Science,Technology & Society

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2017 The MIT Press NEW NEW SYSTEM PAID The Shaping of Modern Knowledge Tales of Dongles, Checks, and Clifford Siskin Other Money Stuff edited by Bill Maurer and Lana Swartz A system can describe Foreword by Bruce Sterling what we see (the solar system), operate a computer Museums are full of the (Windows 10), or be made coins, notes, beads, on a page (the fourteen shells, stones, and other engineered lines of a son- objects people have ex- net). In this book, Clifford changed for millennia. But Siskin shows that system what about the debris, is best understood as a the things that allow a genre — a form that works transaction to take place physically in the world and are left in its wake? to mediate our efforts to How would a museum understand it. Indeed, go about curating our many Enlightenment authors published works scrawls on electronic they called “system” to compete with the essay keypads, the receipts and the treatise. Drawing on the history of system wadded in our wallets, from Galileo’s “message from the stars” and that vast information infrastructure that runs Newton’s “system of the world” to today’s “com- the card networks? This book is a catalog for a putational universe,” Siskin illuminates the role museum exhibition that never happened. It of- that the genre of system has played in the shap- fers a series of short essays, paired with striking ing and reshaping of modern knowledge. images, on these often ephemeral, invisible, or Previous engagements with systems have unnoticed transactional objects — money stuff. involved making them, using them, or imagin- Although we’ve been told for years that we’re ing better ones. Siskin offers an innovative heading toward total cashlessness, pay- perspective by investigating system itself. ment is increasingly dependent on things. He considers the past and present, moving Consider, for example, the dongle, a clever from the “system of the world” to “a world gizmo that processes card payments by turn- full of systems.” He traces the turn to system ing information from a card’s magnetic stripe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’ into audio information that can be read by a scientific studies, and describes this primary smart phone’s headphone jack. Or dogecoin, form of Enlightenment as a mediator of politi- a meme of a smiling, bewildered dog’s interior cal, cultural, and social modernity — pointing monologue that fueled a virtual currency simi- 2 to the moment when people began to “blame lar to Bitcoin. Or go further back and contem- the system” for working both well (“you can’t plate the paper currency printed with leaves beat the system”) and not well enough (it by Benjamin Franklin to foil counterfeiters, or always seems to “break down”). Throughout, khipu, Incan records kept in knotted string. his touchstones are: what system is and how it Paid’s authors describe these payment- has changed; how it has mediated knowledge; adjacent objects so engagingly that for a mo- and how it has worked in the world. ment, financial leftovers seem more interest- “Siskin has rethought the intellectual history ing than finance. Paid encourages us to take between the Enlightenment and today in terms a moment to look at the nuts and bolts of our of a unifying concept: how ‘systems’ became everyday transactions by looking at the stuff the prevailing mode of explanation in science that surrounds them. and elsewhere. Illuminating and thought-pro- Contributors: B. Bátiz-Lazo, M. Bezaitis, F. Brunton, voking throughout.” L. H. Gamble, D. Graeber, J. I. Guyer, K. Hart, — David Deutsch, Visiting Professor of S. Jeong, A. Lippman, J. Mailland, S. Mainwaring, Physics, University of Oxford; author of B. Maurer, T. C. Nelms, R. O’Dwyer, M. Palm, The Beginning of Infinity L. Servon, D. L. Stearns, B. Sterling, L. Swartz, W. A. Trettien, G. Urton 2016 — 296 pp. — 19 illus. — $32.00/£23.95 978-0-262-03531-6 February 2017 — 216 pp. — 74 color, Infrastructures series 11 b & w illus. — $27.95/£19.95 978-0-262-03575-0 Infrastructures series

Texts recommended for course adoption are designated throughout the catalog.

Cover Art: Plan of the Bull sound ranging apparatus used by the British Army’s sound ranging sections (Handbook of the Sound Ranging Instrument 1921, fig.1c), from Roland Wittje’s The Age of Electroacoustics: Transforming Science and Sound NEW GRAVITY’S KISS The Detection of Gravitational Waves Harry Collins Scientists have been trying to confirm the existence of gravitational waves for fifty years. Then, in September 2015, came a “very interesting event” (as the cautious subject line in a physicist’s email read) that proved to be the first detection of gravitational waves. InGravity’s Kiss, Harry Collins — who has been watching the science of gravitational wave detection for forty-three of those fifty years and has written three previous books about it — offers a final, fascinating account, written in real time, of the unfolding of one of the most remarkable scientific discoveries ever made. Predicted by Einstein in his theory of general relativity, gravitational waves carry energy from the collision or explosion of stars. Dying binary stars, for example, rotate faster and faster around each other until they merge, emitting a burst of gravitational waves. It is only with the development of extraordinarily sensitive, highly sophisticated, detectors that physicists can now confirm Einstein’s prediction. This is the story that Collins tells. Collins, a sociologist of science who has been embedded in the gravitational wave community since 1972, traces the detection, the analysis, the confirmation, and the public presentation and the reception of the discovery — from the first email to the final published paper and the response of professionals and the public. Collins shows that science today is collaborative, far- flung, and sometimes secretive, but still one of the few institutions that has integrity built into it. January 2017 — 376 pp. — 39 b & w illus. — $29.95/£22.95 978-0-262-03618-4

NEW THE HANDBOOK OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES Fourth Edition edited by Ulrike Felt, Rayvon Fouché, Clark A. Miller, and Laurel Smith-Doerr Science and Technology Studies (STS) is a flourishing interdisciplinary field that examines the transformative power of science and technology to ar- range and rearrange contemporary societies. The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies provides a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the field, reviewing current research and major theoretical and 1 methodological approaches in a way that is accessible to both new and established scholars from a range of disciplines. This new edition, sponsored by the Society for Social Studies of Science, is the fourth in a series of volumes that have defined the field of STS. It features 36 chapters, each written for the fourth edition, that capture the state of the art in a rich and rapidly growing field. One especially notable development is the increasing integration of feminist, gender, and postcolonial studies into the body of STS knowledge. The book covers methods and participatory practices in STS research; mechanisms by which knowledge, people, and societies are coproduced; the design, construction, and use of material devices and infrastructures; the organization and governance of science; and STS and societal challenges including aging, agriculture, security, disasters, environmental justice, and climate change. January 2017 — 1208 pp. — 10 figures — $71.00/£52.95 978-0-262-08364-5

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25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW BOUNDARY OBJECTS AND BEYOND ENTANGLEMENTS Working with Leigh Star Conversations on the Human Traces of Science, Technology, and Society edited by Geoffrey C. Bowker, Stefan Timmermans, Adele E. Clarke, Simone Tosoni with Trevor Pinch and Ellen Balka Science and technology Susan Leigh Star studies (STS) is a rela- (1954–2010) was one tively young but influential of the most influential field. Scholars from disci- science studies schol- plines as diverse as urban ars of the last several studies, mobility studies, decades. In her work, media studies, and body Star highlighted the culture studies are en- messy practices of gaging in a systematic discovering science, dialogue with STS, seek- asking hard questions ing to enrich their own about the marginal- investigations. Within STS, izing as well as the the Social Construction liberating powers of of Technology (SCOT) science and technology. In the landmark theory has proved to be one of the most influen- work Sorting Things Out, Star and Geoffrey tial in its neighboring fields. Yet the literature has Bowker revealed the social and ethical histo- grown so large so quickly, it is difficult to get an ries that are deeply embedded in classifica- overview of SCOT. In this book, conversations tion systems. Star’s most celebrated con- with Trevor Pinch, a founder of SCOT, offer an cept was the notion of boundary objects: introduction and genealogy for the field. representational forms — things or theories Pinch was there at the creation — as coauthor — that can be shared between different of the groundbreaking 1984 article that launched communities, with each holding its own un- SCOT — and has remained active through derstanding of the representation. subsequent developments. Engaging and con- Unfortunately, Leigh was unable to com- versational, Pinch charts SCOT’s important plete a work on the poetics of infrastructure milestones. The book describes how Pinch and that further developed the full range of her Wiebe Bijker adapted the “empirical program work. This volume collects articles by Star of relativism,” developed by the Bath School to that set out some of her thinking on bound- study the social construction of scientific facts, ary objects, marginality, and infrastructure, to apply to the social construction of artifacts. together with essays by friends and col- 2 Entanglements addresses five issues in depth: leagues from a range of disciplines — from relevant social groups, and SCOT’s focus on philosophy of science to organization groups of users; the intertwining of social repre- science — that testify to the wide-ranging sentation and practices; the importance of tacit influence of Star’s work. knowledge in SCOT’s approach to the nonrep- resentational; the controversy over nonhuman Contributors: E. Balka, E. E. Beck, J. Ceja Alcalá, M. Puig de la Bellacasa, D. Boland, G. C. Bowker, agency; and the political implications of SCOT. A. E. Clarke, L. Gasser, J. R. Griesemer, G. Hornstein, “Entanglements provides a splendid introduc- J. L. King, C. Kramarae, K. Ruhleder, K. Schmidt, tion to the bewildering complexity of the social B. Cantwell Smith, S. L. Star, A. L. Strauss, J. Summerton, S. Timmermans, H. Verran, construction of technology (SCOT) and its larger N. Wakeford, J. Weber science and technology studies (STS) history. Pinch’s recollections of ‘eureka!’ moments and 2015 — 504 pp. — 26 illus. — paper his often amusing anecdotes reveal the important $40.00/£29.95 roles of mentorships, friendships, the influences 978-0-262-52808-5 of students, chance encounters, and intellectual Cloth — $81.00/£59.95 disputes with other significant figures in generat- 978-0-262-02974-2 ing his own innovative and influential projects. Infrastructures series Simone Tosoni’s contributions as a highly informed, intellectually involved, and vigorously THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION curious interviewer are significant. This is an illuminating and enjoyable read for students new to OF TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS these fields as well as for seasoned researchers Anniversary Edition and scholars from the many other fields that are edited by Wiebe E. Bijker, Trevor Pinch, increasingly interacting with SCOT and STS.” and Thomas P. Hughes — Sandra Harding, Distinguished Research Foreword by Deborah G. Douglas Professor, University of California, Los Angeles 2012 — 424 pp. — paper — $34.00/£24.95 December 2016 — 320 pp. — $35.00/£24.95 978-0-262-51760-7 978-0-262-03527-9 Inside Technology series NEW HETEROMATION, AND OTHER STORIES OF COMPUTING AND CAPITALISM Hamid R. Ekbia and Bonnie A. Nardi The computerization of the economy — and everyday life — has transformed the division of labor between humans and machines, shifting many people to work that is hidden, poorly compensated, or accepted as part of being a “user” of digital technology. Through our clicks and swipes, logins and profiles, emails and posts, we are, more or less willingly, participat- ing in digital activities that yield economic value to others but little or no return to us. Hamid Ekbia and Bonnie Nardi call this kind of participation — the extraction of economic value from low-cost or free labor in computer-mediated networks — “heteromation.” In this book, they explore the social and technological processes through which economic value is extracted from digitally mediated work, the nature of the value created, and what prompts people to participate in the process. Arguing that heteromation is a new logic of capital accumulation, Ekbia and Nardi consider different kinds of heteromated labor: communicative labor, seen in user-generated content on social media; cognitive labor, including microwork and self-service; creative labor, from gaming environments to literary productions; emotional labor, often hidden within paid jobs; and organizing labor, made up of collaborative groups such as citizen scientists. Ekbia and Nardi then offer a utopian vision: heteromation refigured to bring end users more fully into the prosperity of capitalism. May 2017 — 304 pp. — 12 b & w illus. — $35.00/£24.95 978-0-262-03625-2 Acting with Technology series

NEW MEN, MACHINES, AND MODERN TIMES 50th Anniversary Edition Elting E. Morison Foreword by Rosalind Williams with remarks by Leo Marx People have had trouble adapting to new technology ever since (perhaps) 3 the inventor of the wheel had to explain that a wheelbarrow could carry more than a person. This little book by a celebrated MIT professor — the fiftieth anniversary edition of a classic — describes how we learn to live and work with innovation. Elting Morison considers, among other things, the three stages of users’ resistance to change: ignoring it; rational rebut- tal; and name-calling. He recounts the illustrative anecdote of the World War II artillerymen who stood still to hold the horses despite the fact that the guns were now hitched to trucks — reassuring those of us who have trouble with a new interface or a software upgrade that we are not the first to encounter such problems. Morison offers an entertaining series of historical accounts to highlight his major theme: the nature of technological change and society’s reaction to that change. He begins with resistance to innovation in the U.S. Navy following an officer’s discovery of a more accurate way to fire a gun at sea; continues with thoughts about bureaucracy, paperwork, and card files; touches on rumble seats, the ghost in Hamlet, and computers; tells the strange history of a new model steamship in the 1860s; and describes the development of the Bessemer steel process. Each instance teaches a lesson about the more profound and current problem of how to organize and manage systems of ideas, energies, and machinery so that they will conform to the human dimension. “It is the most brilliant, original, and absorbing book in American history I have read for some time.” — Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. 2016 — 336 pp. — paper — $19.95/£14.95 978-0-262-52931-0

