DOCSLIB.ORG

Europe As a Symbolic Resource Working Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Europe As a Symbolic Resource Working Paper Working Paper Europe as a Symbolic Resource On the Discursive Space of Political Struggles in Poland Artur Lipiński No. 10 | January 2010 2 | KFG Working Paper No. 10 | January 2010 KFG Working Paper Series Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe „The Transformative Power of Europe“ The KFG Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of the Kolleg-Forschergruppe by making them available to a broader public. It means to enhance academic exchange as well as to strengthen and broaden existing basic research on internal and external diffusion processes in Europe and the European Union. All KFG Working Papers are available on the KFG website at www.transformeurope.eu or can be ordered in print via email to [email protected]. Copyright for this issue: Artur Lipiński Editorial assistance and production: Farina Ahäuser Lipiński, Artur 2010: Europe as a Symbolic Resource. On the Discursive Space of Political Struggles in Poland, KFG Working Paper Series, No. 10, January 2010, Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG) „The Transformative Power of Europe“, Freie Universität Berlin. ISSN 1868-6834 (Print) ISSN 1868-7601 (Internet) This publication has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Freie Universität Berlin Kolleg-Forschergruppe „The Transformative Power of Europe: The European Union and the Diffusion of Ideas“ Ihnestr. 26 14195 Berlin Germany Phone: +49 (0)30- 838 57033 Fax: +49 (0)30- 838 57096 [email protected] www.transformeurope.eu Europe as a Symbolic Resource | 3 Europe as a Symbolic Resource On the Discursive Space of Political Struggles in Poland Artur Lipiński Freie Universität Berlin Abstract The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the structure of discursive positions pertaining to the relationship between Poland and the European Union (EU). Such a problematization draws on the assumption that Europe is always understood in relation to the nation state and, in turn, the image of the latter is explicitly referred to or can be inferred from the vision of the EU. The analysis of the empirical data has revealed three discursive positions which organize the production of meaning and govern the strategies of representation. The first position represents the EU as a chance for the further modernization of Poland. The second position perceives the EU as the game of interests between sovereign nation states. The task of the nation state is to benefit from cooperation within an extra-state structure and to retain maximum sovereignty at the same time. The third identifies the EU as “a threat” hostile to the nation state and its interests. The chain of equivalence connects the EU with almost all negative social phenomena. The discursive analytical assumptions adopted in the paper help to show how the same topics and words (chance, threat, interests, nation, state, sovereignty, “Europe of fatherlands”, and modernization) acquire different meanings in the context of particular interpretations of other words. The Author Artur Lipiński has been a post-doc fellow at the Research College “The Transformative Power of Europe” at Freie Universität Berlin, in 2008-2009, focusing on the role of discourse in the construction of political identities in Polish politics. Since 2006 he is an assistant professor at the Institute of Political Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland. Contact: [email protected] 4 | KFG Working Paper No. 10 | January 2010 Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. Setting the Polish Context 11 3. Europe as a Discursive Resource - Three Positions in the Political Space 13 3.1 Europe as a Chance 12 3.2 Europe as a Game of Interest between Nation States 18 3.3 Europe as a Threat 23 5. Conclusion 27 Literature 29 Europe as a Symbolic Resource | 5 1. Introduction The relationship between Poland, but also other Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries (Batory 2002: 526; Grabbe/Hughes 1999: 189), and the European Union (EU) is often differentiated into two distinct phases. The first phase, called by Stadtmüller (2007: 6) “the age of innocence”, is characterized by a lack of knowledge and real understanding of the European Union as an institutional structure. At that time Polish foreign policy was guided by the broad principle of Europeanization perceived as “the return to Europe” (Törnquist-Plewa 2002). The second phase emerged with the start of negotiations in 1997, when enthusiasm began to cool down and initial consensus was gradually replaced by political tensions. I would also distinguish a third phase starting with the accession in May 2004. In this phase Poland switched from its status of an object which is acted upon, to a full actor which has to face and react to the