Acta entomologica silesiana Vol. 23 (online 018): 1–16 ISSN 1230-7777, ISSN 2353-1703 (online) Bytom, September 23, 2015

New data on the biology of ten lycaenid (: ) of the genera Tomares Rambur, 1840, Beuret, 1958, Latreille, 1804, and Plebejus Kluk, 1780 from the Crimea and their attending ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Jarosław Bury1, Vladimir Savchuk2 1 Markowa 1498, 37-120 Markowa, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Ukraina, Theodosia, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT. New data on the biology of ten lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) of the genera Tomares Rambur, 1840, Pseudophilotes Beuret, 1958, Polyommatus Latreille, 1804, and Plebejus Kluk, 1780 from the Crimea and their attending ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Data on the biology of ten lycaenid of the genera Tomares Rambur, 1840, Pseudophilotes Beuret, 1958, Polyommatus (Polyommatus) Latreille, 1804, Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) Hübner, 1822, Polyommatus (Aricia) Reichenbach, 1817, Polyommatus (Meleageria) de Sagerra, 1926 and Plebejus Kluk, 1780 from the Crimea, their host plants and attending ants are given. Eight new records of attending ants are presented here for the first time – Tetramorium sp. for T. callimachus (Eversman, 1848), Formica (Serviformica) sp. and Plagiolepis sp. for T. nogelli (Freyer, 1851), Formica sp. for P. bavius (Eversman, 1832), Camponotus sp. for Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865), Camponotus sp. for P. (Polyommatus.) thersites (Cantener, 1835), Plagiolepis sp. for P. (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775), and Plagiolepis sp. for P. (Agrodiaetus) damocles (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844). KEY WORDS: ant- relationship, host plants, myrmecophily, Ukraine.

INTRODUCTION

Distribution of butterflies of the family Lycaenidae Leach, 1815 is relatively well known in , Ukraine and the Crimea. According to available literature data, 38 species of this family occur currently in the Crimea. However, the ecology and biology of particular species are not always sufficiently understood. Despite the relatively rich literature on the butterflies of Ukraine, there is a noticeable paucity of reports on myrmecophily, an interesting aspect of Lycaenidae biology. Ongoing studies mainly concern the obligatory myrmecophilous species, while there is no data on the facultative myrmecophilous species of Ukraine, in particular, from the Crimea (Witek et al. 2008). The paper presents the results of observations of ten lycaenid species from the Crimea: (Eversman, 1848), Tomares nogelli (Freyer, 1851), Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversman, 1832), Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865), Polyommatus (Aricia) agestis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775), Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damocles (Herrich- Schäffer, 1844), Polyommatus (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775), Polyommatus (Polyommatus) icarus (Rottemburg, 1775), Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites (Canterer, 1835), and Plebejus (Plebejides) pylaon (Fischer de Waldheim, 1832), conducted from 2000 to 2011, with special emphasis on their attending ants, larval host plants in the Crimean conditions, and plants that are a source of nectar for butterflies.

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METHODS

Observations were conducted in natural environment. Butterflies, host plants, and plants that are a source of food for butterflies were identified in nature, from pictures taken during the field work, or from the material collected for further study. Some of the larvae were collected for further breeding in the laboratory to identify the species. Attending ants were photographed in the nature from the host caterpillar. Identification was made solely on the basis of photographic materials. Classification of Lycaenidae followsH esselbarth et al. (1995) with Hesselbarth & Wagener (2000) correction. Ant nomenclature follows that in Bolton (1995).