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW NEW UNDONE SCIENCE MODELS OF INNOVATION Social Movements, Mobilized Publics, The History of an Idea and Industrial Transitions Benoît Godin David J. Hess Models abound in science, technology, As the fields of social movement studies (SMS) and society (STS) studies and in science, and science and technology studies (STS) have technology, and innovation (STI) studies. diversified in topical focus, they have moved closer They are continually being invented, with to each other. SMS has turned toward the study one author developing many versions of of nonstate targets and institutionalized repertoires the same model over time. At the same of action, just as STS has turned to expertise and time, models are regularly criticized. Such publics. In Undone Science, David Hess argues that is the case with the most influential model a theoretical integration of core concepts in the two in STS-STI: the linear model of innovation. fields is now possible, and he presents just such In this book, Benoît Godin examines the a synthesis. Hess focuses on industrial transition emergence and diffusion of the three most movements — mobilized counterpublics of activ- important conceptual models of innovation ists, advocates, entrepreneurs, and other agents of from the early twentieth century to the late change — and examines several areas of common 1980s: stage models, linear models, and ground between the two fields relevant to these holistic models. Godin first traces the his- movements. His account reveals the problem of tory of the models of innovation construct- “undone science” — areas of research potentially ed during this period, considering why valuable to the goals of industrial transition move- these particular models came into being ments that have been systematically ignored. and what use was made of them. He then Each chapter begins with a problem in SMS, dis- rethinks and debunks the historical narra- cusses the relevant STS literature, describes new tives of models developed by theorists of concepts and findings that have emerged, and offers innovation. Godin documents a greater applications to examples that range from nanotech- diversity of thinkers and schools than in the nology and climate science denialism to conflicts conventional account, tracing a genealogy based on race, class, and gender. Topics include of models beginning with anthropologists, the epistemic dimension of the political opportunity industrialists, and practitioners in the first structure, networks of counterpublic knowledge, and half of the twentieth century to their later regime resistance in industrial transition. formalization in STS-STI. 2016 — 272 pp. — paper — $35.00/£24.95 February 2017 — 328 pp. — 21 b & w illus. 978-0-262-52949-5 $37.00/£27.95 Cloth — $75.00/£55.95 978-0-262-03589-7 4 978-0-262-03513-2 Inside Technology series

NEW THE LONG ARM OF MOORE’S LAW Microelectronics and American Science Cyrus C. M. Mody Since the mid 1960s, American science has undergone significant changes in the way it is organized, funded, and practiced. These changes include the decline of basic research by corporations; a new orientation toward the short-term and the commercial, with pressure on universities and government labs to participate in the market; and the promotion of interdisciplinarity. In this book, Cyrus Mody argues that the changes in American science that began in the 1960s co- evolved with and were shaped by the needs of the “civilianized” US semiconductor industry. In 1965, Gordon Moore declared that the most profitable number of circuit components that can be crammed on a single silicon chip doubles every year. Mody views “Moore’s Law” less as prediction than as self-fulfilling prophecy, pointing to the enormous investments of capital, people, and institutions the semiconductor industry required — the “long arm” of Moore’s Law that helped shape all of science. Mody offers a series of case studies in microelectronics that illustrate the reach of Moore’s Law. He describes the pressures on Stanford University’s electrical engineers during the Vietnam era, IBM’s exploration of alternatives to semiconductor technology, the emergence of consortia to integrate research across disciplines and universities, and the interwoven development of the community and academic discipline of molecular electronics as the vision of a molecular computer informed the restructuring of research programs. January 2017 — 304 pp. — 13 b & w illus. — $45.00/£34.95 978-0-262-03549-1 Inside Technology series NEW NEW DRIVERLESS BAD CALL Intelligent Cars and the Road Ahead Technology’s Attack on Referees and Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman Umpires and How to Fix It Harry Collins, Robert Evans, and In the year 2014, Google Christopher Higgins fired a shot heard all the way to Detroit. Google’s Good call or bad call, newest driverless car had referees and umpires no steering wheel and no have always had the final brakes. The message was say in sports. Bad calls clear: cars of the future will are more visible: plays be born fully autonomous, are televised backward with no human driver and forward and in slow needed. In the coming de- motion. New technolo- cade, self-driving cars will gies — the Hawk-Eye sys- hit the streets, rearranging tem used in tennis and established industries and cricket, for example, and reshaping cities, giving us the goal-line technology new choices in where we used in English football live and how we work and play. — introduced to correct In this book, Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman bad calls sometimes get it right and sometimes offer readers insight into the risks and benefits get it wrong, but almost always undermine the of driverless cars and and a lucid and engag- authority of referees and umpires. Bad Call ing explanation of the enabling technology. looks at the technologies used to make referee- Recent advances in software and robotics are ing decisions in sports, analyzes them in action, toppling long-standing technological barriers and explains the consequences. that for decades have confined self-driving What matters in sports is not computer-generat- cars to the realm of fantasy. A new kind of arti- ed projections of ball position but what is seen ficial intelligence software called deep learning by the human eye — reconciling what the sports gives cars rapid and accurate visual percep- fan sees and what the game official sees. tion. Human drivers can relax and take their eyes off the road. “Bad Call is a brilliant book! It comprehensive- ly dissects and analyzes the ever-increasing When human drivers let intelligent software take role of technology in sport and the unintended the wheel, driverless cars will offer billions of consequences that have emerged. The book is people all over the world a safer, cleaner, and not only a must-read for those who are fans of more convenient mode of transportation. Al- sport but also for students, researchers, and 5 though the technology is nearly ready, car administrators of sport.” companies and policy makers may not be. The — Stephen Frawley, Director, Australian Cen- authors make a compelling case for why gov- tre for Olympic Studies, UTS Business School, ernment, industry, and consumers need to work University of Technology Sydney, Australia together to make the development of driverless cars our society’s next “Apollo moment.” 2016 — 256 pp. — 26 illus. — $26.95/£19.95 978-0-262-03539-2 “Driverless vehicles are poised to usher in Inside Technology series a massive disruption of our transportation system, our urban landscapes, our economy NEW — and quite possibly the very fabric of society. Anyone who wants to understand what’s com- SPORT 2.0 ing must read this fascinating book.” Transforming Sports for a Digital World — Martin Ford, New York Times bestselling Andy Miah author of Rise of the Robots “Driverless is a great read for anybody inter- Ramifications of the convergence of sports ested in technological, societal, and ethical and digital technology, from athlete and spec- implications of self-driving cars. The book tator experience to the role of media innova- reaches across fields and issues thoughtfully, tion at the Olympics. and presents a comprehensive view of the January 2017 — 288 pp. — 1 b & w illus. state of the art.” $30.00/£22.95 — Daniela Rus, Director, CSAIL, MIT 978-0-262-03547-7 2016 — 272 pp. — $29.95/£22.95 978-0-262-03522-4

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW • Winner, 2014 American Publishers Award for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (PROSE THE AGE OF Award) in Music & the Performing Arts ELECTROACOUSTICS • Outstanding Academic Title, 2015, Choice Transforming Science and Sound Roland Wittje MUSIC AND THE MAKING OF MODERN SCIENCE At the end of the nineteenth century, acoustics Peter Pesic was a science of musical A wide-ranging explo- sounds; the musically ration of how music trained ear was the ul- has influenced science timate reference. Just through the ages, from a few decades into the fifteenth-century cos- twentieth century, acous- mology to twentieth- tics had undergone a century string theory. transformation from a scientific field based on “In this magnificent the understanding of book, trotting from classical music to one Pythagoras to Max guided by electrical engineering, with industrial Planck and beyond, and military applications. In this book, Roland Pesic shows us again Wittje traces this transition. and again how music informed innovation, and he offers illuminating new insights into Wittje shows that physics in the early twenti- nearly three millennia of scientific develop- eth century was not only about relativity and ments. Pesic’s rigorous analysis of source atomic structure but encompassed a range of material allows him to confidently credit mu- experimental, applied, and industrial research sic for its critical role in the innovations of Jo- fields. The emergence of technical acoustics hannes Kepler’s astronomy, Leonhard Euler’s and electroacoustics illustrates a scientific topology, and Planck’s quantized energy. It is field at the intersection of science and tech- a testament to Pesic’s quiver of knowledge nology. Wittje starts with Helmholtz’s and that he can so thoroughly examine the work Rayleigh’s work and its intersection with teleg- of so many polymaths.” raphy and early wireless, and continues with — Alexandra Hui, Physics Today the industrialization of acoustics during World War I, when sound measurement was auto- 2014 — 360 pp. — 143 illus. — $42.00/£31.95 mated and electrical engineering and radio 978-0-262-02727-4 took over the concept of noise. Researchers 6 no longer appealed to the musically trained WAVES AND FORMS ear to understand sound but to the thinking Electronic Music Devices and and practices of electrical engineering. Finally, Computer Encodings in China Wittje covers the demilitarization of acoustics during the Weimar Republic and its remili- Basile Zimmermann tarization at the beginning of the Third Reich. An examination of the relationship between He shows how technical acoustics fit well technical objects and culture in contempo- with the Nazi dismissal of pure science, rep- rary China, drawing on concepts from sci- resenting everything that “German Physics” ence and technology studies. under National Socialism should be: experimental, applied, and relevant to the military. 2015 — 288 pp. — 21 illus. — $38.00/£28.95 978-0-262-02905-6 “This is history of science of the first order, Inside Technology series a really fascinating and well-written book that maps the multiple geographies of electroacoustics in the interwar period. Wittje’s THE SOUND OF INNOVATION innovative conceptual framework links sound, Stanford and the Computer space, and time to explore the transformation Music Revolution of physics in the interwar period.” Andrew J. Nelson — Helmuth Trischler, Head of Research, Deutsches Museum, Munich; Professor of How a team of musicians, engineers, com- Modern History at LMU Munich puter scientists, and psychologists devel- December 2016 — 304 pp. — 28 illus. oped computer music as an academic field $40.00/£29.95 and ushered in the era of digital music. 978-0-262-03526-2 2015 — 280 pp. — 8 illus. — $36.00/£26.95 Transformations: Studies in the History of 978-0-262-02876-9 Science and Technology Inside Technology series INVENTING ATMOSPHERIC NEW SCIENCE CRYOPOLITICS Bjerknes, Rossby, Wexler, and the Frozen Life in a Melting World Foundations of Modern Meteorology edited by Joanna Radin and Emma Kowal James Rodger Fleming As the planet warms and the polar ice caps “The goal of meteorology melt, naturally occurring cold is a resource of is to portray everything growing scarcity. At the same time, energy- atmospheric, everywhere, intensive cooling technologies are widely always” declared John used as a means of preservation. Technolo- Bellamy and Harry Wexler gies of cryopreservation support global food in 1960, soon after the suc- chains, seed and blood banks, reproductive cessful launch of TIROS 1, medicine, and even the preservation of the first weather satellite. cores of glacial ice used to study climate Throughout the twentieth change. In many cases, these practices of century, meteorological re- freezing life are an attempt to cheat death. searchers have had global Cryopreservation has contributed to the ambitions, incorporating transformation of markets, regimes of gov- technological advances ernance and ethics, and the very relationship into their scientific study as between life and death. In Cryopolitics, ex- they worked to link theory with practice. Wireless perts from anthropology, history of science, telegraphy, radio, aviation, nuclear tracers, rock- environmental humanities, and indigenous ets, digital computers, and Earth-orbiting satellites studies make clear the political and cultural opened up entirely new research horizons for me- consequences of extending life and deferring teorologists. In this book, James Fleming charts death by technoscientific means. the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of atmospheric science through the lives and careers The contributors examine how and why low of three key figures: Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862–1951), temperatures have been harnessed to defer Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898–1957), and Harry Wex- individual death through freezing whole human ler (1911–1962). bodies; to defer nonhuman species death by freezing tissue from endangered animals; to Fleming maps both the ambitions of an evolving defer racial death by preserving biospecimens field and the constraints that checked them — from indigenous people; and to defer large- war, bureaucracy, economic downturns, and, scale human death through pandemic pre- most important, the ultimate realization (prompted paredness. The cryopolitical lens, emphasizing by the formulation of chaos theory in the 1960s by the roles of temperature and time, provokes Edward Lorenz) that perfectly accurate measure- new and important questions about living and ments and forecasts would never be possible. dying in the twenty-first century. 7 “What shines through Inventing Atmospheric Contributors: W. Anderson, M. Bravo, J. Bunning, Science is a commitment of three men to ap- M. Chrulew, S. de Chadarevian, A. Friedrich, plications of research to society, and their de- K. Hoeyer, F. Keck, E. Kirksey, E. Kowal, J. Radin, sire to advance our understanding of weather. D. Bird Rose, K. TallBear, C. Thompson, D. Turnbull, This is an inspirational story, very well told.” T. van Dooren, R. J. H. Woods — Nature March 2017 — 336 pp. — 26 b & w illus. 2016 — 312 pp. — 35 illus. — $31.00/£22.95 $40.00/£29.95 978-0-262-03394-7 978-0-262-03585-9

• Winner, 2010 ASLI Choice Award in the History category, awarded by Atmospheric Science Librarians International • Winner, 2011 Computer History Museum Prize, awarded by the Society for the History of Technology • Winner, 2012 Louis J. Batten Author’s Award, American Meteorological Society A VAST MACHINE Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming Paul N. Edwards The science behind global warming, and its history: how scientists learned to understand the atmosphere, to measure it, to trace its past, and to model its future. “A Vast Machine is nothing less than a tour de force.” — Noel Castree, American Scientist 2013 — 552 pp. — 74 illus. — paper — $30.00/£22.95 978-0-262-51863-5 (Cloth 2010) Infrastructures series