challenges resulting from EU membership. This has created a completely new situation in which European issues, regardless of their salience, necessarily have to become a part of the internal political discourse with parties debating the question of EU reforms, future treaties, further development, models of institutional structure, enlargement plans, and so on. Although it is difficult to agree with Laure Neumayer’s opinion that European issues played a crucial role in the CEE countries’ politics, she convincingly argues that the pro-European line was a normative theme, in the sense of a general rule that political actors adopted after 1989 in order to avoid stigmatization as anti-European forces (Neumayer 2008: 8). This normative theme obviously led to the collusion of political parties on the issue of the European Union – a situation highly inconvenient from the perspective of party identity. With the lapse of time and growing importance of EU issues, a pragmatic theme, connected with instrumentalization of the EU issue, emerged and started to shape the behaviour of political parties. Parties had to act according to the political logic of identity and difference. The “Yes, but” rhetoric became a clear linguistic sign of the discursive strategies of political parties. On the one hand, it is shaped by the necessary allegiance to the EU, on the other hand, by an equally necessary instrumentalization of the EU issue employed by the political parties to differentiate between each other. Such logic led to the ambiguity of political utterances pertaining to the issue-ambiguity, one has to add, is a source of permanent problems political scientists face. While Neumayer has used political utterances mainly for illustrative purposes, without pondering the argumentative strategies of political actors, my aim is not only to reconstruct and illustrate the structure of party positions within the political landscape with appropriate excerpts, but also to analyze how political positions towards Europe and the EU, as well as lines of division between them, were built. If a discourse is a set of categories, ideas and concepts, which gives meaning to the social and physical objects (Hajer 2006: 67) and politics is about making a diagnosis of reality and providing justification for such a diagnosis,1 I am interested in the structure of discursive positions, political agents were able to take in Poland while speaking about Europe and the EU. What are their constituting elements (ideas, concepts, categories), the connections between these elements and the argumentation strategies aimed at justifying a particular articulation of Europe and the EU? In line with those who employ various discourse analytical approaches 1 A view widely held among discourse analysis working both within the Habermasian tradition and in the critical discourse analysis (see Habermas 1999; Van Leeuwen/Wodak 1999). They are both interested in the argumen- tation which used to justify certain statements. 6 | KFG Working Paper No. 10 | January 2010 in the study of EU constructions, I assume that, in order to establish a certain vision of the EU and Europe, it is necessary to scrutinize the articulation of collective identity related to the various dimensions of the nation state (Wæever 1998: 113). Therefore, I am also going to analyze how visions of the state carried in party discourses were articulated in connection with and in relation to Europe.2 To sum up, it is the aim of this study, to reconstruct discursive positions on Europe and, given the inherently relational character of discourse, its relationship to the (nation) state. Overview of the Literature It would not be too bold a generalization to say that one can distinguish between two different strands of literature reflecting on the political party positions and discourses on Europe or, to put it in another way, different visions and constructions of Europe conveyed by party discourses. Firstly and not surprisingly, there is a large number of studies situated within the field of (comparative) party politics including the growing body of literature devoted to the issue of Euroscepticism and Europeanization (Poguntke et al. 2007; Pennigs 2006). Among many theoretical studies, the ones most often referred to are the papers of Kopecky/Mudde (2002), Szczerbiak/Taggart (2000) and Ladrech (2002). The most general framework to tackle the issue of Europeanization of political parties was developed by Ladrech holding that both qualitative and quantitative methods are appropriate to measure changes in the party programmatic statements, and that references to the EU in the party manifestos are of crucial significance for this task. The other articles referred to above, discuss the issue of party positions towards the EU with particular focus on different types of Euroscepticism. The differentiation between soft and hard Euroscepticism proposed by Szczerbiak and Taggart (2000) and its subsequent critique developed by Kopecky and Mudde (2002) led to a fourfold typology of attitudes towards the European Union: Euroenthusiasts, Eurosceptics, Europragmatists and Eurorejects. These categories were invented to serve as an ideal type and point of reference necessary to qualify the position of a given party. As it immediately turned out, this framework also proved problematic, leading to some mistakes and posing obstacles for those who have tried to apply it to their own empirical work (Szczerbiak 2008a: 225f).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej
