Princípios Bioativos Da Pele De Anfíbios: Panorama Atual E Perspectivas

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Princípios Bioativos Da Pele De Anfíbios: Panorama Atual E Perspectivas Herpetologia no Brasil II Princípios bioativos da pele de anfíbios: panorama atual e perspectivas Carlos Alberto Schwartz, Mariana de Souza Castro, Osmindo Rodrigues Pires Júnior, Natan Medeiros Maciel, Elisabeth Nogueira Ferroni Schwartz e Antonio Sebben Resumo A secreção cutânea dos anfíbios contém uma infinidade de substâncias biologicamente ativas empregadas em três funções principais: proteção contra o desenvolvimento de microrganismos patogênicos, como defesa passiva contra o ataque de predadores carnívoros, e, ainda, como feromônios. Considerando as espécies conhecidas na atualidade, o número de espécies que tiveram secreções cutâneas estudadas até o presente é estimado em menos de 20% do total. Mesmo nessas, o conhecimento a respeito da composição química e das propriedades farmacológicas das secreções cutâneas é apenas parcial, o que indica que mesmo as espécies já estudadas devem ser pesquisadas à luz das novas metodologias disponíveis. No presente artigo, apresentamos o panorama atual dessa área, considerações a respeito de problemas metodológicos enfrentados e suas perspectivas. Palavras-chave: Toxinas, Venenos, Amphibia, Antibióticos, Secreção Cutânea. Abstract The amphibian skin secretions contain a great variety of biologically active compounds used in three main functions: protection against the development of microorganisms, passive defense against predators and, even as pheromones. Considering the species currently known, the number of species that had the skin secretion studied till now answer less than 20% of the total. Even in these species, the knowledge about the chemical composition and the pharmacological properties are just partial. Therefore the species already studied must be evaluated in the light of recent methodologies. Herein we present the currently outlook in these multidisciplinary area, considerations concerning the methodological problems, and perspectives. Keywords: Toxins, Poison, Amphibia, Antibiotic, Cutaneous Secretion. Histórico usados como drogas cardiotônicas. Talvez este Há cerca de 5 mil anos, a medicina oriental tenha sido o primeiro uso de um produto de origem já fazia uso de secreção de pele de sapos na animal como fármaco. Introduzidas na Europa no elaboração de preparados denominados Ch'an-Su século 17, foram usadas por mais de 200 anos, até Aceito em novembro de 2005. Laboratório de Toxinologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas Universidade de Brasília, 70910-970, Brasília, DF, Brasil. [email protected] 200 Herpetologia no Brasil II Princípios bioativos da pele de anfíbios: panorama atual e perspectivas serem substituídas pelos glicosídeos digitálicos, “exercício, banho, pôr o doente num forno com o mesmo propósito (TOLEDO & JARED, aquecido, ou sobre o animal retalhado”. Por 1995). fim, afirma Piso: “Nós envenenamos até os rios Enquanto isso, na América do Sul, e os elementos da natureza. Convertemos em povos nativos há muito fazem uso de secreção instrumento de destruição o próprio ar de que de pele de anfíbios anuros no preparo de flechas se vive, e nenhum ser, salvo o homem, faz e dardos usados na caça e na guerra, ou guerra com o veneno alheio”, referindo-se ao utilizados em rituais de purificação e de uso de venenos nas flechas e na forma de preparação para a caça. Índios colombianos beberagens. ainda fazem uso da secreção de Phyllobates Em excelente registro histórico, terribilis para envenenar setas, lançadas com o ROSENFELD & KELEN (1969) compilaram auxílio de zarabatanas, para caçar aves e as publicações acerca de animais peçonhentos e primatas (MYERS et al., 1978) Na Amazônia sua relação com o homem, no período de 1500 a brasileira, índios Katukina utilizam secreção de 1968. Este artigo mostra que aproximadamente pele de espécies de Phyllomedusa em rituais 8.000 autores publicaram, durante esse conhecidos como “kâmpo” ou “kâmbo”. período,cerca de 10.600 artigos nas diferentes Guilherme Piso (1611-1678), médico áreas da toxinologia de organismos vertebrados holandês contemporâneo de Maurício de e invertebrados. Destes, apenas 164 autores Nassau, em sua passagem pelo Brasil, registrou pesquisaram venenos de anfíbios ou temas no livro História Natural e Médica da Índia correlatos. Nesse período, em que a maioria dos Ocidental (PISO, 1658, p.618-619), algumas autores contribuiu com apenas um ou alguns observações a respeito dos venenos dos sapos trabalhos, vale destacar a expressiva brasileiros. Seguem alguns trechos, no mínimo participação dos chineses K.K Chen,. e A.L curiosos, do relato de Piso: “Cururu ou sapo Chen que entre as décadas de 1930 e 1950 envenena de qualquer maneira, quer publicaram cerca de 50 artigos sobre a química externamente, pela urina e saliva, quer