RESULTS

Tomares callimachus (Eversman, 1848) Flight-period: univoltine, late March/early June. Ecology: pale green and oval eggs are laid singly within the undeveloped inflorescences of host plants. In Crimea caterpillars feed on Hedysarum candidum Bieb., Astragalus utriger Pall., and Astragalus suprapilosus Gontsch. Larvae are variable in coloration, with black head and a distinct, dark dorsal line. Larvae feed on flower buds, flowers and inside bloated pods that contain the seeds of Astragalus. Pupation take place at the base of the plant upon which the larvae feed. Hibernates as a brown and stocky pupa. Butterflies willingly rest on the stony ground, withered fragments of plants and host plants, rarely visit flowers, mainly Holosteum umbellatum L., Geranium tuberosum L., Erysimum cuspidatum (M. Bieb.) DC., Iris pumila L., and Alyssum spp.

Fig. 1. Tomares callimachus (Eversman, 1848) and Tetramorium sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 1. Tomares callimachus (Eversman, 1848) i Tetramorium sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

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Interactions with ants: larvae have the epidermal glands called perforated cupola organs (PCOs) suppressing aggression of ants. They also have the dorsal nectary organ (DNO) and tentacles (TO) (Fiedler 1995). Under the Crimean conditions larvae are often attended by ants identified as belonging to the genus Tetramorium Mayr, 1855 (Fig. 1). Similarly to other species of the genus Tomares Rambur, 1840, larvae association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Habitat: dry, stony hillsides, covered with sparse and low steppe vegetation, screes, landslides. Distribution: numerous stands in the south-eastern part of Crimea, locally on dispersed, small stands at a height of 300 to 700 m above sea level (Akimov 2009).

Tomares nogelli (Freyer, 1851) Flight-period: univoltine, mid-May/early June. Ecology: one to several whitish, oval eggs are laid on the host plant buds. Under the Crimean conditions larvae are monophagous and feed on buds, flowers and immature fruits of Astragalus ponticus Pall. Pupation at the base of the host plant. Hibernates as a pupa. Butterflies do not disperse too far from the host plant Astragalus ponticus Pall., at which many individuals are sometimes grouped. Rarely visit flowers of other plants, mainlyVeronica spp. Interactions with ants: larvae with PCOs, DNO and TO (Fiedler 1995). Larvae are often attended by ants identified as Formica (Serviformica) Linnaeus, 1758 (Fig. 2), and Plagiolepis Mayr, 1861 (Fig. 3). Similarly to related species, larvae association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Stocky, brown pupae have the ability to stridulation. Degree of myrmecophily of pupae is unclear (Hesselbarth et al. 1995). Habitat: southern, dry, and stony hillsides, covered with sparse woody vegetation, screes, landslides. Distribution: a few stands in the south-eastern part of Crimea, very local, in the area of distribution usually frequent, sometimes relatively numerous.

Fig. 2. Tomares nogelii (Freyer, 1851) and Formica (Serviformica) sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 2. Tomares nogelii (Freyer, 1851) i Formica (Serviformica) sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

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Fig. 3. Tomares nogelii (Freyer, 1851) and Plagiolepis sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 3. Tomares nogelii (Freyer, 1851) i Plagiolepis sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversman, 1832) Flight-period: univoltine, late April/early June. Ecology: chalky-white eggs are laid singly on the buds or on the upper surface of the leaves of Salvia nemorosa L. Pink-and-white or green larvae feed on inflorescences, less keen on the stems and leaves of host plants. Hibernates as a pupa, according to some observations, in leaf litter, near feeding area or attached to the leaves at the base of host plants (Hesselbarth et al. 1995). Butterflies willingly visit flowers ofSalvia spp. Interactions with ants: larvae with PCOs and DNO. Presence of tentacles (TO) is not quite reliably documented (Fiedler 1991). For the first time, attending ants were identified as the genus Formica Linnaeus, 1758 (Fig. 4). Larvae association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). In the Crimea, degree of myrmecophily of pupae has not been established yet. Habitat: dry habitats of calcareous or stony ground, steppes, hillsides, dry river terraces, ravines covered with steppe vegetation. Distribution: numerous stands in the steppe part of Crimea, the most common on the Kerch Peninsula and Tarchankut Peninsula, where sometimes numerous in the places of occurrence, local and rare in the northern and south-western part of Crimea.

