Nez Perces and a paraphvase of the “historic” section of the 1951 stud their horsemen, not one to my knowledge pictured a book of the Glub. No longer included, however, was spotted horse in association with a member of that the flat statement that the Nez Perces had bred the tribe. On the contrary, all the contemporary writings Appaloosa as their war horse, although the text im- I could find that described Nez Perce horses and herds plied as much in such passages as: “The Nez Perce, of horses and that went into detail about them men- however, did not commonly ride the pinto, probably tioned everything but the presence of spotted horses, because they had a better horse with a color pattern and all drawings or paintings of mounted Nez Perces at least us striking. ‘his was the horse with the showed them an every kind of horse but a spotted spotted white rump, the Appaloosa. The Nez Perce one.* If spotted horses were present in any large claimed that these animals were doubly advantageous: numbers, certainly they would have made enough of they were speedy, tough, intelligent, and hardy . . .” an impact on the observer to warrant a mention, But, Aguin: “Thus it happened that the more independent no, even the leading warriors who should have been members of the tribe continucd to breed and raise riding the famed “war horses” were described as being fast Appaloosas for use in the buffalo country.’ on everything but spotted horses, and one of them, Despite the fact that there were still no sources Looking Glass, was cyen photographed by W. H. offered for statements such as these, the Haines thesis Jackson on a horse that is not an Appaloosa. now had the Amon Carter Muscum and University of ‘The question secmed of relatively minor import- Texas Press in its corner, adding new authority to the ance to me, however, until 1960, when the director of tale. There weve some citations in the book. Several, a state historical society in the Northwest told me that like a reference on page 3 to Alexander Ross's Adven- he hoped 1 would not repeat the Appaloosa story in tures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Colimbia my book. A number of people in that part of the River, did not support what they were supposed country had been questioning the story, and their to support and raised the question of why they were research, coupled with first-hand knowledge that used. But there was one curious citation that was went back to the end of the ninetecuth century, had relevant to the subject of this article. Reference was convinced them that Dr, Haines was wrong. I picked made in two places to a “Colonel” Rogers (no first up these threads and, in time, become convinced, for name was given) of Grangeville, Idaho, who in 1948-— myself at Ieast, that the Haines thesis was umprovable when, presumably, he was eighty-six years old—had and that, conversely, the case was very strong that the re- counted that he had seen the horse herd of the Wal- Nez Perce had never favored the spotted horse above lowa band of Nez Perces on Camas Prairie, Idaho, others and certainly had never bred them as war just before the start of the Nez Perce War in 1877. hor The plain, he recalled, according to Dr, Haines, was I did not mean to get into the position of proving covered with spotted horses, but a closer look revealed that Dr. Haines was wrong. 1 could have overlooked there were about an equal number of plain animals evidence, and maybe a lot of it, that would have sup- mixed with the spotted ones." Against this testi- ported his story. But so far he had failed to provide mony is that of three Nez Perce veterans of the war any documentary proof. Jn 1962 I thought it was whom I interviewed in 1960, Albert Moore, Sam Til- about to come when ft learned that he was writing a den and Josiah Redwolf, as well as that of H. E. Bart- history of the Appaloosa Horse for a big book to be tett in the following article. ‘The comments to me published by the University of Texas Press in conjunc by the three veterans may be summarized in the short tion with an exhibit of the spotted horse in art at the retort of Albert Moore: “No truth that that horse was Amon Carter Museum of Western Art in Fort Worth, our war horse.” But one day I received a letter from a staff member Continued on page eighty-seven 82