do veneno de Bufo spp. e Chan'su. internamente, e muito pior, com o sangue, a PHISALIX & BERTRAND (1902) gordura e sobretudo o fel ingeridos. Os demonstraram que, além de esteróides, a perversíssimos íncolas preparam deles, secreção cutânea de Bufo bufo continha uma torrados e reduzidos a pó, beberagens letais e amina biogênica, a qual denominaram as propinam em quantidades mínimas, às bufotenina. Esse foi o primeiro registro de escusas. Surgem logo inflamações das fauces e aminas em secreção cutânea de anfíbios. A da garganta, securas, infecções, soluços, partir de 1920, pesquisadores como vômitos e disenterias, desmaios, névoas nos Handowsky, Jensen & Chen e Wieland olhos, convulsões, delírios e amarelidões. dedicaram-se a pesquisar bufotenina e outras Como antídotos são recomendados: aminas biogênicas encontradas em pele de 200 Herpetologia no Brasil II Princípios bioativos da pele de anfíbios: panorama atual e perspectivas diversas espécies de Bufo. No entanto, os secreção cutânea observou uma interessante princípios bioativos de pele de anfíbios viriam a propriedade cardiotóxica. Esse estudo viria a ganhar destaque a partir do início da década de ser retomado por volta de 1996 por Elisabeth N. 1950, com os primeiros trabalhos do F. Schwartz e colaboradores, que pesquisador italiano Vittorio Erspamer Dentre demonstraram ser a siphonopsina uma proteína inúmeros feitos de Erspamer, vale registrar a com potente atividade hemolítica. A atividade descoberta da serotonina (ERSPAMER & cardiotóxica, observada por SAWAYA (1940), ASERO, 1952), a partir de glândula salivar de é, na verdade, devida à hemólise e conseqüente moluscos cefalópodes, então batizada como aumento dos níveis de potássio circulante. enteramina. Em 1959, isolou e caracterizou a A partir de 1960, aumenta o número de leptodactilina, uma amina biogênica com pesquisadores dedicados a estudar secreções atividade nicotínica, a partir de extratos de pele cutâneas de anfíbios: Kaiser e Michel (Áustria), da rã sul-americana Leptodactylus ocellatus Venancio Deulofeu e Edmundo Ruveda (CEI & ERSPAMER, 1966). Isolou e (Argentina), John Daly e Bernard Witkop caracterizou diversos peptídeos, especialmente (EUA), Kuno Meyer e Host Linde (Suíça), a partir de pele de exemplares de Gerhard Habermehl (Alemanha). Phyllomedusinae do Brasil e da Argentina. Ao No Brasil, o químico, Raymond Zelnik todo, foram mais de 600 espécies de anfíbios, dedica-se ao estudo dos esteróides de venenos de diversas regiões do mundo, estudados por de Bufo spp., enquanto Paulo Pasquarelli ele e sua equipe. defende sua tese de Doutorado sobre o bloqueio No Brasil talvez o trabalho pioneiro da ação vagal pelo veneno bruto de Bufo tenha sido “Algumas experiências com o ictericus, em coração in situ do próprio animal. veneno de Bufo ictericus” de LACERDA Esse trabalho é retomado em 1979 por Carlos FILHO (1878). Com a mesma abordagem A. Schwartz, que demonstra ser a exploratória, VITAL BRAZIL & VELLARD dehidrobufotenina o constituinte do veneno (1926) publicam dois artigos sobre ações de responsável pelo bloqueio vagal. secreção de pele dos anuros brasileiros Bufo No mesmo período, Antonio Sebben marinus, Leptodactylus labyrinthicus e inicia seu mestrado com um pequeno sapinho Pyxicephalus (=Odontophrynus) cultripes, amarelo trazido ao Instituto de Biociências por demonstrando sua toxicidade quando Elio Gouveia (pesquisador do Parque Nacional administradas em diversos animais do Itatiaia, RJ), que afirmava: “Trata-se de um experimentais. animal muito venenoso”. Deu-se início ao Na década de 1940, nos primórdios da trabalho pioneiro no país de estudo de Universidade de São Paulo, Paulo Sawaya neurotoxinas em secreção cutânea de anfíbios, inicia uma série de estudos com a espécie no caso o Brachycephalus ephippium. Siphonops annulatus (Gymnophiona), em cuja Em 1985, Sebben e Schwartz fundam o 200 Herpetologia no Brasil II Princípios bioativos da pele de anfíbios: panorama atual e perspectivas grupo de pesquisa em venenos animais na antibióticas, atuando na defesa contra a Universidade de Brasília. A partir desse núcleo proliferação de microrganismos (bactérias, básico, foi criado o atual Laboratório de fungos e protozoários), principalmente na pele. Toxinologia, que também conta com os Tais compostos são representados pesquisadores Elisabeth Schwartz, Mariana de principalmente por peptídeos com Souza Castro e Osmindo Rodrigues Pires propriedades citotóxicas e citolíticas. Júnior. Outro grupo de compostos contidos Hoje, novos grupos passam a se dedicar nas secreções dessas glândulas tem um papel de de maneira sistemática à pesquisa de compostos defesa passiva contra predadores. Seus efeitos bioativos de anfíbios brasileiros, dentre os farmacológicos incluem ações cardiotóxicas, quais cabe destacar os liderados por Carlos miotóxicas e neurotóxicas, alguns são agentes Bloch
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