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW FASCIST PIGS Technoscientific Organisms and the History of Fascism Tiago Saraiva In the fascist regimes of Mussolini’s Italy, Salazar’s Portugal, and Hitler’s Germany, the first mass mobilizations involved wheat engineered to take advantage of chemical fertilizers, potatoes resistant to late blight, and pigs that thrived on national produce. Food independence was an early goal of fascism; indeed, as Tiago Saraiva writes in Fascist Pigs, fascists were obsessed with projects to feed the national body from the national soil. Saraiva shows how such technoscientific organisms as specially bred wheat and pigs became important elements in the institutionalization and expansion of fascist regimes. The pigs, the potatoes, and the wheat embodied fascism. In Nazi Germany, only plants and animals conforming to the new national standards would be allowed to reproduce. Pigs that didn’t efficiently convert German-grown potatoes into pork and lard were eliminated. Saraiva describes national campaigns that intertwined the work of geneticists with new state bureaucracies; discusses fascist empires, considering forced labor on coffee, rubber, and cot- ton in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Eastern Europe; and explores fascist genocides, following Karakul sheep from a laboratory in Germany to Eastern Europe, Libya, Ethiopia, and Angola. Saraiva’s highly original account — the first systematic study of the relation between science and fascism — argues that the “back to the land” aspect of fascism should be understood as a modernist experiment involving geneticists and their organisms, mass propaganda, over- grown bureaucracy, and violent colonialism. 2016 — 360 pp. — 64 illus. — $40.00/£29.95 978-0-262-03503-3 Inside Technology series

TRANSPORTATION AND REVOLT Pigeons, Mules, Canals, and the Vanishing Geographies of Subversive Mobility Jacob Shell 8 How political regimes have responded when certain modes of transportation — from carrier pigeons to canal boats — have been associated with politically subversive activities. “Emphasizing fear and class resentment, Shell’s Transportation and Revolt is groundbreaking in that it adds a novel and provocative twist to conventional histories of transportation. It gives a more complete social and political context about why certain things didn’t happen, and this work will no doubt stim- ulate other scholars to investigate the role of fear in shaping how we move.” — Antipode 2015 — 208 pp. — 16 illus. — $34.00/£24.95 978-0-262-02933-9

ENGINEERS AND THE MAKING OF THE FRANCOIST REGIME Lino Camprubí How engineers and agricultural scientists became key actors in Franco’s regime and Spain’s forced modernization. 2014 — 304 pp. — 40 illus. — $45.00/£34.95 978-0-262-02717-5

Call Toll Free in North America: 1-800-405-1619 To receive a 25% discount, please give the operator code M17STS25 when placing your order. NEW SHARING KNOWLEDGE, SHAPING EUROPE U.S. Technological Collaboration and Nonproliferation John Krige In the 1950s and the 1960s, U.S. administrations were determined to prevent Western European countries from developing independent national nuclear weapons programs. To do so, the United States at- tempted to use its technological pre-eminence as a tool of “soft power” to steer Western European technological choices toward the peaceful uses of the atom and of space, encouraging options that fostered collaboration, promoted nonproliferation, and defused challenges to U.S. technological superiority. In Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe, John Krige describes these efforts and the varying degrees of success they achieved. “Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe is a most useful contribution to our understanding of the complex interaction between science and international relations. By carefully investigating how the U.S. tried to control the flow of technological information to shape the construction of Europe, John Krige has offered a very convincing analysis which will be mandatory reading for scholars of U.S. foreign policy, historians of European integration, and all those who are interested in the study of nuclear non-proliferation.” — Leopoldo Nuti, Professor of International History, Roma Tre University 2016 — 240 pp. — $33.00/£24.95 978-0-262-03477-7 Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN RATIONAL ACTION THE GLOBAL COLD WAR The Sciences of Policy in Britain and America, 1940–1960 edited by Naomi Oreskes and John Krige William Thomas The Cold War period During World War II, saw a dramatic expan- the Allied military forces sion of state-funded faced severe problems science and technology integrating equipment, research. Government tactics, and logistics 9 and military patronage into successful combat shaped Cold War tech- operations. To help con- noscientific practices, front these problems, imposing methods that scientists and engineers were project oriented, developed new means team based, and sub- of studying which equip- ject to national-secu- ment designs would best rity restrictions. These meet the military’s re- changes affected not just the arms race and quirements and how the military could best use the space race but also research in agricul- the equipment it had on hand. By 1941 they had ture, biomedicine, computer science, ecology, also begun to gather and analyze data from meteorology, and other fields. This volume ex- combat operations to improve military leaders’ amines science and technology in the context ordinary planning activities. In Rational Action, of the Cold War, considering whether the new William Thomas details these developments, institutions and institutional arrangements that and how they gave rise during the 1950s to a emerged globally constrained technoscientific constellation of influential new fields — which inquiry or offered greater opportunities for it. he terms the “sciences of policy” — that in- cluded operations research, management sci- 2015 — 464 pp. — 23 illus. — paper ence, systems analysis, and decision theory. $39.00/£28.95 978-0-262-52653-1 2015 — 400 pp. — 29 illus. — $40.00/£29.95 Transformations: Studies in the History of 978-0-262-02850-9 Science and Technology Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout Now Available in Paperback NEW POWER DENSITY ENERGY AND CIVILIZATION A Key to Understanding Energy A History Sources and Uses Vaclav Smil Vaclav Smil Energy is the only universal currency; it is In this book, Vaclav Smil necessary for getting anything done. The argues that power density conversion of energy on Earth ranges from is a key determinant of the terra-forming forces of plate tectonics to cu- nature and dynamics of mulative erosive effects of raindrops. Life on energy systems. He shows Earth depends on the photosynthetic con- that careful quantification, version of solar energy into plant biomass. critical appraisals, and Humans have come to rely on many more revealing comparisons energy flows — ranging from fossil fuels to of power densities make photovoltaic generation of electricity — for possible a deeper under- their civilized existence. In this monumental standing of the ways we history, Vaclav Smil provides a comprehen- harness, convert, and use sive account of how energy has shaped so- energies. Conscientious assessment of power ciety, from pre-agricultural foraging societies densities, he argues, proves particularly revealing through today’s fossil fuel–driven civilization. when contrasting the fossil fuel-based energy Humans are the only species that can sys- system with renewable energy conversions. Smil tematically harness energies outside their concludes that our inevitable (and desirable) bodies, using the power of their intellect and move to new energy arrangements involving an enormous variety of artifacts — from the conversions of lower-density renewable energy simplest tools to internal combustion engines sources will require our society — currently dom- and nuclear reactors. The epochal transition inated by megacities and concentrated industrial to fossil fuels affected everything: agriculture, production — to undergo a profound spatial industry, transportation, weapons, com- restructuring of its energy system. munication, economics, urbanization, quality 2016 — 320 pp. — 42 illus. — paper of life, politics, and the environment. Smil $27.00/£19.95 describes humanity’s energy eras in pan- 978-0-262-52973-0 oramic and interdisciplinary fashion, offering (Cloth 2015) readers a magisterial overview. This book is an extensively updated and expanded version of Smil’s Energy in World History (1994). THE CONTAINER PRINCIPLE Smil has incorporated an enormous amount How a Box Changes the Way We Think 10 of new material, reflecting the dramatic devel- Alexander Klose opments in energy studies over the last two translated by Charles Marcrum II decades and his own research over that time. April 2017 — 536 pp. — 113 figures We live in a world organized around the contain- $39.95/£29.95 er. Standardized twenty- and forty-foot shipping 978-0-262-03577-4 containers carry material goods across oceans and over land; provide shelter, office space, and storage capacity; inspire films, novels, metaphors, and paradigms. Today, TEU (Twenty MADE IN THE USA Foot Equivalent Unit, the official measurement The Rise and Retreat of American for shipping containers) has become something Manufacturing like a global currency. A container ship, sailing Vaclav Smil under the flag of one country but owned by a corporation headquartered in another, carrying An argument that America’s economy needs auto parts from Japan, frozen fish from Vietnam, a strong and innovative manufacturing sector and rubber ducks from China, offers a vivid and the jobs it creates. representation of the increasing, world-is-flat “Smil’s fascinating and lucid exploration of the globalization of the international economy. In The history and state of manufacturing in America Container Principle, Alexander Klose investigates comes at a critical time and should be the the principle of the container and its effect on starting point for any discussion about the the way we live and think. future for the USA.” 2015 — 400 pp. — 96 illus. — $30.95/£22.95 — Mark P. Mills, Senior Fellow, Manhattan Institute 978-0-262-02857-8 2015 — 256 pp. — 14 illus. — paper Infrastructures series $18.95/£14.95 978-0-262-52835-1 (Cloth 2013) Now Available in Paperback Now Available in Paperback THE POWER BROKERS The Struggle to Shape and Control the ENGINEERS FOR CHANGE Electric Power Industry Competing Visions of Technology in 1960s America Jeremiah D. Lambert Matthew Wisnioski For more than a century, the interplay between In the late 1960s, an private, investor-owned eclectic group of electric utilities and engineers joined the government regulators antiwar and civil rights has shaped the electric activists of the time in power industry in the agitating for change. United States. In The The engineers were Power Brokers, Jeremiah fighting to remake their Lambert maps this com- profession, challenging plex interaction from the their fellow engineers late nineteenth century to to embrace a more the present day. humane vision of technology. In Engineers for Change, Matthew Lambert’s narrative focuses on seven important Wisnioski offers an account of this conflict industry players: Samuel Insull, the principal in- within engineering, linking it to deep-seated dustry architect and prime mover; David Lilienthal, assumptions about technology and Ameri- chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); can life. He shows how American society in Don Hodel, who presided over the Bonneville the mid-1960s began to view technology in Power Administration (BPA); Paul Joskow, the MIT a more negative light, and how a dissident economics professor who foresaw a restruc- minority of engineers offered critiques of tured and competitive electric power industry; their profession that appropriated concepts Enron’s Ken Lay, master of political influence and from technology’s critics. These dissidents market-rigging; Amory Lovins, a pioneer propo- were criticized in turn by conservatives who nent of sustainable power; and Jim Rogers, head regarded them as countercultural Luddites. of Duke Energy. Lambert shows how the power And yet, Wisnioski argues, this radical minor- industry has sought to use regulatory change to ity spurred the professional elite to promote a preserve or secure market dominance and how new understanding of technology as a rapidly rogue players have gamed imperfectly restruc- accelerating force that our institutions are tured electricity markets. Integrating regulation ill-equipped to handle. They helped shape our and competition in this industry has proven a dif- dominant contemporary understanding of ficult experiment. technological change as the driver of history. 11 “The best available synthesis of the entire 2016 — 304 pp. — 27 illus. — paper span of electricity politics from the early 20th $25.00/£18.95 Century to today.” 978-0-262-52979-2 — Kennedy Maize, Power Magazine (Cloth 2012) 2016 — 400 pp. — 30 illus. — paper Engineering Studies series $21.95/£16.95 978-0-262-52978-5 (Cloth 2015)

• Winner, 2016 Computer History Museum Prize, Special Interest Group for Computers, Information, and Society (SIGCIS) THE OUTSOURCER The Story of India’s IT Revolution Dinesh C. Sharma A history of how India became a major player in the global technology industry, mapping technological, economic, and political transformations. “[A] magnificent study that addresses the dearth of scholarship on the history of computing outside the Euro-American context, Sharma’s monograph shows the entangled histories of computing in India and America.” — Science 2015 — 280 pp. — 18 illus. — $30.95/£22.95 978-0-262-02875-2 History of Computing series