source, using it for the first Gine in his appaloosa in 1963, Appaloosa . . . it may be questioned, first, whether he had any proof in 1937 and, if not, why not? ‘That question, in turn, reflects Continied front page eighty-two my belief that a questioner in 1837 could have praven him wrong: for my research in 1960 and after led me to believe Today, the Haines story is probably out of control. that the statement was untrue and that it could have been It has become so wonderful a legend that it is accepted proven false very easily in 1997 when many persons, both as history, and no one, I believe, will ever be able to Indian and white, who ‘rememberedthe Wallowa country in undo it, At the International Girl Scout Roundup 1871-77 were still alive, Don Alfredo’s: siteme Haines’s undocumented in northern Idaho several years ago, | heard an Appa- antide “is the only matter” on the subject loosa Horse Club member, who was showing off Appa- could be overlooked were it not for the fact that, despite loosas to the thousands of girls gathered there trom its omission of any sere of proof, the article is still the all counuries, tell the story of this great “Nez Perce paste and ultimate source for what is accepted today as history. ‘There was nothing printed on the subject. be- Indian war horse.” It is accepted by horse owners fore it. and breeders all over the country and is the stull of tion of the image of the Appaloosa as “the grand all media of communications. Haudbooks for 4-11 r horse” of the Nes Perces has done sas much as members in the West state bluntly that the Appaloosa anything else to make this animal so well known. tod: Unwittingly or not, a fiverite technique of Ametic was bred by the Nez Perces as their war horse. Dis- inghas been used, and it has worked. ney produced “Ran, Appaloosa, Run” with a Nex For his helief, sce Appaloosa, pp. 304. For my belief, which Perce gitl as its heroine, and ‘EV. producers, filming is quile different, see my book, The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest, Vale University Press, New a documentary on the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Haven, G50. seemingly felt it would not be faithful to history As fi the Palouse country has never heen pro- unless the Nez Perces meeting the American explorers nounced as a Frenchman would pronounce it, that is to were momnted on Appaloosis. “There is an annual say, Palous-ay, American settlers may have slurred it Appaloosa Ride—well-publicized in. the Northwest Pilousey, bul U helicve that the word derives from the and in publications for horsemen—whose participants Sahaptin’ term, pefus, which Hike the “er” in the expression New Yorker, refers to the people who live in a certain astride Appaloosas follow the trail of Chief Joseph's place. In this instance. it atcompanied the Sabaptin tenn fighting retreat, listening at night to historic talks by Pelout and, with it, was a referenre to “the people who Dr. Haines live where thew: (of Snake River) is greenish or murky." “The “pelus” was picked up by the whites and More can be said, but [ will rest the case. {am affixed to an area, a river, and the people (ie Palouse In- left with the conviction that a long and thorough dians) who lived there. Again. my reference cited search by Dr. Haines and others has been made for in Note 1051 edition of stud book, Lewiston, I 5. documentation with which to link the Nez Perce and ‘These statements of “history,” like many others in the the Appaloosa horse, and that, so far at least, it has stud book, cowl have heer questioned when they Grst failed. Al that seems proven is that spotted horses appeared. What proof is there, for instiuice, that the Nez go very far back into antiquity, that some spotted Perces “soon became the owners of more Appaloosas than horses were among the herds of the plateau tribes, all the other tribes combined"? While it is impossible to including the Nez Perces, and that the name Appa find a single contemporary source describing the ownership of spotted horses by Nez Peres, references can he found loosa was given them by white men, probably in this describing their ownership by members of other tribes (Owhi, the Yakima. for instance). And where is there a century. Certainly it was fastened on them quite de- single reference in all the known fiterature of the fur trade liberately alter 1987. Finally, f suspect that the Appa supporting (he statement that mountain men referred. to Joosa is not even a breed, but that is another story spotted horses ay “Nes Perce horses?” “Uhe British trader, and should be the concern of horsemen rather thar John Work. used te term, bot he never described what it meant. historians. The Nez Perces is a difficult book to buy today, for soon Against that background the following article by after its publication the University of ‘Ok Press. H. E. Bartlett may be of more than ordinary interest. which had not known of the exisicnee of the earlier anc somewhat similar Red Eagles af the Northwest by Dr. NOT! Ss Haines, ceased distribution of the new volume, Sce my discussion of the subject in The Nez Perce Indians 1, Under herp: us name, Grace Butterfield, she wrote and the Opening of the Northwest, p. 64.

alone and also with the late J-H. Horner, an indefatigable researcher of the history of Titi cl whites in Wallowa Ina later letter, which I still possess, the same person con County. Mr. Horner knew and recorded the reminiscences cluded that the tween the Nez Perces and the of many of the first white settlers in the Wallowa country. Appaloosa was and added: "Tain flattered, 2. Sce Francis Haines, Appaloosa: The Spotted Horse in Art victriously, that_you think the Amon Garter Muscum’s and History, published for the Amon Garter Museum of treament will give the Haines doctrine further strength Westen Art, Kort Worth, by the University of ‘Texas Press, among students of the American West. but neither the Austin, 1963, p. 98. Musetin’s name nor the University of Te: nt makes 4. Russell's Trads Plowed Under, Doubleday, N-¥., edition, it any truer,”

Appaloosa, pp. 8 + 89. 1953, p. 7h. 1. If ambue had cured atthe time, these statements could Ibid, pp. 84, 9 ‘These are the references referred to in have been questioned, The Palouse country, for instance, Note 4, above. ‘The testimony was apparently acquired ji was inhabited principally by Patouse, not Nez Perce, In- 18. “Weak as it was, it was the only documentation dians, Why were not the Palouse Indians the breeders of offered on the point in the important «lppaloosa volume,

the Appaloosa horse? Also, even to the present moment, and took the place of whatever evidence Dr. Haines had Dr. Haines has heen able to provide only one source — possessed in 1937 when he had first linked the Appaleosas

and that a vagne and questionable one (see Note 15) — to and the Nez Perces. Some insight into the kind of “his- supporthis assertion that the Wallowa band of Nez Perces tory” that has built the Appaloosa saga, however, is pro- raised spotted horses until the War of 1877, Since it was vided by an examination of the manner in which Dr. only in LM that he acquired information front this one Haines tised varius sources. Tn Ross Cox's The Columbia 87