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Niger 2009 Profile Irrigated Zo SC UK HEA NIGER: MAGARIA/KANTCHÉ IRRIGATED LIVELIHOOD ZONE Livelihood Profile Zinder Region Magaria/Kantché Irrigated Livelihood zone December 20091 Zone Description Located in south-central Niger, in the southern part of Zinder region, this livelihood zone stretches across south-eastern Kantché department heading eastward over much of northern Magaria department. The zone is located in close proximity to northern Nigeria, sharing strong cultural, economic and historical links. This study focused on settled people, mainly Hausa, living within the villages rather than taking in to account minority residents living in hamlets around the villages with livelihood patterns distinct from those of their Hausa neighbors. The main towns are Matemey, Bande, Bangaza, Gouchi and Wacha. Magaria town is also located very nearby. The area by and large has a very good road network and there are two main (paved) commercial links to Nigeria (via Matameye to Mai Adua and via Magaria to Mutum). This zone is located in one of the most populous parts of Niger and has an estimated density of about 70-110 inhabitants per sq km. The topography of the zone is distinguished by a system of wet basins (cuvettes or bas fonds) tracing the Korama, a dry riverbed running through the center of the zone. In some places, the ground water table is actually exposed and visible on the surface. The area is characterized by scattered dunes, with an increasing pattern of dune encroachment as one moves eastward across the zone - this phenomenon is coupled with fewer opportunities for irrigated farming moving from west to east. There are scattered semi permanent and permanent ponds in the zone, again with a greater concentration of ponds in the western half of the zone. Permanent ponds are often home to fish. The vegetation in this wooded savanna is composed of trees and grasses. The dominant tree species are thorny Acacia albida and Balanites aegyptiaca and non-thorny species such as Adansonia digitata (Baobab), Piliostigma reticulatum and Lepatdenia pyrotecnica. Date palms, oil palms and mango trees are cultivated, though concentrated around fertile, wet basin (bas fond) areas. The grass coverage is predominately composed of three species: Eragrostis tremula, Cenchrus biflorus and Andropogon gayanus. There are two main seasons, the rainy season (from June to September) and the dry season. The dry season is comprised of a cold period (from December to March) and a hot period (from April to May). Maximum temperatures of around 40C are reached in May. Minimum temperatures of 5-10C are reached in December and January. Average annual rainfall is estimated at 500-600 mm/annum. Agricultural Production Soils are mostly sandy and low in fertility, though in the low-lying, basin areas, the soils are extremely fertile. The production potential of the zone is high, but population pressures have led to the division of land into smaller and smaller parcels. This area is marginally or non-food self-sufficient as the production potential is mainly focused on generating cash from non-staples which are in high demand in Nigerian markets. There are some pocket areas that are commonly in deficit mainly due to poor soil quality as well as a heightened susceptibility to crop pests- a trend that is increasingly the case as one moves eastward across the zone. Rainfed cereal production and irrigated cash crop production are both widely practiced within the zone- though there is a decided emphasis on cash crop production. Millet, sorghum, cowpeas and groundnuts are the principal rainfed crops. The main irrigated products are sugar cane, bell peppers, onions, cabbage, squash, manioc and tomatoes. The dominant cash crops are sugar cane, bell peppers as well as rainfed cowpeas and groundnuts. The crops produced mainly for household consumption are millet and sorghum. Fields are cleared and tilled by hand using simple tools such as hoes. Weeding and harvesting are the agricultural activities that require the most labor- middle and better-off households will hire labor from poorer households to carry out these as well as other activities (planting, thinning of garden seedlings, watering). Women participate in planting, thinning of seedlings and harvesting; men participate in land preparation, planting, thinning, weeding and harvesting. Children are involved as well and help out with planting and harvesting. Plant pests are a major concern in the livelihood zone, with aphids, grasshoppers and flower- 1Fieldwork for this profile was undertaken in December 2009. The information presented refers to September 2008-August 2009, a generally good year by local standards. Provided there are no fundamental and rapid shifts in the economy, the information in this profile is expected to remain valid for approximately five years (i.e. until 2014). page 1 SC UK HEA NIGER: MAGARIA/KANTCHÉ IRRIGATED LIVELIHOOD ZONE visiting insects constituting the main threats. Aphids principally attack cash crops such as cowpeas, groundnuts, bell peppers and other vegetables. Grasshoppers ravage all