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW Now Available in Paperback WHAT ALGORITHMS WANT TURING’S VISION Imagination in the Age of Computing The Birth of Computer Science Ed Finn Chris Bernhardt We depend on — we In 1936, when he was just believe in — algorithms twenty-four years old, Alan to help us get a ride, Turing wrote a remarkable choose which book to paper in which he outlined buy, execute a math- the theory of computation, ematical proof. It’s as laying out the ideas that if we think of code as a underlie all modern comput- magic spell, an incan- ers. This groundbreaking tation to reveal what and powerful theory now we need to know and forms the basis of computer even what we want. science. In Turing’s Vision, Computation casts a Chris Bernhardt explains the cultural shadow that theory, Turing’s most important contribution, for the is shaped by this long tradition of magical general reader. Bernhardt argues that the strength thinking. In What Algorithms Want, Ed Finn of Turing’s theory is its simplicity, and that, explained considers how the algorithm — in practical in a straightforward manner, it is eminently under- terms, “a method for solving a problem”— standable by the nonspecialist. As Marvin Minsky has its roots not only in mathematical logic writes, “the sheer simplicity of the theory’s founda- but also in cybernetics, philosophy, and tion and extraordinary short path from this founda- magical thinking. tion to its logical and surprising conclusions give the theory a mathematical beauty that alone guarantees February 2017 — 248 pp. — 17 b & w illus. it a permanent place in computer theory.” Bernhardt $29.95/£22.95 begins with the foundation and systematically 978-0-262-03592-7 builds to the surprising conclusions. He also views Turing’s theory in the context of mathematical his- • Winner, 2013 American Publishers Award tory, other views of computation (including those of for Professional and Scholarly Excellence Alonzo Church), Turing’s later work, and the birth of (PROSE Award) in Popular Science & the modern computer. Popular Mathematics “A fascinating account of Alan Turing’s epic re- Now Available in Paperback search paper, which kicked off the entire computer revolution. I’m particularly impressed by the amount THE OUTER LIMITS OF REASON of detail the author includes while keeping every- 12 What Science, Mathematics, and Logic thing simple, transparent, and a pleasure to read.” Cannot Tell Us — Ian Stewart, author of In Pursuit of the Noson S. Yanofsky Unknown:17 Equations That Changed the World Many books explain April 2017 — 208 pp. — 15 b & w illus. — paper what is known about $18.95/£14.95 the universe. This book 978-0-262-53351-5 investigates what can- (Cloth 2016) not be known. Noson Yanofsky discusses the ENIAC IN ACTION limitations of comput- Making and Remaking the Modern Computer ers, physics, logic, and our own thought Thomas Haigh, Mark Priestley, and processes. He consid- Crispin Rope ers what cannot be The history of the first programmable electronic predicted, described, computer, from its conception, construction, and or understood. use to its afterlife as a part of computing folklore. “A fascinating resource for anyone who seeks “A nuanced, engaging and thoroughly re- a better understanding of the world through the searched account of the early days of comput- strangeness of its own limitations…” ers, the people who built and operated them, — Publishers Weekly (starred review) and their old and new applications.” “A cornucopia of mind-bending ideas.” — Gil Press, Forbes — Raymond S. Nickerson, 2016 — 352 pp. — 43 illus. — $38.00/£28.95 PsycCRITIQUES 978-0-262-03398-5 2016 — 424 pp. — 118 illus. — paper History of Computing $19.95/£14.95 978-0-262-52984-6 NEW MAPPING ISRAEL, MAPPING PALESTINE How Occupied Landscapes Shape Scientific Knowledge Jess Bier Maps are widely believed to be objective, and data-rich computer-made maps are iconic examples of digital knowledge. It is often claimed that digital maps, and rational boundaries, can solve political conflict. But inMapping Israel, Mapping Palestine, Jess Bier challenges the view that digital maps are universal and value-free. She examines the ways that maps are made in Palestine and Israel to show how social and political landscapes shape the practice of science and technology. How can two scientific cartographers look at the same geographic feature and see fundamentally different things? In part, Bier argues, because knowledge about the Israeli military occupation is shaped by the occupation itself. Ongoing injustices — including checkpoints, roadblocks, and sum- mary arrests — mean that Palestinian and Israeli cartographers have different experiences of the landscape. Palestinian forms of empirical knowledge, including maps, continue to be discounted. Bier examines three representative cases of population, governance, and urban maps. She analyzes Israeli population maps from 1967 to 1995, when Palestinian areas were left blank; Palestin- ian state maps of the late 1990s and early 2000s, which were influenced by Israeli raids on Pales- tinian offices and the legacy of British colonial maps; and urban maps after the Second Intifada, which show how segregated observers produce dramatically different maps of the same area. The geographic production of knowledge, including what and who are considered scientifically legitimate, can change across space and time. April 2017 — 320 pp. — 4 color, 27 b & w illus. — $75.00/£55.95 978-0-262-03615-3

HOW NOT TO NETWORK NEW A NATION HOMO SOVIETICUS The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet Brain Waves, Mind Control, and Telepathic Destiny Benjamin Peters Wladimir Velminski Between 1959 and 1989, translated by Erik Butler Soviet scientists and of- ficials made numerous In October 1989, as the attempts to network their Cold War was ending and nation — to construct the Berlin Wall about to a nationwide computer crumble, television viewers 13 network. None of these in the Soviet Union tuned attempts succeeded, in to the first of a series and the enterprise had of unusual broadcasts. been abandoned by the “Relax, let your thoughts time the Soviet Union wander free . . .” intoned fell apart. Meanwhile, the host, the physician and ARPANET, the American precursor to the In- clinical psychotherapist ternet, went online in 1969. Why did the Soviet Anatoly Mikhailovich network, with top-level scientists and patriotic Kashpirovsky. Moscow’s incentives, fail while the American network Channel One was at- succeeded? In How Not to Network a Nation, tempting mass hypnosis over television, a ther- Benjamin Peters reverses the usual cold war du- apeutic session aimed at reassuring citizens alities and argues that the American ARPANET panicked over the ongoing political upheaval took shape thanks to well-managed state sub- — and aimed at taking control of their re- sidies and collaborative research environments sponses to it. Incredibly enough, this last-ditch and the Soviet network projects stumbled be- effort to rally the citizenry was the culmination cause of unregulated competition among self- of decades of official telepathic research, interested institutions, bureaucrats, and others. cybernetic simulations, and coded messages The capitalists behaved like socialists while the undertaken to reinforce ideological conformity. socialists behaved like capitalists. In Homo Sovieticus, the art and media scholar Wladimir Velminski explores these scientific “[A]n immersive read that covers the ground in and pseudoscientific efforts at mind control. impressive detail.” — John Gilbey, Times Higher Education January 2017 — 136 pp. — 56 b & w illus. Paper — $19.95/£17.95 2016 — 288 pp. — 23 illus. — $38.00/£28.95 978-0-262-03569-9 978-0-262-03418-0

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW NEW DRAWING PHYSICS THE CHARACTER OF 2,600 Years of Discovery from PHYSICAL LAW Thales to Higgs Richard Feynman Don S. Lemons with a new foreword by Frank Wilczek Humans have been trying Richard Feynman was to understand the physical one of the most famous universe since antiquity. and important physicists Aristotle had one vision of the second half of (the realm of the celestial the twentieth century. spheres is perfect), and Awarded the Nobel Prize Einstein another (all motion for Physics in 1965, cel- is relativistic). More often ebrated for his spirited than not, these different and engaging lectures, understandings begin with and briefly a star on the a simple drawing, a pre- evening news for his pres- mathematical picture of ence on the commission reality. Such drawings are a humble but effective investigating the explo- tool of the physicist’s craft, part of the tradition sion of the space shuttle of thinking, teaching, and learning passed down Challenger, Feynman is best known for his con- through the centuries. This book uses drawings to tributions to the field of quantum electrodynam- help explain fifty-one key ideas of physics acces- ics. The Character of Physical Law, drawn from sibly and engagingly. Don Lemons, a professor Feynman’s famous 1964 series of Messenger of physics and author of several physics books, Lectures at Cornell, offers an introduction to pairs short, elegantly written essays with simple modern physics — and to Feynman at his witty drawings that together convey important con- and enthusiastic best. cepts from the history of physical science. Feynman offers an overview of selected physi- January 2017 — 272 pp. — 81 b & w illus. — $27.95 cal laws and gathers their common features, 978-0-262-03590-3 (For sale in North America only) arguing that the importance of a physical law is not “how clever we are to have found it out” but “how clever nature is to pay attention to NEW it.” He discusses such topics as the interac- IS THE UNIVERSE A tion of mathematics and physics, the principle of conservation, the puzzle of symmetry, and HOLOGRAM? the process of scientific discovery. A foreword And Other Conversations with by 2004 Physics Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek 14 Leading Scientists updates some of Feynman’s observations — Adolfo Plasencia noting, however, “the need for these particular Foreword by Tim O’Reilly updates enhances rather than detracts from the book.” In The Character of Physical Law, Science today is more Feynman chose to grapple with issues at the a process of collabora- forefront of physics that seemed unresolved, tion than moments of important, and approachable. individual “eurekas.” This book recreates that kind 2016 — 184 pp. — paper — $17.95 of synergy by offering 978-0-262-53341-6 a series of intercon- (For sale in North America, South America and Asia only) nected dialogues with leading scientists who NEW are asked to reflect on key questions and con- ROBOTS cepts about the physical John Jordan world, technology, and the mind. These thinkers In this book, technology offer both specific observations and broader analyst John Jordan offers comments about the intellectual traditions that an accessible and engag- inform these questions; doing so, they reveal a ing introduction to robots rich seam of interacting ideas. and robotics, covering state-of-the-art applica- May 2017 — 528 pp. — 35 illus. tions, economic implica- $29.95/£22.95 tions, and cultural context. 978-0-262-03601-6 2016 — 232 pp. — 6 illus. Paper — $15.95/£11.95 978-0-262-52950-1 The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series NEW NEW KNOWLEDGE FOR SALE REBEL GENIUS The Neoliberal Takeover of Higher Warren S. McCulloch’s Education Transdisciplinary Life in Science Lawrence Busch Tara H. Abraham A new philosophy of higher education has tak- Warren S. Mc- en hold in institutions around the world. Its sup- Culloch (1898–1969) porters disavow the pursuit of knowledge for adopted many its own sake and argue that the only knowledge identities in his sci- worth pursuing is that with more or less immedi- entific life — among ate market value. Every other kind of learning is them philosopher, downgraded, its budget cut. In Knowledge for poet, neurologist, Sale, Lawrence Busch challenges this market- neurophysiologist, driven approach. neuropsychiatrist, collaborator, theo- The rationale for the current thinking, Busch ex- rist, cybernetician, plains, comes from neoliberal economics, which mentor, engineer. calls for reorganizing society around the needs He was, writes Tara of the market. The market-influenced changes Abraham in this ac- to higher education include shifting the cost of count of McCulloch’s life and work, “an education from the state to the individual, turn- intellectual showman,” and performed ing education from a public good to a private this part throughout his career. While Mc- good subject to consumer demand; redefining Culloch claimed a common thread in his higher education as a search for the highest- work was the problem of mind and its rela- paying job; and turning scholarly research into a tionship to the brain, there was much more competition based on metrics including number to him than that. In Rebel Genius, Abraham of citations and value of grants. Students, ad- uses McCulloch’s life as a window to a ministrators, and scholars have begun to think past scientific age, showing the complex of themselves as economic actors rather than transformations that took place in Ameri- seekers of knowledge. can brain and mind science in the twentieth Arguing for active resistance to this takeover, century — particularly those surrounding Busch urges us to burst the neoliberal bubble, the cybernetics movement. to imagine a future not dictated by the market, “Through its discussions of McCulloch in a future in which there is a more educated citi- the round, Rebel Genius is an excellent por- zenry and in which the old dichotomies — mar- trait of the man and his time, and a signifi- ket and state, nature and culture, and equality cant contribution to the history of science.” and liberty — break down. 15 — Nature January 2017 — 184 pp. — 1 b & w illus. 2016 — 312 pp. — 17 illus. — $40.00/£29.95 $24.95/£18.95 978-0-262-03509-5 978-0-262-03607-8 Infrastructures series

Also available • Winner, 2015 American Publishers Award for EMBODIMENTS OF MIND Professional and Scholarly Excellence (PROSE Award) in Education Practice Warren S. McCulloch Foreword by Jerome Y. Lettvin Now Available in Paperback Introduction by Seymour A. Papert REVOLUTION IN HIGHER with a new foreword and biographical essay by Michael A. Arbib EDUCATION How a Small Band of Innovators Will Writings by a thinker — a psychiatrist, a Make College Accessible and Affordable philosopher, a cybernetician, and a poet — Richard A. DeMillo whose ideas about mind and brain were far Foreword by Andrew J. Young ahead of his time. A report from the front lines of higher educa- 2016 — 464 pp. — 75 illus. — paper tion and technology that chronicles efforts to $45.00/£34.95 transform teaching, learning, and opportunity. 978-0-262-52961-7 February 2017 — 360 pp. — 14 b & w illus. Paper — $19.95/£14.95 978-0-262-53361-4 (Cloth 2015)

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW NEW PROGRAMMED INEQUALITY STUCK IN THE How Britain Discarded Women SHALLOW END Technologists and Lost Its Edge Education, Race, and Computing in Computing Updated Edition Marie Hicks Jane Margolis In 1944, Britain led the with Rachel Estrella, Joanna Goode, world in electronic com- Jennifer Jellison Holme, and Kim Nao puting. By 1974, the British The number of African Americans and computer industry was Latino/as receiving undergraduate and all but extinct. What hap- advanced degrees in computer science is pened in the intervening disproportionately low. And relatively few thirty years holds lessons African American and Latino/a high school for all postindustrial super- students receive the kind of institutional powers. As Britain strug- encouragement, educational opportuni- gled to use technology to ties, and preparation needed for them to retain its global power, the choose computer science as a field of nation’s inability to man- study and profession. In Stuck in the Shal- age its technical labor force hobbled its transi- low End, Jane Margolis and coauthors tion into the information age. look at the daily experiences of students In Programmed Inequality, Marie Hicks explores the and teachers in three Los Angeles public story of labor feminization and gendered technoc- high schools: an overcrowded urban high racy that undercut British efforts to computerize. school, a math and science magnet school, That failure sprang from the government’s system- and a well-funded school in an affluent atic neglect of its largest trained technical work- neighborhood. They find an insidious “vir- force simply because they were women. Women tual segregation” that maintains inequality. were a hidden engine of growth in high technology Stuck in the Shallow End is a story of how from World War II to the 1960s. As computing ex- inequality is reproduced in America — and perienced a gender flip, becoming male-identified how students and teachers, given the in the 1960s and 1970s, labor problems grew into necessary tools, can change the system. structural ones and gender discrimination caused Since the 2008 publication of Stuck in the the nation’s largest computer user — the civil ser- Shallow End, the book has found an eager vice and sprawling public sector — to make deci- audience among teachers, school admin- sions that were disastrous for the British computer istrators, and academics. This updated industry and the nation as a whole. edition offers a new preface detailing the Drawing on recently opened government files, per- 16 progress in making computer science sonal interviews, and the archives of major British accessible to all, a new postscript, and computer companies, Programmed Inequality takes discussion questions (coauthored by Jane aim at the fiction of technological meritocracy. Margolis and Joanna Goode). Hicks explains why, even today, possessing techni- February 2017 — 240 pp. — 2 b & w illus. cal skill is not enough to ensure that women will rise Paper — $25.00/£18.95 to the top in science and technology fields. 978-0-262-53346-1 January 2017 — 352 pp. — 29 b & w illus. $37.00/£27.95 978-0-262-03554-5