    CENTRUM BADANIA OPINII SPOŁECZNEJ SEKRETARIAT 629 - 35 - 69, 628 - 37 - 04 UL. ŻURAWIA 4A, SKR. PT.24 OŚRODEK INFORMACJI 693 - 46 - 92, 625 - 76 - 23 00 - 503 W A R S Z A W A TELEFAX 629 - 40 - 89 INTERNET http://www.cbos.pl E-mail: [email protected] BS/158/2005 WYBORY PREZYDENCKIE: PEWNOŚĆ GŁOSOWANIA, PREFERENCJE NIEZDECYDOWANYCH I PRZEWIDYWANIA CO DO WYNIKU WYBORÓW KOMUNIKAT Z BADAŃ WARSZAWA, WRZESIEŃ 2005 PRZEDRUK MATERIAŁÓW CBOS W CAŁOŚCI LUB W CZĘŚCI ORAZ WYKORZYSTANIE DANYCH EMPIRYCZNYCH JEST DOZWOLONE WYŁĄCZNIE Z PODANIEM ŹRÓDŁA Prezentowane wyniki pochodzą z wrześniowego sondażu1 przeprowadzonego przed wyborami parlamentarnymi. Podstawowe informacje dotyczące przewidywanego udziału w wyborach prezydenckich i preferencji wyborczych były już publikowane2. Obecnie powracamy do tych danych proponując szersze ujęcie tematu. PEWNOŚĆ DECYZJI WYBORCZYCH W tym roku Polacy nie mają łatwego zadania, jeśli chodzi o podejmowanie decyzji w wyborach prezydenckich. Lista ewentualnych pretendentów do prezydentury bardzo długo pozostawała niekompletna, później ze startu w wyborach zrezygnował tracący poparcie Zbigniew Religa. Przed koniecznością zmiany decyzji wyborczej postawieni zostali zwolennicy jednego z najbardziej liczących się kandydatów - Włodzimierza Cimoszewicza, który zrezygnował z ubiegania się o najwyższy urząd w państwie. Ostatnio mówi się też, że nad wycofaniem swojej kandydatury zastanawia się Maciej Giertych, choć oficjalnie wiadomość ta nie została jeszcze potwierdzona. Zmiany w ofercie wyborczej nie sprzyjają krystalizacji i stabilności preferencji wyborczych. Trudno też oprzeć się wrażeniu, że początkowo Polacy z dużą rezerwą podchodzili do oferty wyborczej, bazującej głównie na dość często kontrowersyjnych liderach partyjnych. Przez długi czas wyborcy nie traktowali swych wyborów politycznych jako ostatecznych i niezmiennych. Stabilizacji elektoratów zapewne nie sprzyjały także zmiany w sondażowych rankingach poparcia dla kandydatów.
    [Show full text]
  • Być Premierem
    Być premierem Materiał składa się z sekcji: "Premierzy III RP", "Tadeusz Mazowiecki", "Premierzy II Rzeczpospolitej". Materiał zawiera: - 19 ilustracji (fotografii, obrazów, rysunków), 3 ćwiczenia; - wirtualny spacer po kancelarii Prezesa Rady Ministrów wraz z opisem jej historii; - opis informacji i opinii o Tadeuszu Mazowieckim wraz ćwiczeniem do wykonania na ich podstawie; - zdjęcie, na którym przedstawiono premiera Tadeusza Mazowieckiego w 1989 r.; - galerię zdjęć premierów III RP (Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, Jan Olszewski, Waldemar Pawlak, Hanna Suchocka, Józef Oleksy, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, Jerzy Buzek, Leszek Miller, Marek Belka, Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, Jarosław Kaczyński, Donald Tusk, Ewa Kopacz, Beata Szydło); - opis działalności politycznej premierów II RP (Wincenty Witos, Walery Sławek, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski); - zdjęcie, na którym przedstawiono Wincentego Witosa przemawiającego do tłumu; - zdjęcie, na którym przedstawiono Walerego Sławka; - zdjęcie, na którym przedstawiono Felicjana Sławoj Składkowskiego przemawiającego do urzędników Prezydium Rady Ministrów; - ćwiczenie, które polega na poszukaniu i przedstawieniu różnych ciekawostek o życiu znanych polityków z okresu II i III Rzeczypospolitej; - propozycje pytań do dyskusji na tematy polityczne; - ćwiczenie, które polega na opracowaniu galerii premierów II RP. Być premierem Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów Laleczki, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0 Zobacz, jak wygląda kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów, miejsce pracy premiera. Źródło: PANORAMIX, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Premierzy III RP Sprawowanie urzędu premiera to wielki zaszczyt, ale i ogromna odpowiedzialność. Prezes Rady Ministrów jest zgodnie z Konstytucją RP dopiero czwartą osobą w państwie (po prezydencie, marszałakch Sejmu i Senatu), ale w praktyce skupia w swoich rękach niemal całą władzę wykonawczą. Od decyzji, które podejmuje szef rządu, zależy jakość życia wielu milionów ludzi. Znane są dzieje narodów, które pod mądrym przewodnictwem rozkwitały, a pod złym popadały w biedę i chaos.
