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ISSN 2334-3745 Volume XIII, Issue 4 August 2019 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 13, Issue 4 Table of Contents Welcome from the Editors...............................................................................................................................i Articles Benevolent Radicalization: An Antidote to Terrorism.................................................................................1 by Kenneth P. Reidy Calling on Women: Female-specific Motivation Narratives in Danish Online Jihad Propaganda..............14 by Sara Jul Jacobsen When Foreign Fighters Come Home: The Story of Six Danish Returnees...................................................27 by Maja Touzari Greenwood Does Trust Prevent Fear in the Aftermath of Terrorist Attacks?...................................................................39 by Bernard Enjolras, Kari Steen-Johnsen, Francisco Herreros, Øyvind Bugge Solheim, Marte Slagsvold Winsvold, Shana Kushner Gadarian, and Atte Oksanen Research Note The White Wolves: The Terrorist Manifesto That Wasn’t?.................................................................................56 by Paul Stott Resources Tom Parker. Avoiding the Terrorist Trap: Why Respect for Human Rights is the Key to Defeating Terrorism (2019).............................................................................................................................................................63 Reviewed by Alex P. Schmid William Allchorn (Ed.), Tracking the Rise of the Radical Right Globally (2019).......................................65 Reviewed by James J.F. Forest Counterterrorism Bookshelf: 60 Books on Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism-Related Subjects...67 Selected by Joshua Sinai Bibliography: Terrorism by Country – Pakistan...........................................................................................83 Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes Bibliography: Conflict in Syria (Part 4)......................................................................................................115 Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes Recent Online Resources for the Analysis of Terrorism.............................................................................158 Compiled and selected by Berto Jongman Announcements Conference Calendar....................................................................................................................................186 Compiled by Reiniers Bergema Announcement of the TRI Thesis Award 2018............................................................................................198 About Perspectives on Terrorism.................................................................................................................200 ISSN 2334-3745 August 2019 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 13, Issue 4 Welcome from the Editors Dear Reader, We are pleased to announce the release of Volume XIII, Issue 4 (August 2019) of Perspectives on Terrorism. Our free and independent online journal is a publication of the Terrorism Research Initiative (TRI), Vienna, and the Institute of Security and Global Affairs (ISGA) of Leiden University’s Campus The Hague and is available at https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/perspectives-on-terrorism. Now in its thirteenth year, Perspectives on Terrorism has 8,500 registered subscribers and many more occasional readers and website visitors worldwide. The Articles of its six annual issues are fully peer reviewed by external referees while its Research and Policy Notes, Special Correspondence, Resources and other content are subject to internal editorial quality control. The first of the four articles has been written by Dr. Kenneth P. Reidy, winner of the annual TRI award for the Best Ph.D. Thesis on Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism (2018). He summarizes some of the findings of his award-winning thesis (see also Announcements). The remaining three articles are based on a selection of papers delivered at a Nordic conference on violent extremism, organised by the Center for Research on Extremism (C-REX) at the University of Oslo in November 2018. Sara Jul Jacobsen argues in her article that jihadi-Salafists seek to motivate Muslim women to take part in jihad by strategically addressing issues specific to the intersection of being women and being Muslim in the West today. Maja Touzari Greenwood explores in her article how six Danish former foreign fighters experienced returning to Denmark after having fought with jihadist militias in the Middle East, and how they try to deal with the rejection they are met with in their community and mosques. The next article is written by an international group of scholars (Enjolras et al.) and examines whether generalized trust in society may have a buffering effect on fear in the aftermath of terrorist attacks. The Articles section is followed by a Research Note from the hand of Paul Stott, discussing a right-wing manifesto from the pre-Internet period. The Resources Section contains a review of Tom Parker’s book on the role of human rights in fighting terrorism by Alex Schmid, and one from James Forest on William Allchorn’s edited volume ‘Tracking the Rise of the Radical Right Globally’. Our book reviews editor, Joshua Sinai, presents the tables of contents of sixty books that crossed his desk. Associate Editor Judith Tinnes continues her series of country bibliographies with one on Pakistan, followed by another (her fourth) on Syria. This is followed by the regular listing of new Web-based resources by Associate Editor Berto Jongman and an overview of recent and upcoming conferences by Assistant Editor Reinier Bergema. The current issue of Perspectives on Terrorism has been prepared by Associate Editor Prof. Tore Björgo and the Editor-in-Chief, Prof. em. Alex P. Schmid, with the support of co-editor, Prof. James J.F. Forest, and with the help of Editorial Assistant Jodi Moore as well as Associate Editor for IT issues, Christine Boelema Robertus. ISSN 2334-3745 I August 2019 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 13, Issue 4 Benevolent Radicalization: An Antidote to Terrorism by Ken Reidy Note from the Editor: The annual award of the Terrorism Research Initiative for the ‘Best Thesis in the Field of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies (2018)’, was won by Dr. Ken Reidy. We have asked the winner to summarise important parts of his doctoral thesis for the readers of our journal in the article below (for access to the complete thesis, see URL in note 1). Abstract Most political activism occurs within social norms and the democratic consensus, but a minority mobilize in a consciously perilous manner. When this is premised upon sacred values, one may be said to be behaviorally radicalized. Within this radicalized fringe, some stay within social norms but take them to an extreme level of self-sacrifice. This may involve risking one’s life to benefit others in an objectively and consistently pro-social manner. This is referred to as aid-in-extremis, a specific form of active bystandership. A recent example includes British Muslims engaged in non-sectarian humanitarian aid for besieged civilians in Daesh controlled territory. In my thesis, these people are categorized as benevolently radicalized; they were Positive Deviants who adhere to a conditioned victim-centric prognosis. Others made a clear break and depart from the norm. This entails violence or tacit support thereof as part of their response - such as those British Muslims who joined Daesh. These people are categorized as malevolently radicalized: their deviance is overall anti-social and they adhere to a conditioned perpetrator-centric prognosis. The paradox is, both cohorts stem from the same domestic sentiment pool and use the same sacred values to undergird their morally opposed behaviors. What seems to determine the prognostic vector is how these sacred values are interpreted and this alludes to the importance of frames. Recognizing that frames are learned and that both groups are in competition for similar people, governments may proactively prevent Jihadist recruitment and sideline their narratives by buttressing the benevolently radicalized, bolstering their numbers and ensuring that their prognostic is perceived as the main moral anchor. This counter-engagement is presented as a relevant and impactful, strengths-based alternative which can constructively channel moral outrage and fulfill needs - yet it is only posited to appeal to particular type of (pre-)Jihadist activists. Keywords: Aid-In-Extremis (Active Bystandership), counter-engagement, multifinality, pathological altruism, positive deviance, sacred values Multifinality and Competition It is widely accepted that there are many pathways to becoming radicalized. This is referred to as equifinality and this is why there is no single “profile”. However, this author’s dissertation research suggests that there may be other outcomes of the radicalization process besides (violent) extremism. [1] This is referred to as multifinality. Recognizing multifinality is important because it provides a partial answer to the central question of radicalization research: “why do some people radicalize to (violent) extremism while similar others, under the same radicalizing conditions, do not?” The argument made in the thesis The Accidental Ambassadors: Implications of Benevolent Radicalization is that similar others, under similar radicalizing conditions, but within a non-violent and non-extremist context, are exposed to different situational variables and that these influence the chemistry of their subsequent
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