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Fig. 4. Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversmann, 1832) and Formica sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 4. Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversmann, 1832) i Formica sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865) Flight-period: univoltine, early June/late August. Ecology: chalky-white eggs are laid singly on buds or on developed flowers of different species of Thymus. Pink-and-green larvae feed on inflorescences: buds and developed flowers of host plants. Hibernates as a pupa. Butterflies willingly visit flowers of Thymus spp., occasionally other plants e.g. Cerinthe minor L., Lappula barbata (M. Bieb.) Gürke or representatives of the genus Haplophyllum A. Juss.

Interactions with ants: larvae with PCOs, DNO and TO (Fiedler 1995). In the Crimea, attending ants were identified as Camponotus Latreille, 1798 (Fig. 5) for the first time. Larvae association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Degree of myrmecophily of pupae has not been established yet. Habitat: xerothermic grasslands, dry and stony hillsides, stony steppes. Distribution: numerous stands, mainly on the southern slopes of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains, also in the Sevastopol area and on the Kerch Peninsula and Tarchankut Peninsula, in the area of distribution usually frequent and numerous.

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Fig. 5. Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865) and Camponotus sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 5. Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865) i Camponotus sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

Polyommatus (Aricia) agestis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775) Flight-period: polyvoltine, mid-April/early December. Ecology: chalky-white eggs are laid singly on the upper surface of the leaves, rarely on the stems or flower goblets of host plants. Larvae are variables in coloration, from almost entirely green with yellow lateral lines to green with red lateral lines and dark dorsal line, observed on the Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. and Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. Young larvae feed on the underside of leaves, gnawing characteristic windows at the bottom of the epidermis, the older larvae feed from the margin of leaves, eating the entire leaf blade. Pupation at the base of the host plant. Pupa lies in a loose cocoon, enveloped by silk thread to the stem, lower leaf surface or directly into the ground. Hibernates as a full-grown caterpillar among vegetation debris, close to the ground.

Interactions with ants: larvae with PCOs, DNO and TO (Fiedler 1995). In the Crimea, larvae attended by ants of the genus Lasius Fabricius, 1804 (Fig. 6) were observed. Caterpillar association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Pupae in natural conditions in the Crimea were not observed. Habitat: steppes, dry, stony and grassy hillsides, meadows, woodland edges and clearings. Distribution: very common, several stands throughout the Crimea, in the area of distribution frequent and numerous.

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Fig. 6. Polyommatus (Aricia) agestis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775) and Lasius sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 6. Polyommatus (Aricia) agestis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775) i Lasius sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damocles (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844) Flight-period: univoltine, mid-June/end of July. Ecology: bright eggs are laid singly on the leaves of the host plant or on the dry parts of other plants in vicinity. Larvae are variable in coloration, but generally bright. Under the Crimean conditions larvae are monophagous and feed solely on Hedysarum candidum Bieb. Hibernates as a larva of younger developmental stages. After hibernation, they feed on buds, flowers and fruits of Hedysarum. Pupation at the base of the host plant. Butterflies willingly visit flowers ofSideritis taurica Steph. ex Willd., and Sideritis comosa (Rochel ex Benth.) Stankov. Males are often found on damp ground.

Interactions with ants: caterpillars with PCOs, DNO and TO (Fiedler 1995). In the Crimea, caterpillars are attended by ants that were identified as the genus Plagiolepis Mayr (Fig. 7) for the first time. Caterpillar association with ants is most likely a facultative myrmecophily F( iedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Degree of myrmecophily of pupae is unclear. Habitat: stony or rocky hillsides, covered with sparse grassy vegetation. Distribution: a few stands, mainly in the south-east, mountainous part of the peninsula, local and rare, in the area of distribution relatively numerous.