    [Show full text]
  • Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej
    CENTRUM BADANIA OPINII SPOŁECZNEJ SEKRETARIAT 629 - 35 - 69, 628 - 37 - 04 UL. ŻURAWIA 4A, SKR. PT.24 OŚRODEK INFORMACJI 693 - 46 - 92, 625 - 76 - 23 00 - 503 W A R S Z A W A TELEFAX 629 - 40 - 89 INTERNET http://www.cbos.pl E-mail: [email protected] BS/48/2009 ZAUFANIE DO POLITYKÓW W MARCU KOMUNIKAT Z BADAŃ WARSZAWA, MARZEC 2009 PRZEDRUK I ROZPOWSZECHNIANIE MATERIAŁÓW CBOS W CAŁOŚCI LUB W CZĘŚCI ORAZ WYKORZYSTANIE DANYCH EMPIRYCZNYCH JEST DOZWOLONE WYŁĄCZNIE Z PODANIEM ŹRÓDŁA W marcu1 politykiem cieszącym się wśród Polaków największym zaufaniem jest minister spraw zagranicznych Radosław Sikorski (61%), który minimalnie wyprzedza w tym rankingu premiera Donalda Tuska (59%) oraz Lecha Wałęsę (58%). Zaufaniem nieco ponad połowy Polaków cieszy się marszałek Sejmu Bronisław Komorowski (52%), niewiele mniej osób ufa wicepremierowi i ministrowi gospodarki Waldemarowi Pawlakowi (50%). Na zbliżonym poziomie kształtuje się też zaufanie do Włodzimierza Cimoszewicza (48%), którego nazwisko ponownie umieściliśmy na naszej liście w związku ze zgłoszeniem jego kandydatury na stanowisko sekretarza generalnego Rady Europy. Kolejne miejsca w rankingu zaufania do polityków, jednak już z wyraźnie słabszym wynikiem, zajmują liderzy ugrupowań lewicowych Marek Borowski (40%) oraz Wojciech Olejniczak (37%). Poza czołówką najpopularniejszych polityków znalazł się w tym miesiącu Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, do którego zaufanie deklaruje obecnie co trzeci ankietowany (33%). Niemal tyle samo sympatyków mają prezydent Lech Kaczyński (32% deklaracji zaufania), minister zdrowia Ewa Kopacz (32%) oraz szef MON Bogdan Klich (31%). Zaufaniem niespełna jednej trzeciej badanych cieszą się: przewodniczący klubu parlamentarnego PO Zbigniew Chlebowski (29%), Janusz Palikot (29%), a także wicepremier i szef MSWiA Grzegorz Schetyna (28%). Co czwarty respondent deklaruje zaufanie do marszałka Senatu Bogdana Borusewicza (26%) oraz do lidera głównej partii opozycyjnej Jarosława Kaczyńskiego (25%).