• 2015 Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize, History of Science Society GIRLS COMING TO TECH! A History of American Engineering Education for Women Amy Sue Bix How women coped with both formal barriers and informal opposition to their entry into the traditionally masculine field of engineering in American higher education. “A fascinating account of how women’s enrollment in American undergraduate engineering programs gradually rose and of the many challenges women encountered as students and then professionals.” — Maria Klawe, Science 2014 — 304 pp. — 25 illus. — $37.00/£27.95 978-0-262-01954-5 Engineering Studies series NEW Now Available in Paperback HEREDITY EXPLORED THE GENEALOGY OF A GENE Between Public Domain and Experimental Patents, HIV/AIDS, and Race Science, 1850–1930 Myles W. Jackson edited by Staffan Müller-Wille and Christina Brandt In The Genealogy of a Gene, Myles Jackson This book examines the wide uses the story of the range of scientific and social CCR5 gene to investi- arenas in which the concept gate the interrelation- of inheritance gained rel- ships among science, evance in the late nineteenth technology, and and early twentieth centuries. society. The CCR5 Although genetics emerged gene began as a small as a scientific discipline dur- sequence of DNA, ing this period, the idea of became a patented inheritance also played a product of a corpora- role in a variety of medical, tion, and then, when it agricultural, industrial, and was found to be an AIDS virus co-receptor political contexts. with a key role in the immune system, it became part of the biomedical research world The book, which follows an earlier collection, — and a potential moneymaker for the Heredity Produced (covering the period 1500 to pharmaceutical industry. When it was fur- 1870), addresses heredity in national debates over ther discovered that a mutation of the gene identity, kinship, and reproduction; biopolitical found in certain populations conferred near- conceptions of heredity, degeneration, and gender; immunity to the AIDS virus, questions about agro-industrial contexts for newly emerging genetic race and genetics arose. Jackson describes rationality; heredity and medical research; and the these developments in the context of larger genealogical constructs and experimental systems issues, including the rise of “biocapitalism,” of genetics that turned heredity into a representable the patentability of products of nature, the and manipulable object. Taken together, the essays difference between U.S. and European in Heredity Explored show that a history of heredity patenting approaches, and the relevance of includes much more than the history of genetics, race and ethnicity to medical research. and that knowledge of heredity was always more than the knowledge formulated as Mendelism. It “An exceptionally well-documented analy- was the broader public discourse of heredity in all sis of the intricacies and dilemmas of mod- its contexts that made modern genetics possible. ern biomedical science through the win- Contributors: C. Arni, C. Bonneuil, C. Brandt, L. Campos, dow of a gene — intimately involved in the J. P. Gaudillière, B. Gausemeier, J. Gayon, V. Lipphardt, outcome of one of the greatest pandemics 17 I. Löwy, J. A. Mendelsohn, S. Müller-Wille, D. B. Paul, of modern times.” T. M. Porter, A. Pottage, H. J. Rheinberger, M. L. Richmond, — Robert C. Gallo, Cell H. Satzinger, J. Johns Schloegel, A. von Schwerin, H. G. Spencer, U. Vedder February 2017 — 352 pp. — 14 figures Paper — $25.00/£18.95 2016 — 480 pp. — 6 illus. — $49.00/£36.95 978-0-262-53378-2 978-0-262-03443-2 (Cloth 2015) Transformations: Studies in the History of Science Transformations: Studies in the History of and Technology Science and Technology

NEW REORDERING LIFE Knowledge and Control in the Genomics Revolution Stephen Hilgartner The rise of genomics engendered intense struggle over the control of knowledge. In Reordering Life, Stephen Hilgartner examines the “genomics revolution” and develops a novel approach to studying the dynamics of change in knowledge and control. Hilgartner focuses on the Human Genome Project (HGP) — the symbolic and scientific centerpiece of the emerging field — showing how problems of governance arose in concert with new knowledge and technology. Using a theoretical framework that analyzes “knowledge control regimes,” Hilgartner investigates change in how control was secured, contested, allocated, resisted, justified, and reshaped as biological knowledge was transformed. Beyond illuminating genomics, Reordering Life sheds new light on broader issues about secrecy and openness in science, data access and ownership, and the politics of research communities. March 2017 — 320 pp. — 15 b & w illus. — $35.00/£24.95 978-0-262-03586-6 Inside Technology series

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW NEW WHAT DO SCIENCE, INFRASTRUCTURAL ECOLOGIES Alternate Development Models for TECHNOLOGY, AND INNOVATION Emerging Economies MEAN FROM AFRICA? Hillary Brown and Byron Stigge edited by Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga Many emerging nations, particularly those least developed, lack basic critical infrastructural In the STI literature, Africa has often been re- services — affordable energy, clean drinking garded as a recipient of science, technology, water, dependable sanitation, and effective and innovation rather than a maker of them. In public transportation, along with reliable food this book, scholars from a range of disciplines systems. Many of these countries cannot afford show that STI in Africa is not merely the prod- the complex and resource-intensive systems uct of “technology transfer” from elsewhere based on Western, single-sector, industrialized but the working of African knowledge. Their models. In this book, Hillary Brown and Byron contributions focus on African ways of looking, Stigge propose an alternate model for planning meaning-making, and creating. The chapter au- and designing infrastructural services in the thors see Africans as intellectual agents whose emerging market context. This new model is perspectives constitute authoritative knowledge holistic and integrated, resilient and sustainable, and whose strategic deployment of both en- economical and equitable, creating an infra- dogenous and inbound things represents an structural ecology that is more analogous to the African-centered notion of STI. “Things do not functioning of natural ecosystems. (always) mean the same from everywhere,” ob- May 2017 — 304 pp. — 63 color illus. — paper serves Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga, the $30.00/£22.95 volume’s editor. Western, colonialist definitions 978-0-262-53386-7 of STI are not universalizable. Cloth — $90.00/£66.95 The contributors discuss topics that include 978-0-262-03633-7 the trivialization of indigenous knowledge under colonialism; the creative labor of chimurenga, the transformation of everyday ASSEMBLING POLICY surroundings into military infrastructure; the Transantiago, Human Devices, and the role of enslaved Africans in America as innova- Dream of a World-Class Society tors and synthesizers; the African ethos of “fix- Sebastián Ureta ing”; the constitutive appropriation that makes mobile technologies African; and an African Policymakers are innovation strategy that builds on domestic ca- regularly confronted by pacities. The contributions describe an Africa complaints that ordinary 18 that is creative, technological, and scientific, people are left out of the showing that African STI is the latest iteration planning and managing of a long process of accumulative, multicul- of complex infrastructure tural knowledge production. projects. In this book, Sebastián Ureta argues Contributors: G. Augusto, S. Chirikure, C. Daniels, that humans, both indi- R. Eglash, E. Foster, G. E. Louis, D. A. Masolo, C. Chakanetsa Mavhunga, N. Nazemi, T. Odumosu, vidually and collectively, K. Pype, S. Remer are always at the heart of infrastructure policy; April 2017 — 232 pp. — 25 b & w illus. the issue is how they are Paper — $36.00/£26.95 brought into it. Ureta develops his argument 978-0-262-53390-4 through the case of Transantiago, a massive public transportation project in the city of TRANSIENT WORKSPACES Santiago, proposed in 2000, launched in 2007, Technologies of Everyday Innovation and in 2012 called “the worst public policy in Zimbabwe ever implemented in our country” by a Chilean Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga government spokesman. 2015 — 240 pp. — 22 illus. — $39.00/£28.95 An account of technology 978-0-262-02987-2 in Africa from an African Infrastructures series perspective, examining hunting in Zimbabwe as an example of an innovative mobile workspace. Call Toll Free in North America: 1-800-405-1619 2014 — 256 pp. — 30 illus. $36.00/£26.95 To receive a 25% discount, please give 978-0-262-02724-3 the operator code M17STS25 when Mobility Studies series placing your order. NEW • Amsterdamska Award Winner, European Association for the Study of Science and DEMOCRATIC EXPERIMENTS Technology (EASST) Problematizing Nanotechnology and Democracy in Europe and the United States BEYOND IMPORTED MAGIC Brice Laurent Essays on Science, Technology, and Society in Latin America In Democratic Experiments, Brice Laurent discusses edited by Eden Medina, the challenges that emerging technologies create for Ivan da Costa Marques, and democracy today. He focuses on nanotechnology Christina Holmes and its attendant problems, proposing nanotechnol- Foreword by Marcos Cueto ogy as a lens through which to understand contemporary democracy in both theory and practice. Argu- The essays in this ing that democracy is at stake where nanotechnology volume study the is defined as a problem, Laurent examines the sites creation, adaptation, where nanotechnology is discussed and debated by and use of science scientists, policymakers, and citizens. It is at these and technology in sites where the joint production of nanotechnology Latin America. They and the democratic order can be observed. challenge the view Focusing on the United States, France, and Europe, that scientific ideas and various international organizations, Laurent and technology travel analyzes representations of nanotechnology in unchanged from the science museums, collective discussions in partici- global North to the patory settings, the making of categories such as global South — the “nanomaterials” or a “responsible innovation” in view of technology standardization and regulatory arenas, and initia- as “imported magic.” tives undertaken by social movements. He con- They describe not only alternate pathways trasts American debates, in which the concern for for innovation, invention, and discovery but public objectivity is central, with the French “state also how ideas and technologies circulate experiment,” the European goal of harmonization, in Latin American contexts and transnation- and the international concern with a global market. ally. The contributors’ explorations of these In France, public debate proceeded in response to issues, and their examination of specific public protest and encountered a radical critique Latin American experiences with science of technological development; the United States and technology, offer a broader, more experimented with an innovative approach to nuanced understanding of how science, technology assessment. The European regulatory technology, politics, and power interact in approach results in lengthy debates over political the past and present. integration; the United States relies on the adver- 2014 — 408 pp. — 24 illus. — paper sarial functioning of federal agencies. Because 19 $37.00/£27.95 nanotechnology is a domain where concerns over 978-0-262-52620-3 anticipation and participation are pervasive, Laurent Inside Technology series argues, nanotechnology — and science and technology studies more generally — provides a relevant focus for a renewed analysis of democracy. SITUATED INTERVENTION Sociological Experiments in Health Care February 2017 — 288 pp. — 1 b & w illus. $40.00/£29.95 Teun Zuiderent-Jerak 978-0-262-03576-7 In this book, Teun Zuiderent-Jerak considers how the direct involvement of social scien- • Co-Winner, 2014 Donald McGannon Award for tists in the practices they study can lead to Social and Ethical Relevance in Communication the production of sociological knowledge. Technology Research Neither “detached” sociological scholarship nor “engaged” social science, this new LOW POWER TO THE PEOPLE approach to sociological research brings Pirates, Protest, and Politics together two activities often viewed as in FM Radio Activism belonging to different realms: intervening Christina Dunbar-Hester in practices and furthering scholarly understanding of them. Zuiderent-Jerak illustrates An examination of how activists combine political situated intervention research with a series advocacy and technical practice in their promo- of examples drawn from health care. tion of the emancipatory potential of local low- 2015 — 256 pp. — 17 illus. — $37.00/£27.95 power FM radio. 978-0-262-02938-4 2014 — 320 pp. — 25 illus. — $38.00/£28.95 Inside Technology series 978-0-262-02812-7 Inside Technology series

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW NEW REMAKING THE NEWS STREAMING, SHARING, Essays on the Future of Journalism STEALING in the Digital Age Big Data and the Future of Entertainment edited by Pablo J. Boczkowski and Michael D. Smith and Rahul Telang C. W. Anderson Traditional network televi- The use of digital technology has sion programming has transformed the way news is produced, always followed the same distributed, and received. Just as media script: executives approve organizations and journalists have real- a pilot, order a trial number ized that technology is a central and of episodes, and broadcast indispensable part of their enterprise, them, expecting viewers to scholars of journalism have shifted watch a given show on their their focus to the role of technology. In television sets at the same Remaking the News, leading scholars time every week. But then chart the future of studies on technol- came Netflix’s House of ogy and journalism in the digital age. Cards. Netflix gauged the show’s potential from data These ongoing changes in journalism it had gathered about sub- invite scholars to rethink how they ap- scribers’ preferences, ordered two seasons with- proach this dynamic field of inquiry. The out seeing a pilot, and uploaded the first thirteen contributors consider theoretical and episodes all at once for viewers to watch when- methodological issues; concepts from the ever they wanted on the devices of their choice. social science canon that can help make sense of journalism; the occupational cul- In this book, Michael Smith and Rahul Telang, ture and practice of journalism; and major experts on entertainment analytics, show how the gaps in current scholarship on the news: success of House of Cards upended the film and analyses of inequality, history, and failure. TV industries — and how companies like Amazon and Apple are changing the rules in other enter- Contributors: M. Ananny, C. W. Anderson, R. Benson, P. J. Boczkowski, M. X. Delli Carpini, tainment industries, notably publishing and music. M. Deuze, W. H. Dutton, M¡. Hindman, We’re living through a period of unprecedented S. C. Lewis, E. Mitchelstein, W. R. Neuman, technological disruption in the entertainment in- R. Kleis Nielsen, Z. Papacharissi, V. Pickard, dustries. Just about everything is affected: pricing, M. Prenger, S. Robinson, M. Schudson, production, distribution, piracy. Smith and Telang J. B. Singer, N. Jomini Stroud, K. Wahl-Jorgensen, R. Zamith discuss niche products and the long tail, product differentiation, price discrimination, and incen- May 2017 — 312 pp. — 2 b & w illus. tives for users not to steal content. To survive and 20 $40.00/£29.95 succeed, businesses have to adapt rapidly and 978-0-262-03609-2 creatively. Smith and Telang explain how. Inside Technology series “Streaming, Sharing, Stealing identifies the many ways technology is changing the entertainment business, and how these changes are shifting the MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES foundations of our industry. If you work in publish- Essays on Communication, ing, music, or film, you need to read this book.” Materiality, and Society — Ruth Vitale, CEO CreativeFuture edited by Tarleton Gillespie, 2016 — 232 pp. — 8 illus. — $29.95/£22.95 Pablo J. Boczkowski, and Kirsten A. Foot 978-0-262-03479-1