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Fig. 7. Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damocles (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844) and Plagiolepsis sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 7. Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damocles (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844) i Plagiolepsis sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

Polyommatus (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775) Flight-period: univoltine, late June/late August. Ecology: chalky-white ova are laid singly on alive or dead parts of plants in the immediate vicinity of host plants. According to the observations, larvae feed on Hedysarum candidum Bieb. Hibernates as an ovum. Larvae feed mainly in the evening. Larval development lasts about two months. Butterflies in searching of nectar willingly visit the flowers of host plants, as well Lotus corniculatus L., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus spp., Salvia spp., Mentha spp., Phlomis spp., Marrubium spp., and Sideritis spp. Butterflies, especially males, are sometimes found on damp ground, where collect water and mineral salts.

Interactions with ants: larvae with PCOs, DNO and TO (Fiedler 1995). In the Crimea larvae are attended by ants of the genus Tapinoma Förster, 1850 (Fig. 8), undetermined to the species level, and ants of the genus Plagiolepis Mayr (Fig. 9). Larvae association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Degree of myrmecophily of pupae is unclear. Habitat: xerothermic grasslands, dry meadows and woodland clearings, open rocky hillsides, roadsides. Distribution: several stands in the hilly and wooded part of Crimea, absent on the mountain steppe meadows of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains, in the area of distribution usually frequent and numerous.

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Fig. 8. Polyommatus (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775) and Tapinoma sp. (photo J. Bury). Ryc. 8. Polyommatus (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775) i Tapinoma sp. (fot. J. Bury).

Fig. 9. Polyommatus (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775) and Plagiolepsis sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 9. Polyommatus (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüler, 1775) i Plagiolepsis sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

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Polyommatus (Polyommatus) icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) Flight-period: polyvoltine, early May/late October. Ecology: eggs are laid singly on the upper surface of leaves, in buds and inflorescences of host plants. Larvae feed on Medicago sativa L. and Securigera varia (L.) Lassen. Young caterpillars feed mostly on flowers and buds, older caterpillars also on leaves of host plants, initially skeletonizing them, then eating the whole leaf blades. The development of the larvae that does not hibernate generally lasts 3-4 weeks. Hibernates as one of the intermediate stages of development (mostly L3) of autumn caterpillar generation. After hibernation they finish the development and pupate in the ground, at the base of the host plant, rarely on the plant upon which the larvae feed. Butterflies in searching of nectar willingly visit the flowers of host plants of the family FabaceaeL indl., as well as Scilla autumnalis L., Galium tauricum (Pall. ex Willd.) Roem. & Schult., Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl., Echium italicum L., Cephalaria transsylvanica (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult., Marrubium perigrinum L., Anchusa spp., Eryngium spp., Achillea spp., Mentha spp., Salvia spp., Veronica spp., Xeranthemum spp., and Centaurea spp. Butterflies can also frequently be found on damp ground and droppings. Interactions with ants: larvae with PCOs, DNO and TO (Fiedler 1995). In the Crimea larvae are attended by ants of the genus Lasius Fabr. (Fig. 10), undetermined to the species level. Larvae association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Degree of myrmecophily of pupae is unclear. Habitat: steppes, meadows, woodland clearings, fallows and ruderal areas. Distribution: numerous stands throughout the Crimea, frequent and numerous almost everywhere.

Fig. 10. Polyommatus (Polyommatus) icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) and Lasius sp. (photo V. Savchuk. Ryc. 10. Polyommatus (Polyommatus) icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) i Lasius sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