    [Show full text]
  • Konrad Raczkowski Public Management Theory and Practice 4
    Konrad Raczkowski Public Management Theory and Practice 4^1 Springer O.ST f" 'S 1 State as a Special Organisation of Society 1 1.1 Notion and Origins of the State 1 1.2 State According to Social Teachings of the Church 4 1.3 Tasks for State as the System of Institutions 6 1.4 Governance Versus Public Management 9 References 16 2 Flanning and Decision Making in Public Management 21 2.1 The Essence of Flanning 21 2.2 Decisions and Their Classification 27 2.3 Decision Making in Conditions of Certainty, Risk and Uncertainty 33 2.4 Heterogeneous Knowledge in Strategie Flanning and Decision Making 36 2.5 Flanning and Decision Making in Political Transformation 38 2.6 Institutional Development Flanning on Local Government Level (IDF Method) 45 References 49 3 State Organisation for Institutional and Systemic Perspective 55 3.1 Dynamic Equilibrium of Organised Things 55 3.2 New Institutional Economy and State Organisation 58 3.3 Virtual Social Structure in Actual State Organisation 62 3.4 Organisational Social System of the State 64 3.5 Role of Non-governmental Organisations in the State 68 3.6 Main Models of State Organisation 73 3.7 Models of Organisation of Unitary States 80 3.8 Organisation of Multilevel Management in European Union 87 References 93 4 Managing and Leading in Public Organisations 99 4.1 Managing the Intellectual Capital in Public Organisation 99 4.2 Leadership in Network-Dominated Public Sphere 104 xiii xiv Contents 4.3 Global Crisis of Public Leadership 111 4.4 Information and Disinformation: Key Tools of State Management
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Poland
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights REPUBLIC OF POLAND PRE-TERM PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 21 October 2007 OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Final Report Warsaw 20 March 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................... 1 II. INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................. 2 III. BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................... 2 IV. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................ 3 A. OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................3 B. ELECTORAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................................4 C. SUFFRAGE AND CANDIDACY ELIGIBILITY ...............................................................................5 D. COMPLAINTS AND APPEALS......................................................................................................6 E. OBSERVERS ...............................................................................................................................7 V. ELECTION ADMINISTRATION............................................................................................. 7 A. OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Chairperson's Statement United Nations Conference on Anti-Corruption Measures, Good Governance & Human Rights
    Chairperson’s Statement United Nations Conference on Anti-Corruption Measures, Good Governance & Human Rights Warsaw, Republic of Poland, 8-9 November 2006 Introduction The United Nations Conference on Anti-Corruption Measures, Good Governance and Human Rights was convened in Warsaw, Republic of Poland, from 8-9 November 2006. It was organized by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in cooperation with the Government of the Republic of Poland. The Conference had a practical orientation and was structured in a manner that could lead to the discussion of practical and concrete recommendations. There were more than 240 participants from more than 100 countries, including anti-corruption and human rights experts, governments’ representatives, public officials, civil society and private sector actors involved in leading national anti- corruption efforts. The Chairman of the Conference was H.E. Anna Fotyga, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. The Conference was organized in response to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2005/68, which requested the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights “[...] to convene a seminar in 2006 [...] on the role of anti- corruption measures at the national and international levels in good governance practices for the promotion and protection of human rights.” The Conference was a follow-up to the joint OHCHR-UNDP Seminar on good governance practices for the promotion and protection of human rights, which took place in Seoul in September 2004. The conclusions of that Seminar emphasized the mutually reinforcing, and sometimes overlapping, relationship between good governance and human rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland 2005 Hit Summary