Scholars from com- NEW munication and media studies join those THE END OF OWNERSHIP from science and Personal Property in the Digital Economy technology studies to Aaron Perzanowski and Jason Schultz examine media technologies as complex, In The End of Ownership, Aaron Perzanowski and sociomaterial phe- Jason Schultz explore how notions of ownership nomena. have shifted in the digital marketplace, and make an argument for the benefits of personal property. 2014 — 400 pp. 10 illus. — paper 2016 — 256 pp. — 6 illus. — $29.95/£22.95 $36.00/£26.95 978-0-262-03501-9 978-0-262-52537-4 The Information Society series Inside Technology series UPDATING TO REMAIN Now Available in Paperback THE SAME A PREHISTORY OF THE CLOUD Habitual New Media Tung-Hui Hu Wendy Hui Kyong Chun We may imagine the New media — we are told digital cloud as place- — exist at the bleeding less, mute, ethereal, and edge of obsolescence. unmediated. Yet the reality We thus forever try to of the cloud is embodied catch up, updating to in thousands of massive remain the same. Mean- data centers, any one of while, analytic, creative, which can use as much and commercial efforts electricity as a midsized focus exclusively on the town. In this book, Tung- next big thing: figuring Hui Hu examines the gap out what will spread and between the real and the who will spread it the virtual in our understanding of the cloud. fastest. But what do we miss in this constant push Hu shows that the cloud grew out of such to the future? In Updating to Remain the Same, older networks as railroad tracks, sewer lines, Wendy Hui Kyong Chun suggests another ap- and television circuits. Countering the popular proach, arguing that our media matter most perception of a new “cloudlike” political pow- when they seem not to matter at all — when er that is dispersed and immaterial, he argues they have moved from “new” to habitual. Smart that the cloud grafts digital technologies onto phones, for example, no longer amaze, but they older ways of exerting power over a popula- increasingly structure and monitor our lives. tion. Moving between the materiality of the Through habits, Chun says, new media become technology itself and its cultural rhetoric, Hu’s embedded in our lives — indeed, we become account offers a set of new tools for rethinking our machines: we stream, update, capture, up- the contemporary digital environment. load, link, save, trash, and troll. “[Hu’s] approach is eclectic and unpredict- Chun links habits to the rise of networks as the able, full of unexpected riffs on Victorian sew- defining concept of our era. Networks have age systems, the history of television, coun- been central to the emergence of neoliberal- terculture seekers, and the chilling final scene ism, replacing “society” with groupings of of Francis Ford Coppola’s paranoid classic individuals and connectable “YOUS.” (For ‘The Conversation.’ isn’t “new media” actually “NYOU media”?) — Hua Hsu, The New Yorker Habit is central to the inversion of privacy “The realm of the cloud does not countenance and publicity that drives neoliberalism and loss, but when we touch it, we corrupt it. The 21 networks. Why do we view our networked word for such a system — a memory that devices as “personal” when they are so chatty preserves, encrypts and mystifies a lost love- and promiscuous? What would happen, Chun object — is indeed melancholy. Hu’s is asks, if, rather than pushing for privacy that is a deeply melancholy book and for that reason, no privacy, we demanded public rights — the a valuable one.” right to be exposed, to take risks and to be in — New Scientist public and not be attacked? 2016 — 240 pp. — 23 illus. — paper 2016 — 200 pp. — 44 illus. — $32.00/£23.95 $17.95/£13.95 978-0-262-03449-4 978-0-262-52996-9 (Cloth 2015)

THE INTERNET OF THINGS Samuel Greengard A guided tour through the Internet of Things, a networked world of connect- ed devices, objects, and people that is changing the way we live and work. “Reading this important overview will give you a good grounding as to where this rapidly evolving field is heading.” — John Gilbey, Times Higher Education 2015 — 184 pp. — paper — $16.95/£12.95 978-0-262-52773-6 The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout Now Available in Paperback PRODUCING POWER UNMAKING THE BOMB The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet Nuclear Industry A Fissile Material Approach to Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation Sonja D. Schmid Harold A. Feiveson, Alexander Glaser, An examination of how Zia Mian, Frank N. von Hippel the technical choices, social hierarchies, A new approach to economic structures, nuclear disarmament, and political dynamics nonproliferation, and the shaped the Soviet nucle- prevention of nuclear ar industry leading up terrorism that focuses on to Chernobyl. controlling the production and stockpiling of “Absolutely the nuclear materials. most thorough book on Chernobyl, with “A powerful instrument unmatched research, for all who seek a better a sharp sociological vision, and concern with nuclear future.” organizational power. A must.” — James E. Doyle, Arms — Charles Perrow, Professor Emeritus of Control Today Sociology, Yale University “This book should be 2015 — 384 pp. — 15 illus. — $40.00/£29.95 read and carefully considered by every serious 978-0-262-02827-1 student of the world nuclear situation.” Inside Technology series — Cameron Reed, Physics and Society 2016 — 296 pp. — 37 illus. — paper $25.00/£18.95 THE POLITICS OF INVISIBILITY 978-0-262-52972-3 Public Knowledge about Radiation (Cloth 2014) Health Effects after Chernobyl Olga Kuchinskaya • 2012 Martin A. Klein Prize in African History, Lessons from the mas- American Historical Association sive Chernobyl nuclear • 2013 Robert K. Merton Prize, accident about how American Sociological Association we deal with modern • 2013 Susanne M. Glasscock Humanities hazards that are largely 22 Book Prize for Interdisciplinary Scholarship imperceptible. • Finalist, 2013 Melville Herkovits Award, 2014 — 248 pp. African Studies Association 6 illus — $35.00/£24.95 978-0-262-02769-4 BEING NUCLEAR (Cloth 2014) Africans and the Global Uranium Trade Infrastructures series Gabrielle Hecht The hidden history of Af- rican uranium and what VULNERABILITY IN it means — for a state, TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURES an object, an industry, New Directions in Research and a workplace — to be Governance “nuclear.” edited by Anique Hommels, “This book helps change Jessica Mesman, and Wiebe E. Bijker permanently how we think of nuclear topics.” Analysis and case stud- — Itty Abraham, ies explore the concept Technology and Culture of vulnerability, offering a novel and broader ap- 2014 — 480 pp. — 53 illus. — paper proach to understanding $22.95/£17.95 the risks and benefits of 978-0-262-52686-9 science and technology. (Cloth 2012) 2014 — 352 pp. 11 illus. — paper $36.00/£26.95 978-0-262-52580-0 NEW THE DISTRACTED MIND Ancient Brains in a High-Tech World Adam Gazzaley and Larry D. Rosen Most of us will freely admit that we are obsessed with our devices. We pride ourselves on our ability to multitask — read work email, reply to a text, check Facebook, watch a video clip. Talk on the phone, send a text, drive a car. Enjoy family dinner with a glowing smartphone next to our plates. We can do it all, 24/7! Never mind the errors in the email, the near-miss on the road, and the unheard conversation at the table. In The Distracted Mind, Adam Gazzaley and Larry Rosen — a neuroscientist and a psychologist — explain why our brains aren’t built for multitasking, and suggest better ways to live in a high-tech world without giving up our modern technology. “Gazzaley and Rosen’s work is brilliant and practical, just what we need in these techno- human times.” — Jack Kornfield, Author of The Wise Heart “The book strikes an outstanding balance between cutting-edge scientific knowledge and practical suggestions for effectively coping with today’s unprecedented technological de- mands, which result in distracted minds at all ages and make us want to believe in the myth of multitasking.” — Pat DeLeon, former President of the American Psychological Association 2016 — 296 pp. — 13 illus. — $27.95/£19.95 978-0-262-03494-4

DRONE NEW Remote Control Warfare PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY Hugh Gusterson AND THE ENVIRONMENT Drone warfare described edited by David Kaplan from the perspectives of drone operators, victims Environmental philosophy and philosophy of of drone attacks, anti- technology have taken divergent paths despite drone activists, interna- their common interest in examining human 23 tional law, military think- modification of the natural world. Yet philoso- ers, and others. phers from each field have a lot to contribute to the other. Environmental issues inevitably “Drone is a brilliant involve technologies, and technologies inevita- and disturbing account bly have environmental impacts. In this book, of the global reach of prominent scholars from both fields illuminate American power and the the intersections of environmental philosophy profound limits of tech- and philosophy of technology, offering the be- nological mastery.” ginnings of a rich new hybrid discourse. — Prospect Contributors: B. Allenby, R. Anthony, P. Brey, J. Baird “Hugh Gusterson’s Drone is the most intel- Callicott, B. Clark, W. Galusky, R. Gunderson, B. Hale, ligent analysis of drone warfare currently avail- C. Heyward, D. Idhe, M. Sagoff, J. Savulescu, able — and the most probing critique of how P. B. Thompson, I. van de Poel, Z. Wei, K. Powys Whyte the United States is using drones in places like January 2017 — 272 pp. — 5 figures — paper Pakistan and Yemen.” $30.00/£22.95 — Michael Walzer, author of Just and 978-0-262-53316-4 Unjust Wars Cloth — $90.00/£66.95 2016 — 216 pp. — 13 ilus. — $24.95/£18.95 978-0-262-03566-8 978-0-262-03467-8

