Rezeption Des Buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in Den

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Rezeption Des Buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in Den Mönche im Labor - Rezeption des buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in den Neurowissenschaften Eine kulturhermeneutisch-diskursanalytische Betrachtung globaler Wechselwirkungen zwischen tibetischem Buddhismus und kognitiven Neurowissenschaften ausgehend vom Mind and Life Institute Dissertation der Philosophischen Fakultät und Fachbereich Theologie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. phil. vorgelegt von Christine Lehr Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Philosophischen Fakultät und Fachbereich Theologie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 2. Juli 2020 Vorsitzender des Promotionsorgans: Prof. Dr. Thomas Demmelhuber Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Andreas Nehring Prof. Dr. Dr. Philipp Balsiger C. Lehr Rezeption des buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Orientierung...................................................................................................................6 1.1 Einleitung...............................................................................................................6 1.1.1 Der Boom der Neurowissenschaften und das Lachen der Mönche...............6 1.1.2 Skizze und Methodik der Arbeit..................................................................10 1.2 Forschungsstand...................................................................................................13 1.2.1 Überblick über die verschiedenen Forschungsgebiete das Thema der Dissertation betreffend...........................................................................................13 1.2.2 Buddhist Studies seit 1960: Das Thema 'Buddhismus' im Westen in nordamerikanisch akademischer Perspektive.........................................................14 1.2.3 Zur zahlenmäßigen Explosion medizinischer und neurowissenschaftlicher Forschungsliteratur zu buddhistischer Meditation ab 1970...................................16 2 Räume der Grenzüberschreitung zwischen Eigenem und Fremdem...........................18 2.1 Historische Entstehungsbedingungen des Mind and Life Institute..................... 18 2.2 Semantiken des Dialogs.......................................................................................29 2.2.1 „Du musst dein Leben ändern“: Zur Voraussetzung von Selbstheilung und Selbstkontrolle........................................................................................................29 2.2.2 Heilsversprechen auf neurowissenschaftlich: Wirkweise von Meditation auf spezifische Hirnregionen........................................................................................33 2.2.3 Plädoyer für ein Weltbürgertum des 21. Jahrhunderts.................................35 1 C. Lehr Rezeption des buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften 3 Analytische Längsschnitte der Rezeption....................................................................40 3.1 Achtsamkeit und Wissenschaft – Erfahrung als 'hard problem'..........................40 3.1.1 Zur Kritik an den Deutungsansprüchen der Hirnforschung aus unterschiedlichen Lagern.......................................................................................41 3.1.1.1 Medizinischer Pragmatismus als versöhnliche Position: Peter Janich. 41 3.1.1.2 Die Ironie der toten Lachse – Felix Hasler zur „Neuromythologie“....43 3.1.1.3 „Critical Neuroscience“ - Auf der Suche nach kreativen Paradigmen.45 3.1.1.4 Mereologische Trugschlüsse – Maxwell Bennett und Peter Hacker...51 3.1.2 Bezüge zur neurowissenschaftlichen Meditations-Forschung.....................52 3.1.2.1 Das Gehirn betrachtet sich selbst – Wolf Singer und das „epistemologische Caveat“................................................................................52 3.1.2.2 „Neuro-Ehrfurcht oder die bildgebenden Verfahren kognitiver Neurowissenschaften.........................................................................................58 3.1.2.3 Emergenz und die fünf Aggregate........................................................67 3.1.2.4 Compassion und „prosoziales“ Verhalten - Das Zurich Prosocial Game ...........................................................................................................................93 3.1.3 Zum neurowissenschaftlichen Begriff von Erfahrung.................................95 3.2 Achtsamkeit und Wirtschaft – Von Wahrnehmung und Werten.........................97 3.2.1 Einleitung zum Kapitel 'Achtsamkeit und Wirtschaft'.................................97 3.2.2 Emotionale Intelligenz: Ein zweifach dualistisches Achtsamkeits- Dispositiv nach Daniel Goleman...........................................................................99 