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Ultrastructural Changes in Blastospores of Taphrina Caerulescens in the Presence of a Susceptible and Non-Host Species

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Ultrastructural Changes in Blastospores of Taphrina Caerulescens in the Presence of a Susceptible and Non-Host Species Ultrastructural changes in blastospores of Taphrina caerulescens in the presence of a susceptible and non-host species Cambios ultraestructurales en blastosporas de Taphrina caerulescens en presencia de hospedante susceptible y no susceptible 1Gregg Evans, 1Onésimo Moreno-Rico*, 2Joaquín Sosa-Ramírez, 2José de Jesús Luna-Ruíz, 3Celeste Eli- zabeth Moreno Manzano, 1Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología, 2Departamento de Discipli- nas Agrícolas. Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad #940, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 20131, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. México, 3Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológica Agropecuaria, Calvillo, Aguascalientes. *Autor para correspondencia: [email protected]. Recibido: 28 de Febrero, 2019. Aceptado: 12 de Abril, 2019. Evans G, Moreno-Rico O, Sosa-Ramírez J, Luna-Ruíz Abstract. Taphrina caerulescens is a fungal JJ and Moreno-Manzano CE. Ultrastructural changes in pathogen of oak trees, it causes the disease leaf blastospores of Taphrina caerulescens in the presence of blister in 50 reported Quercus spp. In 2015, the a susceptible and non-host species. Mexican Journal of fungus was isolated for the first time fromQuercus Phytopathology 37(2): 318-329. eduardii, an oak species endemic to the Sierra Fria DOI: 10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1902-5 of Aguascalientes, Mexico. The objective of this study was to document the changes that occur in the Primera publicación DOI: 25 de Abril, 2019. inoculum prior to infection of its host as it changes First DOI publication: April 25, 2019. from saprophytic to parasitic. Two host plant species were used: Q. eduardii and Q. potosina and one non-host species Pittosporum tobira. Resumen. Taphrina caerulescens es un hongo fito- Portions of leaf tissue 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post patógeno de encinos, que causa ampollas en hojas inoculation with a suspension of T. caerulescens de 50 especies de Quercus. En 2015, el hongo se conidia were analysed with a scanning electron aisló por primera vez de Quercus eduardii, espe- microscope. Moderate budding was observed after cie de encino endémica de la Sierra Fría de Aguas- 24 h on Quercus samples; after 48 h increased calientes, México. El objetivo de este estudio fue budding on both Quercus spp. and the formation of documentar los cambios que se producen en el inó- blastospores significantly smaller than the original culo fúngico antes de la infección de su hospedan- inoculum was observed on the Quercus eduardii te a medida que cambia de saprófito a parásito. Se samples. Formation of germ tubes was verified utilizaron dos especies de plantas hospedantes: Q. after 48 h on Quercus eduardii. The germinative Publicación en línea, mayo 2019 318 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Fully Bilingual Mexican Journal of Phytopathology eduardii y Q. potosina, y una especie no hospedan- tubes were observed growing randomly towards te, Pittosporum tobira. En el microscopio electró- the stomata. No significant changes were observed nico de barrido se analizaron muestras de hojas 24 h, on the surface of the non-host samples. There is 48 h y 72 h post inoculación con una suspensión no other report of these smaller blastospores in T. de conidios de T. caerulescens. Se observó una caerulescens. gemación moderada de conidios después de 24 h en muestras de Quercus; después de 48 h la gema- Key words: conidia, germ tubes, infection, ción incrementó en las dos especies de Quercus y Quercus spp., leaf blister se observó la formación de blastosporas significa- tivamente más pequeñas, que el inóculo original en las muestras de Quercus eduardii. La formación de The genus Taphrina is a poorly studied tubos germinativos de las blastosporas pequeñas se ascomycete that belongs to the class comprobó después de 48 h en Quercus eduardii. Taphrinomycetes. The order Taphrinales includes Los tubos germinativos se observaron creciendo two families (Protomycetaceae and Taphrinaceae), de manera aleatoria hacia las estomas. No se ob- eight genera and 140 species. Taphrina contains servaron cambios significativos en las muestras no only parasites of vascular plants and causes hospedantes. No existe otro reporte de blastosporas deformations of plant tissues (Rodrigues and pequeñas en T. caerulescens. Fonseca, 2003; Fonseca and Rodrigues, 2011). Taphrina caerulescens is the plant pathogenic Palabras claves. Conidio, tubos germinativos, fungus responsible for the disease oak leaf blister. infección, Quercus spp., ampollas de las hojas. Once the young leaves are successfully infected, it stimulates hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the host cells. This abnormal cell growth eventually Existen pocos estudios sobre el género Taphri- leads to the formation of raised, irregular lesions na, que pertenece a la clase Taphrinomycetes. El on the infected leaves, these lesions can measure orden Taphrinales está formado por dos familias from a few millimetres in diameter or deform the (Protomycetaceae y Taphrinaceae), ocho géneros entire leaf surface. Oak leaf blister results in an y 140 especies. El género Taphrina contiene solo accelerated rate of necrosis and premature leaf parásitos de plantas vasculares y causa deforma- senescence and death of infected leaves (Taylor ción de los tejidos vegetales (Rodrigues y Fonseca, and Birdwell, 2000; Horst, 2008). 