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW • 2016 Nancy Baym Book Award, sponsored by the Association of Internet Researchers THE WORLD MADE MEME Now Available in Paperback Public Conversations and Participatory Media THIS IS WHY WE CAN’T HAVE Ryan M. Milner NICE THINGS Internet memes — Mapping the Relationship between digital snippets that Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture can make a joke, Whitney Phillips make a point, or make Why the troll problem is a connection — are actually a culture prob- now a lingua franca lem: how online trolling of online life. They are fits comfortably within collectively created, today’s media landscape. circulated, and transformed by countless “Opens up an oppor- users across vast tunity for much-needed networks. Most of us dialogue about the ethi- have seen the cat playing the piano, Kanye co-political implications interrupting, Kanye interrupting the cat play- of online antagonism.” ing the piano. In The World Made Meme, — PopMatters Ryan Milner argues that memes, and the “A terrific introduction memetic process, are shaping public con- to the world of trolling, exploring how trolls versation. It’s hard to imagine a major pop put on figurative masks (or literal masks in the cultural or political moment that doesn’t case of online anonymity) and generate lulz generate a constellation of memetic texts. from those they encounter.” Memetic media, Milner writes, offer partici- — Curtis Frye, Technology and Society pation by reappropriation, balancing the Book Reviews familiar and the foreign as new iterations intertwine with established ideas. New 2016 — 256 pp.— 12 illus. — paper commentary is crafted by the mediated $17.95/£13.95 circulation and transformation of old ideas. 978-0-262-52987-7 Through memetic media, small strands (Cloth 2015) weave together big conversations. 2016 — 272 pp. — 80 illus. — $32.00/£23.95 Now Available in Paperback 978-0-262-03499-9 The Information Society series READING THE COMMENTS 24 Likers, Haters, and Manipulators at the Bottom of the Web Joseph M. Reagle, Jr. Now Available in Paperback Online comment can be OBFUSCATION informative or misleading, A User’s Guide for Privacy and Protest entertaining or madden- Finn Brunton and Helen Nissenbaum ing. In this book, Joseph Reagle urges us to read How we can evade, the comments. Conver- protest, and sabotage sations “on the bottom today’s pervasive digital half of the Internet,” he surveillance by deploying argues, can tell us much more data, not less — about human nature and and why we should. social behavior. “Packs utility, charm “An especially virtuous and conviction into its endeavor given that so tightly-composed 100- many of us are now con- page core. . . . The lucid, tinually engaged in our own fitful projects of authoritative, accessible online content creation.” and thought-provoking — Mark O’Connell, The New Yorker text that results is a plea- 2016 — 240 pp. — 12 illus. — paper sure to read.” $17.95/£13.95 — Julia Powles, The Guardian 978-0-262-52988-4 2016 — 136 pp. — paper — $15.95/£11.95 (Cloth 2015) 978-0-262-52986-0 (Cloth 2015) NEW NEW FRAMING INTERNET SAFETY The Governance of Youth Online UNCOMMON PEOPLE Digital Technologies and the Nathan W. Fisk Struggle for Community An examination of youth Internet safety as a Jessa Lingel technology of governance, seen in panics over online pornography, predators, bullying, and Whether by accidental keystroke or deliber- reputation management. ate tinkering, technology is often used in ways that are unintended and unimagined December 2016 — 240 pp. — $35.00/£24.95 by its designers and inventors. In Uncom- 978-0-262-03515-6 mon People, Jessa Lingel offers an account The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur of digital technology use that looks beyond Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning Silicon Valley and college dropouts-turned- entrepreneurs. Instead, Lingel tells stories Now Available in Paperback from the margins of countercultural communities that have made the Internet meet DISCONNECTED their needs, subverting established norms Youth, New Media, and the Ethics Gap of how digital technologies should be used. Carrie James Lingel presents three case studies that How young people think contrast the imagined uses of the web to its about the moral and lived and often messy practicalities. She ex- ethical dilemmas they en- amines a social media platform (developed counter when they share long before Facebook) for body modifica- and use online content tion enthusiasts, with early web experiments and participate in online in blogging, community, wikis, online dating, communities. and podcasts; a network of communication technologies (both analog and digital) devel- “James’s work is relevant oped by a local community of punk rockers for any parent, teacher, to manage information about underground graduate student, and shows; and the use of Facebook and Insta- professor who has ever gram for both promotional and community wondered, in response to purposes by Brooklyn drag queens. Drawing a young person’s ethically questionable deci- on years of fieldwork, Lingel explores issues sion online, What were they thinking?” of alterity and community, inclusivity and — Nancy Clare Morgan, Journal of Digital and exclusivity, secrecy and surveillance, and Media Literacy anonymity and self-promotion. 2016 — 200 pp. — paper — $17.95/£13.95 By examining online life in terms of coun- 25 978-0-262-52941-9 tercultural communities, Lingel argues that (Cloth 2014) looking at outsider experiences helps us to The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur imagine new uses and possibilities for the Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning tools and platforms we use in everyday life. March 2017 — 192 pp. — 9 b & w illus. NEW $30.00/£22.95 SOCIAL MEDIA ARCHEOLOGY 978-0-262-03621-4 AND POETICS edited by Judy Malloy NEW First person accounts by pioneers in the field, classic essays, and new scholarship docu- GIVING VOICE ment the collaborative and creative practices Mobile Communication, Disability, and Inequality of early social media. Meryl Alper “Judy Malloy fashions a rich, historic tapestry on the loom of the Internet and contemporary How communication technologies meant to technologies of the twentieth century. We re- empower people with speech disorders — to discover our human, social roots in this primary give voice to the voiceless — are still subject source rendering of the interplay of social me- to disempowering structural inequalities. dia and technology.” January 2017 — 280 pp. — 4 b & w illus., — Vint Cerf, Chief Internet Evangelist, Google 7 tables — $37.00/£27.95 2016 — 472 pp. — 23 illus. — $45.00/£34.95 978-0-262- 03558-3 978-0-262-03465-4 A Leonardo Book

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW • Winner, 2015 American Publishers Award BIG DATA IS NOT A MONOLITH for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (PROSE Award) in Computing & edited by Cassidy R. Sugimoto, Information Sciences Hamid R. Ekbia, and Michael Mattioli Now Available in Paperback Big data is ubiquitous but heterogeneous. Big data BIG DATA, LITTLE DATA, can be used to tally clicks NO DATA and traffic on web pages, Scholarship in the Networked World find patterns in stock trades, Christine L. Borgman track consumer preferences, identify linguistic correlations An examination of the in large corpuses of texts. uses of data within a This book examines big data changing knowledge not as an undifferentiated infrastructure, offer- whole but contextually, inves- ing analysis and case tigating the varied challenges studies from the sci- posed by big data for health, ences, social scienc- science, law, commerce, and es, and humanities. politics. Taken together, the chapters reveal a com- “With this provoca- plex set of problems, practices, and policies. tive book, the author Contributors: R. Abbott, C. Alaimo, K. R. Anderson, does the important M. Andrejevic, D. E. Bailey, M. Bailey, M. Burdon, F. H. Cate, work of deeply ex- J. L. Contreras, S. DeDeo, H. R. Ekbia, A. Goodwell, J. Kallinikos, I. Kouper, M. L. Markus, M. Mattioli, P. Ohm, ploring the character- S. Peppet, B. Plale, J. Portenoy, J. Rennecker, K. Shilton, istics and use of data in various branches D. Sholler, C. R. Sugimoto, I. Suriarachchi, J. D. West of scholarship.” — A. Wesolek, Choice 2016 — 312 pp. — 7 illus. — paper — $30.00/£22.95 978-0-262-52948-8 “Gives valuable insight into the big picture Cloth — $60.00/£44.95 of data from social and policy perspectives 978-0-262-03505-7 across different academic disciplines.” Information Policy series — Gulustan Dogan, Computing Reviews 2016 — 416 pp. — 7 illus. — paper • Winner, 2014 American Publishers Award for $27.00/£19.95 Professional and Scholarly Excellence (PROSE 978-0-262-52991-4 Award) in Computing & Information Science (Cloth 2015) 26 Now Available in Paperback REALITY MINING METADATA Using Big Data to Engineer a Better World Jeffrey Pomerantz Nathan Eagle and Kate Greene Everything we need to know about metadata, the usually invisible infrastructure for A look at how Big Data can information with which we interact every day. be put to positive use, from helping users break bad 2015 — 216 pp. — 19 illus. — paper habits to tracking the global $16.95/£12.95 spread of disease. 978-0-262-52851-1 The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series “Very readable, with plenty of guidance on ethical data collection, tools and techniques NEW as well as dealing with pri- MACHINE LEARNING vacy issues at each level.” — Tom Sinclair, Mathemati- Ethem Alpaydin cal Association of America A concise overview of machine learning — “This book is important. computer programs that learn from data — Read it.” which underlies applications that include — John Gilbey, Times Higher Education recommendation systems, face recogni- 2016 — 208 pp. — paper — $17.95/£13.95 tion, and driverless cars. 978-0-262-52983-9 2016 — 208 pp. — 10 illus. — paper (Cloth 2014) $15.95/£11.95 978-0-262-52951-8 The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series NEW NEW BIBLIOMETRICS AND MISSED INFORMATION RESEARCH EVALUATION Better Information for Building a Uses and Abuses Wealthier, More Sustainable Future Yves Gingras David Sarokin and Jay Schulkin The research evalua- Information is power. It tion market is booming. drives commerce, pro- “Ranking,” “metrics,” tects nations, and forms “h-index,” and “impact the backbone of systems factors” are reigning that range from health buzzwords. Government care to high finance. Yet and research administra- despite the avalanche of tors want to evaluate data available in today’s everything — teachers, information age, neither professors, training institutions nor individu- programs, universities als get the information — using quantitative they truly need to make indicators. Among the tools used to measure well-informed decisions. “research excellence,” bibliometrics — aggre- Faulty information and gate data on publications and citations — has sub-optimal decision-making create an imbal- become dominant. Bibliometrics is hailed as ance of power that is exaggerated as govern- an “objective” measure of research quality, a ments and corporations amass enormous da- quantitative measure more useful than “subjec- tabases on each of us. Who has more power: tive” and intuitive evaluation methods such as the government, in possession of uncounted peer review that have been used since scientific terabytes of data (some of it obtained by cyber- papers were first published in the seventeenth snooping), or the ordinary citizen, trying to get century. In this book, Yves Gingras offers a in touch with a government agency? In Missed spirited argument against an unquestioning Information, David Sarokin and Jay Schulkin ex- reliance on bibliometrics as an indicator of re- plore information — not information technology, search quality. Gingras shows that bibliometric but information itself — as a central part of our rankings have no real scientific validity, rarely lives and institutions. They show that providing measuring what they pretend to. better information and better access to it im- proves the quality of our decisions and makes 2016 — 136 pp. — 14 illus. — $26.00/£19.95 for a more vibrant participatory society. 978-0-262-03512-5 History and Foundations of Information 2016 — 264 pp. — 45 illus. — $29.95/£22.95 Science series 978-0-262-03492-0 27 KNOWLEDGE MACHINES VIRTUAL KNOWLEDGE Digital Transformations of the Sciences Experimenting in the Humanities and and Humanities the Social Sciences Eric T. Meyer and Ralph Schroeder edited by Paul Wouters, Anne Beaulieu, An examination of the Andrea Scharnhorst and Sally Wyatt ways that digital and net- An examination of emerg- worked technologies have ing forms of knowledge fundamentally changed creation using Web- research practices in dis- based technologies, ciplines from astronomy to analyzed from an interdis- literary analysis. ciplinary perspective. 2015 — 280 pp. 2012 — 272 pp. 13 illus. — $42.00/£31.95 15 figures — paper 978-0-262-02874-5 $30.00/£22.95 Infrastructures series 978-0-262-51791-1

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW SHIFTING PRACTICES Reflections on Technology, Practice, TAP and Innovation Unlocking the Mobile Economy Giovan Francesco Lanzara Anindya Ghose What happens in an Let’s say you’re out of something, or you established practice or need something, or you want something. work setting when a novel Then, seemingly out of the blue, an ad or artifact or tool for doing an offer pops up on your phone to say work changes the familiar that very thing is now available at the next work routines? Any unex- store on your right. Did the store read pected event, or change, your mind? No. Rather, it drew on data or technological innovation you had tapped into your phone. In Tap, creates a discontinuity; Anindya Ghose welcomes us to the mo- organizations and individu- bile marketing revolution of smartphones, als must reframe taken-for- smarter companies, value-seeking con- granted assumptions and sumers, and personalized, curated offers. practices and reposition Drawing on his extensive research in the themselves. To study inno- United States, Europe and Asia, and a vation as a phenomenon, then, we must search variety of real-world examples from differ- for situations of discontinuity and rupture and ent industries around the globe, Ghose explore them in depth. In Shifting Practices, investigates what consumers do with their Giovan Francesco Lanzara does just that, and smartphones and how businesses can discovers that disruptions and discontinuities use knowledge of this data trail to im- caused by the introduction of new technologies prove their products and services. often reveal aspects of practice not previously April 2017 — 232 pp. — 11 figures observed. $29.95/£22.95 2016 — 280 pp. — 8 illus. — $39.00/£28.95 978-0-262-03627-6 978-0-262-03445-6 Acting with Technology series

Now Available in Paperback TECHNOLOGY CHOICES MAKE IT NEW Why Occupations Differ in Their Embrace The History of Silicon Valley Design of New Technology Barry M. Katz Diane E. Bailey and Paul M. Leonardi Foreword by John Maeda 28 An analysis of the occupa- The role of design in tional factors that shape the formation of the the technology choices Silicon Valley ecosys- made by people who tem of innovation. perform the same type of “A timely — perhaps work. even overdue — take on 2015 — 272 pp. — 6 illus. the historical develop- $34.00/£24.95 ment of the apprecia- 978-0-262-02842-4 tion, role, and insights Acting with of design in some of Technology series the key corporations of digital culture. — Jussi Parikka, Leonardo Online April 2017 — 280 pp. — 32 color illus. DEVELOPER’S DILEMMA Paper — $19.95/£14.95 The Secret World of Videogame Creators 978-0-262-53359-1 Casey O’Donnell (Cloth 2015) An examination of work, the organization of work, and the market forces that surround it, through the lens of the collaborative practice of game development. Call Toll Free in North America: 2014 — 320 pp. — 18 illus. — $32.00/£22.95 1-800-405-1619 978-0-262-02819-6 Inside Technology series To receive a 25% discount, please give the operator code M17STS25 when placing your order. Now Available in Paperback Now Available in Paperback POSITIVE COMPUTING THE LEAST LIKELY MAN Technology for Wellbeing and Marshall Nirenberg and the Discovery of Human Potential the Genetic Code Rafael A. Calvo and Dorian Peters Franklin H. Portugal Technology, so pervasive In 1968, Marshall Niren- and ubiquitous, has the berg, an unassuming gov- capacity to increase ernment scientist working stress and suffering; at the National Institutes but it also has the less- of Health, shared the No- heralded potential to bel Prize for cracking the improve the wellbeing genetic code. He was the of individuals, society, least likely man to make and the planet. In this such an earth-shaking book, Rafael Calvo and discovery, and yet he had Dorian Peters investigate gotten there before such what they term “posi- members of the scientific elite as James Watson tive computing” — the and Francis Crick. How did Nirenberg do it, and design and development why is he so little known? of technology to support psychological well- In The Least Likely Man, Franklin Portugal tells being and human potential. They explain that the fascinating life story of a famous scientist technologists’ growing interest in social good that most of us have never heard of. Drawing is part of a larger public concern about how on Nirenberg’s “lab diaries,” Portugal offers our digital experience affects our emotions an engaging and accessible account of Niren- and our quality of life — which itself reflects berg’s experimental approach, describes coun- an emerging focus on humanistic values in terclaims by Crick, Watson, and Sidney Brenner, many different disciplines. Synthesizing theory, and traces Nirenberg’s later switch to an knowledge, and empirical methodologies from entirely new, even more challenging field. Hav- a variety of fields, they offer a rigorous and ing won the Nobel for his work on the genetic coherent foundational framework for positive code, Nirenberg moved on to the next frontier computing, as well as suggestions for future of biological research: how the brain works. research and funding. “Franklin Portugal’s biography reminds us “It’s a call to action that Calvo and Peters are that Nirenberg sits in the Nobel pantheon delivering. . . . There’s no time like today to alongside Francis Crick, James Watson and plan for a future in which we can thrive, and Sydney Brenner.” not be the victims of our own design.” — Nature — Giovanni Rodriguez, Forbes 29 “Nirenberg’s brilliant contribution deserves to February 2017 — 304 pp. — 16 b & w illus., be more widely-known. Portugal’s fascinating 3 tables — paper — $ 20.00/£14.95 book can only help.” 978-0-262-53370-6 — Matthew Cobb, New Scientist (Cloth 2014) 2016 — 200 pp. — 15 illus. — paper $17.95/£13.95 SELF-TRACKING 978-0-262-52993-8 Gina Neff and Dawn Nafus (Cloth 2015) What happens when people turn their everyday CROWDSOURCED HEALTH experience into data: an How What You Do on the Internet Will introduction to the essen- Improve Everyone’s Health tial ideas and key chal- Elad Yom-Tov lenges of self-tracking. How data from our health- 2016 — 208 pp. — paper related Internet searches $15.95/£11.95 can lead to discoveries 978-0-262-52912-9 about diseases and symp- The MIT Press Essential toms and help patients Knowledge series deal with diagnoses. 2016 — 104 pp. — 1 illus. $24.95/£18.95 978-0-262-03450-0

