Race in the Floodwaters: Constructing and Deconstructing Television News Coverage of Hurricane Katrina
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Race in the Floodwaters: Constructing and Deconstructing Television News Coverage of Hurricane Katrina by Debra Burns Melican A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Communication) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Professor Nicholas A. Valentino, Co-Chair Professor Catherine R. Squires, Co-Chair, University of Minnesota Professor Susan J. Douglas Professor Vincent L. Hutchings © Debra Burns Melican 2009 Dedicated to Megan, Molly & Mom, You have always been the wind beneath my wings. ii Acknowledgements A dissertation is far more than years of work, a group of studies, and words put on paper. A dissertation is a journey involving networks of people who contribute in different ways both to improve the final product – and to make the process bearable. Family is most affected by the stress and demands of undertaking a dissertation, and I especially thank my daughters, Molly and Megan, for their enthusiastic support of this last hurrah of degrees at my alma mater. A profound, heartfelt thank you also to my co-chairs Catherine Squires and Nicholas Valentino. The two of you inspired and challenged me to think harder and longer about media and race in America and to strive to offer some new insight into the “American dilemma.” Through your wisdom I was able to tackle very different approaches to my work, and I believe I am a better scholar for your counsel. Without doubt you have stood with me through thick and thin, and words are quite simply inadequate to express my appreciation. Additional thanks goes to Susan Douglas, committee member and Chair of the Communication Studies Department. Susan’s clear insight, strategic advice, probing questions, and constant push to excellence were both welcomed and needed. Special thanks also to Vincent Hutchings, committee member, who supported my early endeavors and provided guidance in thinking through this project. Above all, I am both honored and humbled that scholars of the stature of the four of you would take the time to serve on my dissertation committee. To the extent I have iii succeeded in my work, I am indebted to you, and to the extent I fell short, it was completely my own doing. I also wish to acknowledge three professors who started me on this journey. I met Robert Entman and Pippa Norris during my masters program at the Kennedy School of Government. Professor Entman provided the opportunity for my first research in the area of race and news, and the work captivated me. Professor Norris offered sage advice and encouragement as I thought about my future, and her words have remained with me. Travis Dixon, my first advisor at Michigan, provided the grounding to tackle my dissertation, and he remained a faithful, thoughtful confident and colleague even after he moved to another institution. Thank you to each of you. Beyond the professional guidance of faculty are the special friendships and networks that develop among graduate students. I am particularly grateful for the friendship, emotional support, and wise brainstorming of Emily Chivers Yochim, Ph.D., Kamille Gentles Peart, Ph.D., and Sarah Benjamin Crymble. Ladies: When I needed you, you were always there, each in your own way. I appreciate how much you shared of yourselves with me and helped me to stay the course along this sometimes daunting, often discouraging, and seemingly unending journey. Yet, despite the challenges, we had fun, too. To Helen Ho, Lauren Guggenheim, and Rossie Hutchinson: You offered moral support and thoughtful advice about writing as we shared our early prospectus drafts with one another. You were also dog-friends extraordinaire, and Daisy joins me in thanking you! (And I would guess that Shannon does, too.) For support in pushing through the long, final part of the dissertation, I thank Martha Vicinus and the Sweetland Writing Center for the opportunity to be part of the iv Dissertation Writing Institute. Special thanks goes to Paul Barron who patiently read numerous drafts of several chapters and provided helpful suggestions. To all the members of my DWI cohort (Kentston Bauman, Deniz Erkmen, Jason Herlands, Eric Huneke, Clara Hong, Vera Irwin, Mike Layne, Bo Liu, Goran Selanec, Lindsey Waddell, and Vanessa Will) thank you for slogging through that first very, very rough attempt to write up experimental data. I am truly sorry that I was not farther a long when you read that draft. In addition to faculty and students, dedicated staffs enable programs to function effectively and efficiently. A special thank you to the three people who served consecutively as Graduate Program Coordinator of the Communication Studies Department while I pursued this degree: Darci Dore, Christopher Gale, and Cornelius Wright. You each offered valuable support and encouragement as needed. Additional thanks to Dawn Viau who ran the Comm ship effectively and efficiently. I appreciated the counsel from all of you on matters practical and not. As graduate students at the University of Michigan, we are also fortunate to have access to a wealth of support services. I am very appreciative of the Center for Statistical (CSCAR) and its staff, especially Lingling Zhang and Joe Kazemi who were extremely patient and helpful as I worked through the statistical analysis of my data. I also wish to acknowledge the Knowledge Navigation Center and the Faculty Exploratory. You helped me with matters great and small, and I especially appreciated the help of Diana Lee Perpich and Laurie Sutch in launching my web questionnaire. Other faculty also offered support and guidance, and I particularly wish to thank Professors Michael Traugott and Aswin Punathambekar. At various times, Professor v Traugott served as Director of the graduate program, Department Chair (and acting chair), but regardless of his duties, Mike always had the time to offer practical advice and perspective on a variety of matters. Aswin also shared his time by reading a draft of one chapter and offered a fresh insight about the material. Thank you to you both. Still more people made a difference in this dissertation journey, helping in various ways. Thanks to the members of my cohort and others who helped make classes interesting, provocative, and bearable (not already named): Roei Davidson (who I hope will undertake a collaborative project with me now that I have finished), Megan Biddinger, TaKeshia Brooks, Tamika Carter, Grace Yang, Ann Williams, Yong Park, and Krysha Gregorowicz. And a special thanks to the Comm grads who forged the path before us: Sung-Hee Joo, Jen Stevens Aubrey, Dmitri Williams, Marko Skoric, Christine Brittle, Laramie Taylor, and Nat Poor. You helped create the great atmosphere in the Frieze Building by sharing your knowledge and sociability with the newbies. I actually ended up missing that place, and I believe that it is largely because of you. Beyond academia are other friends, both old and new, who offered encouragement and diversion when needed. To Cheri Chandler, Gretchen Rudy, and Barb Silkworth, who welcomed me back to Michigan and helped to steady the course, thank you for hanging in there with me. Dear friends: here’s to another 30 years. To my lunch- buddies, Peg and Jim Durkin, who would have ever guessed we would end up in Ann Arbor together? Thank you for your constant support and encouragement. To the community of St. Francis (especially Fr. Jim McDougall and Scott Wright), the Peace and Justice Committee (especially Chuck and Patti Yonka), and the GOING SOUTH teams (I simply can’t name you all here, but I do want to mention Patti and Chuck again vi and Cherie Holodnick, Ernestine McGlynn, Ann and Bruce Moln, Carol Opp, Claire Savaglio, Deb Sedore, Paul Stahl, and Mary Wakefied), thank you for providing the moral compass that provided solace and guidance on my journey. You were a very special part of these last few years. I look forward to hanging some drywall together again, or whatever the next task may be. To my friends and acquaintances from New Orleans, thank you for your inspiration and hospitality, especially Elena Evans, Cynthia C. George, Thais George-Robinson, Peggy Wilson, Fr. Alfred Ayem, and Fr. Bernard K. Assenyoh. I admire your courage. To anyone I have omitted, I apologize. Please rest assured that after the final version of this dissertation has been submitted, and it is too late to make changes, I know that I will awake in the middle of the night with a start—and think of you. vii Table of Contents Dedication ...................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ iii List of Figures................................................................................................................ ix List of Tables.................................................................................................................. x List of Appendices......................................................................................................... xi Abstract ........................................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Race in the Floodwaters: A Textual Analysis of Whiteness in Television News Coverage of Hurricane Katrina ......................................................................................37