2003; Fonseca y Rodrigues, 2011). In 2015 symptoms of the disease leaf blister Taphrina caerulescens es el hongo fitopatóge- caused by T. caerulescens were observed severely no responsable de la enfermedad conocida como affecting Quercus spp. in the Sierra Fría of ampolla de la hoja del encino. Cuando este fitopa- Aguascalientes, Mexico. This was the first time tógeno infecta las hojas jóvenes estimula la hiper- that the disease was reported in Mexico (Moreno- trofia y la hiperplasia de las células del hospedero. Rico et al., 2015). El crecimiento celular anormal produce la forma- All members of the genus Taphrina are dimorphic ción de lesiones irregulares y abultadas en las hojas with parasitic and saprophytic phases. During the infectadas; las lesiones pueden medir desde unos parasitic phase, Taphrina spp. infects leaves at bud cuantos milímetros de diámetro o deformar toda la break (Rossi and Languasco, 2007). The infective Publicación en línea, mayo 2019 319 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Mexican Journal of Phytopathology Fully Bilingual superficie de la hoja. La ampolla de la hoja del en- phase are the blastospores (also called conidia), cino causa una tasa acelerada de necrosis y senes- which originate from the ascospores as a result cencia prematura en las hojas y muerte de las hojas of budding. In T. caerulescens it is not common infectadas (Taylor y Birdwell, 2000; Horst, 2008). to observe ascospores within the asci (Nagao and En 2015, se observó que los síntomas de la am- Katumoto, 1998; Fonseca and Rodrigues, 2011). polla del encino causados por T. caerulescens afec- Generally, the blastospores are spherical to ovoid, taron severamente Quercus spp. en la Sierra Fría uninucleate and haploid and once formed they de Aguascalientes, México. Esa fue la primera vez continue to divide, but, if they come into contact que la enfermedad se reportó en México (Moreno- with a suitable host it will form a germ tube and Rico et al., 2015). infect the host tissue via the stomata (Nagao and Todos los miembros del género Taphrina son Katumoto, 1998; Taylor and Birdwell, 2000). dimórficos con fases parasitaria y saprofítica. En The objective of this study was to observe la fase parasitaria, Taphrina spp. infecta las hojas the changes that occur in the inoculum (conidia/ durante la apertura de las yemas (Rossi y Languas- blastospores) prior to infection of the leaf host as co, 2007). La fase infecciosa son las blastosporas it changes from saprophytic to parasitic of a new (también llamadas conidios) que se originan en isolate found infecting an endemic oak species of las ascosporas como resultado de la gemación. En Mexico. T. caerulescens no es común observar ascosporas The Sierra Fria national park has an area of en las ascas (Nagao y Katumoto, 1998; Fonseca y 1419 km² and rises to an altitude of approximately Rodrigues, 2011). Por lo general, las blastosporas 2450 meters. The park is located between the son esféricas a ovoides, uninucleadas y haploi- following Latitudes: N: 21° 52’ 45” – 23° 31’ 17” des, las cuales continúan dividiéndose después de and Longitudes W: 102° 22’ 44” – 102° 50’ 53”. que se forman, pero si entran en contacto con un Quercus spp. make up the largest community of hospedero adecuado forman un tubo germinativo trees. The Sierra Fria is characterized as having a e infectan el tejido del hospedante a través de los sub humid temperate climate (Arriaga et al., 2000). estomas (Nagao y Katumoto, 1998; Taylor y Bird- Leaf tissue of Quercus eduardii bearing mature well, 2000). asci of Taphrina caerulescens was fastened to petri El objetivo de este estudio fue observar los dish lids over potato dextrose agar (PDA) (potato cambios que se producen en el inóculo (conidios/ extract 4 g, dextrose 20 g, agar 20 g, distilled water blastosporas), antes de que la hoja del hospedero 1.0 L, final pH, 5.6±0.2) (Nagao and Katumoto, sea infectada a medida que cambia de saprófito a 1998; Taylor and Birdwell, 2000). Spores were parásito, de un nuevo aislado que se encuentra in- discharged onto the PDA medium within 24 h. The fectando especies endémicas de encino en México. colonies that formed were transferred to fresh media El parque nacional de la Sierra Fría abarca una and incubated at 20 °C. The resulting colonies superficie de 1419 km² y se eleva a una altitud de grew as yeast-like cells and exhibited frequent aproximadamente 2450 metros. El parque se en- budding. No mycelial development was observed, cuentra en las siguientes latitudes: N: 21° 52’ 45” characteristics consistent with previous reports: - 23° 31’ 17”, y longitudes O: 102° 22’ 44” - 102° yeast-like cells that exhibited frequent budding, 50’ 53”. Quercus spp. constituye la comunidad más with colonies opaque to pale pink in colour, grande de árboles.
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