crops, including cereals. Flower-visiting insects affect only millet. The treatment (pesticides) against aphids is purchased in the market. Treatments for other infestations (grasshoppers and flower-visiting insects) are provided by the government for free when there are large outbreaks and are available through the market. The use of agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizers (DAP and NPK), manure, pesticides and improved seed varieties (for both cereal and vegetable production) is widespread throughout the livelihood zone, especially among wealthier households. Chemical fertilizers are available from the market and are also sometimes supplied through FAO at subsidized rates. Manure is collected from the households’ own animals. Improved seed varieties are available for purchase from seed farms and multipliers and are also provided through the National Institute for Agricultural Research of Niger (INRAN). Livestock Production Animal production is another key economic activity pursued in this zone, with cattle, sheep, goats and poultry characterizing the principal types of livestock. Donkeys are practically non-existent in the livelihood zone, as people prefer to use oxen to transport goods as well as to pull carts. Oxen are stronger than donkeys, as have a much higher resale price (so that older/larger oxen are often sold at a profit and replaced with younger bull-calves). Selected cattle (males) are stall-fed and fattened. Females, if they have not been entrusted to nomadic herders, graze on nearby pastures. Many male goats and sheep are also stall-fed, while the female animals free graze in the pastures around the homestead. Cattle, sheep and goats feed on straw, crop residues and cereal husks. Households may purchase animal feed, such as hay and crop residues during the lean season (March to May) when feed and pasture are scarce. The investment of labour and money in stall-feeding reflects the high prices received for fattened animals in Nigeria, including sheep for annual festivals such as Tabaski. During the rainy season, animals are watered at wells, bore holes, streams and ponds. During the dry season, when surface water sources rapidly dry up, people depend on wells, bore holes and permanent ponds to water their animals. Pastures can only be used in a given season if there is a sufficiently nearby water-source: cattle in particular need the most frequent watering and so cannot be trekked far between water sources. The vast majority of female cows are entrusted to nomadic herders so it is relatively uncommon for households in this zone to drink cow milk from their own animals. Most households do not regularly milk their goats despite the cultural acceptability of the practice. Households will purchase back small quantities of cow milk throughout the year rather than keeping one or two milking cows at home. Male cattle are usually sold once they reach 3 years of age. Milking cows are only sold after they have ceased to be productive (after about 10 years). Sheep and goats are generally sold from the age of one year; but it is quite common for poorer people in need of immediate cash to sell goats at well under one year, whilst wealthier people can afford to keep a few to mature for two years or so to profit from the selling prices. Generally, women are charged with the care and management of sheep and goats, while men look after the cattle. Pests and diseases affecting livestock in this livelihood zone are Pasteurellosis, Newcastle disease and internal parasites. Pasteurellosis affects cattle and shoats and is treated with Pastobovac, antihelminthics and antibiotics that are provided both through the government and partner agencies such as UNICEF and FAO for free or for purchase at subsidized prices. Newcastle disease affects poultry - there is no treatment available, but preventative vaccinations (Itanew) are available from the government at subsidized rates as well as for cash in the market. Internal parasites affecting cattle and shoats are treated with antihelminthics such as Albendazole 2500, which is available both from the government (free) and from the market. The biggest costs for animal maintanence are therefore drugs (antihelminthics) and grain husks from millet, sorghum and wheat (which is purchased) for extra feed. Animal drugs are available either through the market or are provided by the government for free or at subsidized rates, depending on the situation. Compared to the neighboring central zone, the irrigated zone has a larger amount of green pasture for animals to graze-- grasses are more abundant between fields and greener longer because of the wetness of the area. Animal fattening (especially of cattle) is practiced less intensively in this zone than in the central zone, partly because of the more abundant pastures, cattle need less additional fodder than in required in the central zone. Other Economic Activities Other important economic activities undertaken by poorer households include labor (migrant work as well as local agricultural labor) and a number of ‘self-employment’ activities.
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