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Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites (Canterer, 1835) Flight-period: polyvoltine, early May/late September. Ecology: in the Crimea conditions larvae feed on Hedisarum tauricum Pall. ex Willd. and pallasii (Willd.) Bieb. Young larvae feed mostly on inflorescences, older ones also on leaves of host plants, initially skeletonizing them, then eating the whole leaf blades. Hibernates as a larva of one of the intermediate developmental stages, hidden among the dry plant debris. After completion of hibernation development they pupate in the leaf litter, at the base of the plants upon which the larvae feed. Butterflies in searching of nectar willingly visit the flowers of host plants, as well as Onobrychis dielsii (Sirj.) Vassilcz., Lotus corniculatus L., Vicia cracca L., Medicago sativa L., Melilotus albus Medikus, Potentilla recta L., Teucrium polium L., Centaurea solstitialis L., Eryngium campestre L., Cephalaria transsylvanica (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult., and Inula spp. Interactions with ants: larvae with PCOs, DNO and TO (Fiedler 1995). In the Crimea larvae are attended by ants of the genus Lasius Fabr. (Fig. 12), undetermined to the species level. Additionally they are also attended by ants of the genus Camponotus Latr. (Fig. 12.) that is a relationship which has not been noted in the literature yet. Larvae association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Degree of myrmecophily of pupae is unclear. Habitat: steppes, dry grassy slopes, rarely steppe mountain meadows and woodland edges. Distribution: mainly the south-eastern part of the Crimea, where frequent and usually numerous, in the remaining area rare and sparse, completely absent on the coast of the Syvash Lake and the area of dense mountain woodlands of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains.

Fig. 11. Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites (Canterer, 1835) and Camponotus sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 11. Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites (Canterer, 1835) i Camponotus sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

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Fig. 12. Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites (Canterer, 1835) and Lasius sp. (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 12. Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites (Canterer, 1835) i Lasius sp. (fot. V. Savchuk).

Plebejus (Plebejides) pylaon (Fischer de Waldheim, 1832) Flight-period: univoltine, mid-May/early July. Ecology: chalky-white eggs are laid singly on the leaves of the host plants. In the Crimea conditions larvae feed on Astragalus utriger Pall., Astragalus rupifragus Pall., Astragalus ponticus Pall. and Astragalus dolichophyllus Pall. Larvae are characteristically colored, green, sometimes with strongly marked red lateral lines and a dark dorsal line. They feed on the leaves and inflorescences of host plants. Hibernates as a larva of younger developmental. After hibernation, they finish feeding and pupate at the base of host plants, usually under the ground, in the chambers which were carved by attended ants, rarely in the litter or on the plant upon which the larvae feed. Butterflies willingly visit flowers of Astragalus spp., Onobrychis spp., Mentha spp., Marrubium spp. and Centaurea spp.

Interactions with ants: larvae with PCOs, DNO and TO (Fiedler 1995). In the Crimea larvae are attended by ants of two different, but unidentified species of the genus Camponotus Latr. (Figs. 13 & 14.). Larvae association with ants is a facultative myrmecophily (Fiedler 1991, 1995, 2006). Degree of myrmecophily of pupae has not been determined yet. Habitat: dry, rocky hillsides, covered with sparse steppe vegetation, landslides, stony fragments of steppes. Distribution: the south-eastern part of Crimea, on the Kerch Peninsula and Tarchankut Peninsula, as well as around Batiliman, in the area of distribution usually frequent and relatively numerous.

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Fig. 13. Plebejus (Plebejides) pylaon (Fischer de Waldheim, 1832) and Camponotus sp. 1 (photo V. Savchuk). Ryc. 13. Plebejus (Plebejides) pylaon (Fischer de Waldheim, 1832) i Camponotus sp. 1 (fot. V. Savchuk).

Fig. 14. Plebejus (Plebejides) pylaon (Fischer de Waldheim, 1832) and Camponotus sp. 2 (photo J. Bury). Ryc. 14. Plebejus (Plebejides) pylaon (Fischer de Waldheim, 1832) i Camponotus sp. 2 (fot. J. Bury).

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Myrmecophily As a result of observations conducted from 2000 to 2011 in the area of Crimea, data on the ten species of lycaenid butterflies in the aspect of their myrmecophily were collected. The data concerning the interaction of the larvae with ants are summarized in table 1. Among the observed interactions between ten species of Lycaenidae, and representatives of various species of ants, the most important are those that were unknown in the current literature (eight interactions).