3.2.2.1 Essentialistische Repräsentation meditativer Bewusstseinszustände.....102 3.2.2.2 Achtsamkeit, Selbst-Bewusstsein und emotionale Intelligenz ...............106 3.2.2.3 Meditation in ihren diskursiven Auswirkungen auf gesundheitliches Wohlbefinden.......................................................................................................107 3.2.3 Gegenwärtige Ansätze: Meditationsbedingte Erfolgsfaktoren zwischen 2 C. Lehr Rezeption des buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften gesteigerter Effektivität und Produktivitätsausfall...............................................112 3.2.3.1 Erfolgs- und Wirkfaktoren achtsamkeitsbasierter Programme in Unternehmen........................................................................................................112 3.2.3.2 Drei verschiedene Tore von Achtsamkeit in die Arbeitswelt.................118 3.2.3.3 Google's Search Inside Yourself Programm............................................120 3.2.3.4 Ausblick: Zur Ideologisierung von Achtsamkeit in 'Corporate Mindfulness' und 'Stealth Buddhism'...................................................................124 3.3 Achtsamkeit und Psychologie – Bewusstsein als Optimierungsvehikel...........127 3.3.1 Zwischen enlightenment und happiness: Historische und konzeptuelle Kongruenz und Differenz in Buddhismus und Psychologie...............................127 3.3.2 Duale und nicht-duale Konzepte von Achtsamkeit: MBSR und MBCT...142 3.3.3 Achtsamkeit messen – Begriffsnebel psychologischer Datenerhebung....148 3.3.4 Die dunkle Seite der Achtsamkeit: Dark Night Phänomene und ihre institutionalisierte Antwort...................................................................................156 3.3.5 Zu Übersetzungsverhältnissen von Achtsamkeit in sogenannte westliche Psychologie..........................................................................................................169 4 Zusammenfassung der Thesen der Dissertation........................................................172 4.1 Zusammenfassung des diskurs-analytischen Hauptteils (Grenzüberschreitungen zwischen Eigenem und Fremdem)............................................................................172 4.2 Zusammenfassung des systematisch-kulturanalytischen Hauptteils (Analytische Längsschnitte der Rezeption)....................................................................................173 4.3 Ausblick.............................................................................................................174 3 C. Lehr Rezeption des buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften Anhang...........................................................................................................................176 Überblick über die Veranstaltungen und Publikationen des Mind and Life Institute (1987 – 2018)............................................................................................................177 Literaturverzeichnis..................................................................................................185 Verzeichnis zitierter Webseiten................................................................................210 Abbildungsverzeichnis..............................................................................................214 4 C. Lehr Rezeption des buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften 5 C. Lehr Rezeption des buddhistischen Achtsamkeitskonzepts in den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften 1 Orientierung 1.1 Einleitung 1.1.1 Der Boom der Neurowissenschaften und das Lachen der Mönche Richard J. Davidson, einer der führenden Neurowissenschaftler auf dem Gebiet der Erforschung von Meditation und seit 1990 in die Aktivitäten des Mind and Life Instituts involviert1, hielt am 23. September 2009 im Rahmen von Google Tech Talks einen Vortrag mit dem Titel „Transform Your Mind, Change Your Brain: Neuroplasticity and Personal Tranformation“. Davidsons Ausführungen darin, insbesondere in Form einer Anekdote, bieten einen geeigneten Ausgangspunkt für eine Einführung in den vorliegenden Problemkreis, der im Dialog zwischen tibetischem Buddhismus und sog. westlicher Wissenschaft im weitesten Sinn fundiert und durch einen populären Achtsamkeitsdiskurs am Mind and Life Institute und in dessen Umkreis in einem engeren Sinn begrenzt ist. „One of the early visits that we made to Dharamsala, India, to be with His Holiness was a visit where he asked us if we would give a talk to young monks in the Namgyal monastery, the monastery connected to his residence. And this was a time when Francisco Varela was alive. Francisco was a very eminent neurobiologist who was one of the co- founders of the 'Mind and Life Institute' and who developed the idea 1 Das Mind and Life Institute
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