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Airports as Cityports in the City-region Nederlandse Geografische Studies / Netherlands Geographical Studies Redactie / Editorial Board Drs. J.G. Borchert (Editor in Chief ) Prof. Dr. J.M.M. van Amersfoort Dr. H.J.A. Berendsen Dr. P.C.J. Druijven Prof. Dr. A.O. Kouwenhoven Prof. Dr. H. Scholten Plaatselijke Redacteuren / Local Editors Drs. R. van Melik, Faculteit Geowetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht Dr. D.H. Drenth, Faculteit der Managementwetenschappen Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen Dr. P.C.J. Druijven, Faculteit der Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Drs. F.J.P.M. Kwaad, Fysich-Geografisch en Bodemkundig Laboratorium Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. L. van der Laan, Economisch-Geografisch Instituut Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam Dr. J.A. van der Schee, Centrum voor Educatieve Geografie Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Dr. F. Thissen, Afdeling Geografie, Planologie en Internationale Ontwikkelingsstudies Universiteit van Amsterdam Redactie-Adviseurs / Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Dr. G.J. Ashworth, Prof. Dr. P.G.E.F. Augustinus, Prof. Dr. G.J. Borger, Prof. Dr. K. Bouwer, Prof. Dr. J. Buursink, Dr. J. Floor, Prof. Dr. G.A. Hoekveld, Dr. A.C. Imeson, Prof. Dr. J.M.G. Kleinpenning, Dr. W.J. Meester, Prof. Dr. F.J. Ormeling, Prof. Dr. H.F.L. Ottens, Dr. J. Sevink, Dr. W.F. Sleegers, T.Z. Smit, Drs. P.J.M. van Steen, Dr. J.J. Sterkenburg, Drs. H.A.W. van Vianen, Prof. Dr. J. van Weesep ISSN 0169-4839 Netherlands Geographical Studies 353 Airports as Cityports in the City-region Spatial-economic and institutional positions and institutional learning in Randstad-Schiphol (AMS), Frankfurt Rhein-Main (FRA), Tokyo Haneda (HND) and Narita (NRT) Michel van Wijk Utrecht 2007 Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap Faculteit Geowetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht This publication has been submitted as a PhD thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands, Utrecht, 5 January 2007 Promotors: Prof. dr. A.M.J. Kreukels, Utrecht University Prof. dr. W.K. Korthals Altes, Delft University of Technology The research and publication of this book is financed by Habiforum (Gouda), Monbukagakusho Ministry of Education Japan (Tokyo), Ecorys Nederland (Rotterdam), Urban and Regional research centre Utrecht URU, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University (Utrecht), Van Eesteren Fluck & Van Lohuizen Foundation (Den Haag), J.E. Jurriaanse Foundation (Rotterdam), Van Wijk Electro-techniques (Huizen). The Faculty of Economics, Hitotsubashi University (Tokyo) and Department of Geosciences and Geography (KSR), J.W. Goethe University (Frankfurt am Main) furthermore facilitated the conducted research. ISBN 978-90-6809-394-0 Photo’s cover: Michel van Wijk Graphic design, cartography and figures: GeoMedia (Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University) Copyright © Michel van Wijk, Urban and Regional Research centre Utrecht, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 2007 Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van druk, fotokopie of op welke andere wijze dan ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgevers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print or photo print, microfilm or any other means, without written permission by the publishers. Printed in the Netherlands by Labor Grafimedia b.v. – Utrecht Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Preface 13 1 Introduction 15 1.1 City-regions, cityports, and airports at a first glance 15 1.2 Theoretical perspective 17 1.3 Research questions and frame of analysis 18 1.4 Methodology and case study selection 21 1.5 Randstad, Frankfurt Rhein-Main, and Tokyo Metropolitan Area 24 Part I: Spatial-economic analysis 2 Competitiveness of city-regions 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Competitiveness of city-regions 31 2.3 Regional acting and benchmarking 34 2.4 Regional economic performance of the Randstad 35 2.5 Regional economic performance of Frankfurt Rhein-Main 41 2.6 Regional economic performance of Tokyo 46 2.7 Quality of the business environment 50 2.8 City-region formation in the case studies 53 2.9 Conclusion 58 3 Cityports in the city-regions 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Spatial economic dynamics and cityports in the city-region 63 3.3 Cityports in the Randstad 68 3.4 Cityports in Frankfurt Rhein-Main 75 3.5 Cityport in Tokyo Metropolitan Area 80 3.6 Comparison and conclusion 86 4 Airports as cityports 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Airports as cityports 91 4.3 History of the airport case studies 94 4.4 Airside development 103 4.5 Airport development 108 5 4.6 Landside development: economic impacts 111 4.7 Landside development: urban dynamics 112 4.8 Conclusion 120 Intermezzo: Images of Cityports 125 Part II: Institutional analysis 5 Actor-oriented institutional analysis 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Actor-oriented institutional analysis 131 5.3 Scheme for institutional analysis 134 5.4 Institutional learning and economic performance 135 5.5 Actor-oriented institutional analysis in the case studies 138 5.6 Conclusion 141 6 Actors and actor coalitions 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 National, regional and local governments 145 6.3 Airport operators and airport users 154 6.4 Commercial actors 156 6.5 Advisory organisations and other actors 160 6.6 Airport area coalitions 163 6.7 Conclusion 171 7 Socio-cultural institutions 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Theoretical framework of socio-cultural institutions 176 7.3 Socio-cultural institutions in the Netherlands 178 7.4 Socio-cultural institutions in Germany 182 7.5 Socio-cultural institutions in Japan 185 7.6 Conclusion 190 8 Financial and economic institutions 193 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 Financial institutions: fiscal structure 194 8.3 Financial institutions: airports as public works 200 8.4 Economic institutions: land market 204 8.5 Economic institutions: area development 207 8.6 Economic institutions: construction of public works 210 8.7 Economic and financial institutions: airport management 216 8.8 Conclusion 220 6 9 Institutions of governance and legal institutions 225 9.1 Introduction 225 9.2 Vertical institutions of governance 226 9.3 Horizontal institutions of governance 229 9.4 Public-private institutions of governance 234 9.5 International legal institutions 237 9.6 National legal institutions 239 9.7 Regional and local legal institutions 245 9.8 Conclusion 251 10 Conclusions and institutional learning 257 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 The spatial-economic position of the airport as cityport in the city-region 258 10.3 The institutional position of the airport as cityport in the city-region 262 10.4 Institutional learning 272 10.5 Reflection and discussion 277 Samenvatting 279 References 293 Appendix I: List of interviews 309 Appendix II: Node values of the Cityports 313 Appendix III: Glossary 319 Curriculum Vitae 323 7 8 Figures 1.1 Frame of analysis 21 1.2 Inhabitants of Netherlands’ provinces and location of Randstad 24 1.3 Airport and major cities in the Randstad 25 1.4 Inhabitants of Germany’s states and location of Frankfurt Rhein-Main 26 1.5 Airport and major cities in Frankfurt Rhein-Main 27 1.6 Inhabitants of Japan’s prefectures and location of Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2005) 28 1.7 Airports and major cities in Tokyo Metropolitan Area 28 2.1 GDP per worker in Dutch provinces 36 2.2 GDP per worker in the Randstad 37 2.3 GDP growth in the Randstad 38 2.4 Job growth in the Randstad 38 2.5 Employability in the Randstad 39 2.6 GDP per worker in German states 41 2.7 GDP per worker in Frankfurt Rhein-Main 43 2.8 GVA growth in Frankfurt Rhein-Main 44 2.9 Job growth in Frankfurt Rhein-Main 44 2.10 Employability in Frankfurt Rhein-Main 45 2.11 GDP per worker on Japan’s islands 47 2.12 Establishment growth in Tokyo Metropolitan Area 49 2.13 Job growth in Tokyo Metropolitan Area 49 2.14 Employability in Tokyo Metropolitan Area 50 3.1 The node-place model 66 3.2 The cityport model 67 3.3 Cityports in the Randstad city-region 69 3.4 The economic dimension of cityports in the Randstad 72 3.5 Cityport dimensions in the Randstad 74 3.6 Cityports in Frankfurt Rhein-Main city-region 76 3.7 Cityport dimensions in Frankfurt Rhein-Main 79 3.8 Cityports in Tokyo Metropolitan Area 81 3.9 Cityport dimensions in Tokyo Metropolitan Area 85 4.1 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol territory 95 4.2 Frankfurt International Airport territory 97 4.3 Tokyo International Airport at Haneda airport territory 99 4.4 Narita International Airport territory 100 4.5 Kansai International Airport near Osaka 102 4.6 Chubu International Airport near Nagoya 102 4.7 Passenger growth at Schiphol, Frankfurt, Haneda, Narita and Kansai airports 105 4.8 World’s largest airports by passengers and freight (2004) 107 9 4.9 Revenue structure of Schiphol and Frankfurt (1999) and Narita (2004) airports 109 4.10 Ownership structure of Schiphol and Frankfurt airports (2005) 110 4.11 Office and industrial locations in the Schiphol airport region 114 4.12 Industrial locations in the Narita airport region 118 5.1 Stages of the institutional development process 134 5.2 Actors, actor coalitions and institutions in the frame of analysis 141 6.1 Schiphol growth coalition (left) and environment coalition (right) 164 6.2 Coordination platforms in the Schiphol area 166 6.3 Frankfurt growth coalition (left) and environment coalition (right) 167 6.4 Haneda and Narita growth coalition (left) and environment coalition (right) 169 8.1 Stages of the airport area development process 193 8.2 Corporate tax revenues City of Frankfurt 198 8.3 The Iron Triangle in the construction