Table. 1. Specification of the observed species of lycaenid butterflies and their attending ants. Tabela. 1. Wyszczególnienie gatunków obserwowanych modraszków i odpowiadających im mrówek towarzyszących.

Lycaenid species Figure Attending ants Remarks gatunki modraszków rycina mrówki towarzyszące uwagi Tetramorium sp. Tomares callimachus 1 has not been reported yet (Myrmicinae) Formica (Serviformica) 2 has not been reported yet sp.(Formicinae) Tomares nogelii Plagiolepis sp. 3 has not been reported yet (Formicinae) Pseudophilotes bavius 4 Formica sp.(Formicinae) has not been reported yet Camponotus sp. Pseudophilotes vicrama 5 has not been reported yet (Formicinae) a species from the species Polyommatus (Aricia) 6 Lasius sp.(Formicinae) groups around niger and agestis alienus Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) Plagiolepis sp. 7 has not been reported yet damocles (Formicinae) Tapinoma sp. 8 Polyommatus (Meleageria) (Dolichoderinae) daphnis Plagiolepis sp. 9 has not been reported yet (Formicinae) Polyommatus 10 Lasius sp.(Formicinae) (Polyommatus) icarus Camponotus sp. 11 has not been reported yet (Formicinae) Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites a species from the species 12 Lasius sp.(Formicinae) groups around niger and alienus Camponotus sp. 1 13 Plebejus (Plebejides) (Formicinae) pylaon Camponotus sp. 2 14 (Formicinae) The other six interactions, although known from the literature of other areas of the Western Palearctic, are a contribution to the knowledge of relationships between the butterfly caterpillars and ants from all over Ukraine and the Crimea in particular.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank all those who contributed to this work, in particular Prof. Konrad Fiedler and PhD student Melanie Tista for the determination of the photographic material, and also Dr. Magdalena Witek for the valuable comments, which were helpful in writing this paper.

REFERENCES

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STRESZCZENIE Nowe dane na temat biologii dziesięciu gatunków modraszków (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) z rodzajów: Tomares Rambur, 1840 Pseudophilotes Beuret, 1958 Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 i Plebejus Kluk, 1780 z Krymu i ich powiązania z mrówkami towarzyszącymi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Praca prezentuje wyniki obserwacji prowadzonych w latach 2000-2011 na terenie Krymu nad dziesięcioma gatunkami modraszków: Tomares callimachus (Eversman, 1848) Tomares nogelli (Freyer, 1851), Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversman, 1832), Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865), Polyommatus (Aricia) agestis (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775), Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damocles (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844), Polyommatus (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775), Polyommatus (Polyommatus) icarus (Rottemburg, 1775), Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites (Canterer, 1835)

15 Acta ent. siles. 23 (online 018) Bytom, September 23, 2015

oraz Plebejus (Plebejides) pylaon (Fischer de Waldheim, 1832). Dla każdego gatunku podano fenologię, preferencje siedliskowe oraz rozmieszczenie na terenie Krymu, a także rośliny będące źródłem nektaru dla imagines oraz rośliny żywicielskie dla larw. Dla ośmiu gatunków modraszków wykryto nie notowane dotychczas powiazania ich larw z mrówkami towarzyszącymi: T. callimachus (Eversman, 1848) z Tetramorium sp., T. nogelli (Freyer, 1851) z Formica (Serviformica) sp. 1, Plagiolepis sp., P. bavius (Eversman,1832) z Formica sp., Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865) z Camponotus sp., P. (Polyommatus) thersites (Cantener, 1835) z Camponotus sp., P. (Meleageria) daphnis (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775) z Plagiolepis sp. oraz P. (Agrodiaetus) damocles (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844) z Plagiolepis sp.

Accepted: 12 August 2015; published: 23 September 2015 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl

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