    European Health Systems in Transition Observatory on Health Systems and Policies HiT Summary Poland Fig. Average life expectancy at birth in Poland compared with selected countries and regional averages, 970–2003 80 75 70 65 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Czech Republic Germany Hungary Lithuania Poland EU average EU average for Member States joining 1 May 2004 Source: European Health for All database, June 2005. Note: EU: European Union. Overview development of a positive attitude in the society towards the health system and health reforms. After the introduction of health reforms initiated in 1989, the new Law on Health Care Services Health expenditure and GDP Financed from Public Sources (2004) further In 2002, total expenditure on health in Poland as a reformed the current law in areas defining: the percentage of GDP reached 6.1%: 2.6 percentage responsibilities of the Ministry of Health, the points lower than the average of 8.7% for governance of the National Health Fund and countries belonging to the EU prior to May 2004, health planning. While significant achievements, European Observatory such as greater longevity, shorter hospitalization on Health Systems and Policies stays, improved primary health care, and a WHO Regional Office for Europe greater focus on health prevention and promotion, Scherfigsvej 8 DK-200 Copenhagen have been accomplished, numerous challenges, Denmark such as unfavourable demographic trends, an Telephone: +45 39 7 7 7 Fax: +45 39 7 8 8 underfunding of the public health system and E-mail: [email protected] limited access to care, continue to hinder the www.euro.who.int/observatory HiT summary: Poland, 2005 and 0.5 percentage points below the average of in negative natural population growth as in new EU Member States.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 Czerwca 2007 R.) Str
    str. str. TREŚĆ 43. posiedzenia Sejmu (Obrady w dniu 15 czerwca 2007 r.) str. str. Wznowienie posiedzenia Poseł Izabela Kloc . 375 Zmiana porządku dziennego Poseł Joanna Fabisiak . 375 Marszałek. 349 Poseł Grażyna Jolanta Ciemniak . 375 Punkt 40. porządku dziennego: Infor- Poseł Krzysztof Michałkiewicz . 376 macja Rządu na temat stanowiska Poseł Stanisław Pięta . 376 negocjacyjnego Polski w związku ze Poseł Mirosław Orzechowski . 376 szczytem Unii Europejskiej w dniach Poseł Stanisław Kalemba . 377 21–22 czerwca 2007 r. Poseł Jarosław Kalinowski . 377 Punkt 41. porządku dziennego: Sprawoz- Poseł Krzysztof Lipiec . 378 danie Komisji Spraw Zagranicznych Poseł Jarosław Kalinowski . 378 o poselskich projektach uchwał: Poseł Stanisław Papież . 378 1) w sprawie udzielenia poparcia dla sta- Poseł Lech Kuropatwiński . 379 nowiska Rządu Polskiego dotyczącego Poseł Jarosław Kalinowski . 379 Traktatu ustanawiającego Konstytucję Poseł Tadeusz Iwiński . 379 dla Europy, Poseł Tomasz Latos . 380 2) w sprawie negocjacji nowego trakta- (Przerwa w posiedzeniu) tu UE Minister Spraw Zagranicznych Anna Fotyga . 350 Wznowienie posiedzenia Poseł Krzysztof Lisek . 353 Punkty 40. i 41. porządku dziennego (cd.) Poseł Paweł Zalewski. 354 Podsekretarz Stanu w Ministerstwie Spraw Poseł Bronisław Komorowski . 355 Zagranicznych Krzysztof Szczerski . 380 Poseł Wojciech Olejniczak . 357 Poseł Tadeusz Iwiński . 382 Minister Spraw Zagranicznych Anna Fotyga . 359 Podsekretarz Stanu w Ministerstwie Spraw Poseł Andrzej Lepper. 359 ZagranicznychKrzysztof Szczerski . 383 Poseł Roman Giertych. 361 Poseł Krzysztof Lisek . 383 Poseł Bronisław Komorowski . 363 (Przerwa w posiedzeniu) Poseł Roman Giertych . 363 Poseł Waldemar Pawlak . 364 Wznowienie posiedzenia Wiceprezes Rady Ministrów Zmiana porządku dziennego Minister Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi Marszałek. 384 Andrzej Lepper . 366 Punkt 34. porządku dziennego: Sprawoz- Poseł Waldemar Pawlak . 366 danie Komisji Infrastruktury Poseł Marek Jurek.
    [Show full text]
  • LPR Government Coalition, May 2006, and the Expectations from the Pis - Self-Defence - LPR Coalition, June 2006
    CBOS MAY 2006 ISSN 1233 - 7250 THE POLES ABOUT THE PIS - SELF-DEFENCE - LPR IN THIS ISSUE: GOVERNMENT COALITION R THE POLES ABOUT After six months of a minority THE PIS - SELF-DEFENCE cabinet formed by the Law and Justice WHAT IS YOUR OPINION ABOUT THE PIS - SELF- DEFENCE - LPR COALITION? - LPR GOVERNMENT (PiS), a majority coalition with the Self- COALITION It is too early to evaluate this Defence and the League of Polish Families coalition, let us wait for the (LPR) was formed. The Self-Defence and effects of its work the LPR are often seen as populist and R THE ATTITUDE nationalist parties. The reactions of the TO THE GOVERNMENT 47% public opinion, although less extreme than This coalition can do AFTER ITS 6% a lot of good RECONSTRUCTION those prevailing in Polish and foreign media, are not favourable. The new 13% coalition has been received by the Poles 34% Difficult to say R THE IMPORTANCE without much hope. Only 12% of the OF RELIGION respondents were glad that it was formed, One cannot expect anything good from whereas more than three times as many the PiS - Self-Defence -LPR coalition (36%) were worried. However, the most R PSYCHOLOGICAL common reaction to forming the new STRESS IN GEORGIA, The PiS - Self-Defence - LPR coalition government coalition was indifference (43%). THE UKRAINE, government will manage to carry out reforms HUNGARY AND POLAND and speed up the country's development The prevailing opinion is that people should wait with the evaluation of the new coalition 21% until they see some effects of its work.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 3
    COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS - MODULE 3 (2006-2011) CODEBOOK: APPENDICES Original CSES file name: cses2_codebook_part3_appendices.txt (Version: Full Release - December 15, 2015) GESIS Data Archive for the Social Sciences Publication (pdf-version, December 2015) ============================================================================================= COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS (CSES) - MODULE 3 (2006-2011) CODEBOOK: APPENDICES APPENDIX I: PARTIES AND LEADERS APPENDIX II: PRIMARY ELECTORAL DISTRICTS FULL RELEASE - DECEMBER 15, 2015 VERSION CSES Secretariat www.cses.org =========================================================================== HOW TO CITE THE STUDY: The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 3 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. December 15, 2015 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module3.2015-12-15 These materials are based on work supported by the American National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov) under grant numbers SES-0451598 , SES-0817701, and SES-1154687, the GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, the University of Michigan, in-kind support of participating election studies, the many organizations that sponsor planning meetings and conferences, and the many organizations that fund election studies by CSES collaborators. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in these materials are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations. =========================================================================== IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING FULL RELEASES: This dataset and all accompanying documentation is the "Full Release" of CSES Module 3 (2006-2011). Users of the Final Release may wish to monitor the errata for CSES Module 3 on the CSES website, to check for known errors which may impact their analyses. To view errata for CSES Module 3, go to the Data Center on the CSES website, navigate to the CSES Module 3 download page, and click on the Errata link in the gray box to the right of the page.
    [Show full text]
  • Populism in Poland
    PopulismPopulism inin PolandPoland byby OlgaOlga WysockaWysocka Politische Kommunikation in der globalisierten Welt: Aufmerksamkeit für politische Konzepte, Personen und Staaten 5/6 October 2006, Mainz PopulismPopulism „An ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, „the pure people“ versus „the corrupt elite“, and which argues that politics should be an expression of the generall will of the people“ Cas Mudde 2004 Charismatic leadership Direct communication PopulismPopulism inin PolandPoland BeforeBefore 20012001 Solidarność (Movement) Lech Wałęsa, Stan Tymiński (Populist leaders) Self-Defence, Alternative (From movement to party) AfterAfter 20012001 Self-Defence (Sociopopulism) League of Polish Families (Populist radical right-wing) 20052005 andand laterlater Law and Justice Self-Defence League of Polish Families „The most profitable areas of Polish economy are dominated by a "network", a network connected with the people from the former and current secret service. This is specific feature of the Polish reality in the last 17 years (...) All governments of III RP, except from the cabinet of Jan Olszewski, were connected in some ways with that network, (…). Today, it is not so easy to lie. We need to look for other methods. Thus, we want to break this “curtain” off. And this does not only mean discrediting the network and its defenders, it also means transforming Poland into the country of Polish citizens. (…) We will not allow defenders of criminals to succeed. There will be no dictatorship in Poland, there will be not authoritarian governments, only stupid people can believe otherwise. There will be law and order. There will be law and order in Poland because this is in the interest of ordinary Polish citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • POLISH INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING, 1976-1989 a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate Scho
    MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD: POLISH INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING, 1976-1989 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. By Siobhan K. Doucette, M.A. Washington, DC April 11, 2013 Copyright 2013 by Siobhan K. Doucette All Rights Reserved ii MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD: POLISH INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING, 1976-1989 Siobhan K. Doucette, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Andrzej S. Kamiński, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the rapid growth of Polish independent publishing between 1976 and 1989, examining the ways in which publications were produced as well as their content. Widespread, long-lasting independent publishing efforts were first produced by individuals connected to the democratic opposition; particularly those associated with KOR and ROPCiO. Independent publishing expanded dramatically during the Solidarity-era when most publications were linked to Solidarity, Rural Solidarity or NZS. By the mid-1980s, independent publishing obtained new levels of pluralism and diversity as publications were produced through a bevy of independent social milieus across every segment of society. Between 1976 and 1989, thousands of independent titles were produced in Poland. Rather than employing samizdat printing techniques, independent publishers relied on printing machines which allowed for independent publication print-runs in the thousands and even tens of thousands, placing Polish independent publishing on an incomparably greater scale than in any other country in the Communist bloc. By breaking through social atomization and linking up individuals and milieus across class, geographic and political divides, independent publications became the backbone of the opposition; distribution networks provided the organizational structure for the Polish underground.
    [Show full text]