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout NEW NEW COMMON SENSE, THE THE DIGITAL MIND TURING TEST, AND THE How Science Is Redefining Humanity QUEST FOR REAL AI Arlindo Oliveira Hector J. Levesque What do computers, cells, and brains have in What can artificial intelligence teach us about common? Computers the mind? If AI’s underlying concept is that are electronic devices thinking is a computational process, then how designed by humans; can computation illuminate thinking? It’s a time- cells are biological enti- ly question. AI is all the rage, and the buzziest ties crafted by evolution; AI buzz surrounds adaptive machine learning: brains are the contain- computer systems that learn intelligent behavior ers and creators of our from massive amounts of data. This is what minds. But all are, in one powers a driverless car, for example. In this way or another, infor- book, Hector Levesque shifts the conversation mation-processing de- to “good old fashioned artificial intelligence,” vices. The power of the which is based not on heaps of data but on human brain is, so far, understanding commonsense intelligence. unequaled by any existing machine or known This kind of artificial intelligence is equipped to living being. Over eons of evolution, the brain handle situations that depart from previous pat- has enabled us to develop tools and technol- terns — as we do in real life, when, for example, ogy to make our lives easier. Our brains have we encounter a washed-out bridge or when the even allowed us to develop computers that are barista informs us there’s no more soy milk. almost as powerful as the human brain itself. Levesque considers the role of language in In this book, Arlindo Oliveira describes how learning. He argues that a computer program advances in science and technology could en- that passes the famous Turing Test could be a able us to create digital minds. mindless zombie, and he proposes another way February 2017 — 336 pp. — 48 b & w illus. to test for intelligence — the Winograd Schema $29.95/£22.95 Test, developed by Levesque and his colleagues. 978-0-262-03603-0 “If our goal is to understand intelligent behavior, we had better understand the difference between making it and faking it,” he observes. He NEW identifies a possible mechanism behind common NEW ROMANTIC CYBORGS sense and the capacity to call on background Romanticism, Information Technology, knowledge: the ability to represent objects of and the End of the Machine 30 thought symbolically. As AI migrates more and more into everyday life, we should worry if sys- Mark Coeckelbergh tems without common sense are making deci- Romanticism and technology are widely as- sions where common sense is needed. sumed to be opposed to each other. Roman- January 2017 — 192 pp. — 3 figures ticism — understood as a reaction against $23.95/£17.95 rationalism and objectivity — is perhaps the 978-0-262-03604-7 last thing users and developers of information and communication technology (ICT) think about when they engage with computer THE TECHNOLOGICAL programs and electronic devices. And yet, as Mark Coeckelbergh argues in this book, SINGULARITY this way of thinking about technology is itself Murray Shanahan shaped by romanticism and obscures a better and deeper understanding of our relationship The idea of technologi- to technology. Coeckelbergh describes the cal singularity, and what complex relationship between technology and it would mean if ordinary romanticism that links nineteenth-century mon- human intelligence were sters, automata, and mesmerism with twenty- enhanced or overtaken by first-century technology’s magic devices and artificial intelligence. romantic cyborgs. 2015 — 272 pp. — paper January 2017 — 328 pp. — 4 b & w illus. $16.95/£12.95 $50.00/£37.95 978-0-262-52780-4 978-0-262-03546-0 The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series THE EARLY AMERICAN DAGUERREOTYPE Cross-Currents in Art and Technology Sarah Kate Gillespie The daguerreotype, invented in France, came to America in 1839. By 1851, this early photographic method had been improved by American daguerreotypists to such a degree that it was often referred to as “the American process.” The daguerreotype — now perhaps mostly associated with stiffly posed portraits of serious-visaged nineteenth-century personages — was an extremely detailed photographic image, produced though a complicated process involving a copper plate, light-sensitive chemicals, and mercury fumes. It was, as Sarah Kate Gillespie shows in this generously illustrated history, something wholly and remarkably new: a product of science and innovative technology that resulted in a visual object. It was a new sort of hybrid, with roots in both fine art and science, and it interacted in reciprocally formative ways with fine art, science, and technology. Gillespie maps the evolution of the daguerreotype, as medium and as profession, from its introduction to the ascendancy of the “American process,” tracing its relationship to other fields and the professionalization of those fields. She does so by recounting the activities of a series of American daguerreotypists, including fine artists. scientists, and mechanical tinkerers. By the 1860s, the daguerreotype had been supplanted by newer technologies. Its rise (and fall) represents an early instance of the ever-constant stream of emerging visual technologies. 2016 — 248 pp. — 69 illus. — $31.95/£23.95 978-0-262-03410-4 Lemelson Center Studies in Invention and Innovation

OLD WHEELWAYS Now Available in Paperback Traces of Bicycle History on the Land BICYCLE DESIGN Robert L. McCullough An Illustrated History Tony Hadland and Hans-Erhard Lessing How American bicyclists with contributions by Nick Clayton and shaped the landscape and left traces of their Gary W. Sanderson journeys for us in writ- An authoritative and ing, illustrations, and comprehensive account 31 photographs. of the bicycle’s two-hun- “…[A]nyone who’s in- dred-year evolution. terested in the history “A winning tour of bike of cycling, or the his- design.” tory of infrastructure and — The Wall Street Journal landscape, will find the images McCullough has “Bicycle Design is the collected fascinating.” authoritative one-volume — Slate reference on cycling history and cannot be recom- 2015 — 400 pp. — 118 illus. — $35.95/£26.95 mended highly enough.” 978-0-262-02946-9 — Carlton Reid, BikeBiz 2016 — 584 pp. — 306 illus. — paper $26.95/£19.95 978-0-262-52970-9

25% Discount Offer! • mitpress.mit.edu/STS • Enter code M17STS25 at checkout INDEX Abraham: Rebel Genius...... 15 Lingel: Uncommon People ...... 25 Alpaydin: Machine Learning...... 26 Lipson: Driverless...... 5 Alper: Giving Voice ...... 25 Malloy: Social Media Archeology Bailey: Technology Choices ...... 28 and Poetics ...... 25 Bernhardt: Turing’s Vision...... 12 Margolis: Stuck in the Shallow End, Updated Edition...... 16 Bier: Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine ...... 13 Maurer: Paid...... IF Bijker: The Social Construction of Technological Systems, Anniversary Edition ...... 2 Mavhunga: Transient Workspaces...... 18 Bix: Girls Coming to Tech! ...... 16 Mavhunga: What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean Boczkowski: Remaking the News...... 20 from Africa? ...... 18 Borgman: Big Data, Little Data, No Data ...... 26 McCulloch: Embodiments of Mind...... 15 Bowker: Boundary Objects and Beyond...... 2 McCullough: Old Wheelways ...... 31 Brown: Infrastructural Ecologies...... 18 Medina: Beyond Imported Magic...... 19 Brunton: Obfuscation ...... 24 Meyer: Knowledge Machines...... 27 Busch: Knowledge for Sale...... 15 Miah: Sport 2.0...... 5 Calvo: Positive Computing...... 29 Milner: The World Made Meme...... 24 Camprubí: Engineers and the Making Mody: The Long Arm of Moore’s Law...... 4 of the Francoist Regime...... 8 Morison: Men, Machines, and Modern Times, Chun: Updating to Remain the Same...... 21 50th Anniversary Edition...... 3 Coeckelbergh: New Romantic Cyborgs ...... 30 Müller-Wille: Heredity Explored ...... 17 Collins: Bad Call ...... 5 Neff: Self-Tracking...... 29 Collins: Gravity’s Kiss ...... 1 Nelson: The Sound of Innovation...... 6 DeMillo: Revolution in Higher Education...... 15 O’Donnell: Developer’s Dilemma...... 28 Dunbar-Hester: Low Power to the People . . . . . 19 Oliveira: The Digital Mind...... 30 Eagle: Reality Mining...... 26 Oreskes: Science and Technology in the Edwards: A Vast Machine ...... 7 Global Cold War...... 9 Ekbia: Heteromation and Other Stories of Perzanowski: The End of Ownership...... 20 Computing and Capitalism...... 3 Pesic: Music and the Making of Feiveson: Unmaking the Bomb...... 22 Modern Science ...... 6 Felt: The Handbook of Science and Peters: How Not to Network a Nation ...... 13 Technology Studies ...... 1 Phillips: This Is Why We Can’t Have Feynman: The Character of Physical Law . . . . . 14 Nice Things ...... 24 Finn: What Algorithms Want...... 12 Plasencia: Is the Universe a Hologram? ...... 14 Fisk: Framing Internet Safety...... 25 Pomerantz: Metadata...... 26 Fleming: Inventing Atmospheric Science...... 7 Portugal: The Least Likely Man ...... 29 Gazzaley: The Distracted Mind...... 23 Radin: Cryopolitics ...... 7 Ghose: Tap ...... 28 Reagle: Reading the Comments ...... 24 Gillespie: Media Technologies...... 20 Saraiva: Fascist Pigs...... 8 32 Gillespie: The Early American Sarokin: Missed Information...... 27 Daguerreotype...... 31 Schmid: Producing Power ...... 22 Gingras: Bibliometrics and Shanahan: The Technological Singularity...... 30 Research Evaluation...... 27 Sharma: The Outsourcer ...... 11 Godin: Models of Innovation...... 4 Shell: Transportation and Revolt...... 8 Greengard: The Internet of Things ...... 21 Shelley: Frankenstein...... BC Gusterson: Drone...... 23 Siskin: System...... IF Hadland: Bicycle Design ...... 31 Smil: Energy and Civilization...... 10 Haigh: ENIAC in Action...... 12 Smil: Made in the USA...... 10 Hecht: Being Nuclear ...... 22 Smil: Power Density ...... 10 Hess: Undone Science ...... 4 Smith: Streaming, Sharing, Stealing...... 20 Hicks: Programmed Inequality...... 16 Sugimoto: Big Data Is Not a Monolith...... 26 Hilgartner: Reordering Life...... 17 Thomas: Rational Action...... 9 Hommels: Vulnerability in Technological Cultures...... 22 Tosoni: Entanglements...... 2 Hu: A Prehistory of the Cloud...... 21 Ureta: Assembling Policy...... 18 Jackson: The Genealogy of a Gene...... 17 Velminski: Homo Sovieticus...... 13 James: Disconnected ...... 25 Wisnioski: Engineers for Change...... 11 Jordan: Robots...... 14 Wittje: The Age of Electroacoustics ...... 6 Kaplan: Philosophy, Technology and Wouters: Virtual Knowledge ...... 27 the Environment ...... 23 Yanofsky: The Outer Limits of Reason...... 12 Katz: Make It New...... 28 Yom-Tov: Crowdsourced Health...... 29 Klose: The Container Principle ...... 10 Zimmermann: Waves and Forms ...... 6 Krige: Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe. . . . . 9 Zuiderent-Jerak: Situated Intervention...... 19 Kuchinskaya: The Politics of Invisibility ...... 22 Lambert: The Power Brokers...... 11 Lanzara: Shifting Practices...... 28 Prices are subject to change without notice Laurent: Democratic Experiments...... 19 For a complete list of titles in Science, Lemons: Drawing Physics...... 14 Technology & Society, please visit Levesque: Common Sense, the Turing Test, and the Quest for Real AI...... 30 mitpress.mit.edu MIT PRESS JOURNALS DÆDALUS THE JOURNAL OF Journal of the American Academy of Arts INTERDISCIPLINARY HISTORY and Sciences Robert I. Rotberg, Theodore K. Rabb, and Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor Reed Ueda, Editors Quarterly Quarterly 7 x 10, 144 pp. per issue ISSN 0011-5266; E-ISSN 1548-6192 5 ¾ x 9, 192 pp. per issue ISSN 0022-1953; E-ISSN 1530-9169 Drawing on the nation’s foremost scholars in the arts, sciences, humanities, and social sciences, Dædalus, This distinguished publication features substantive arti- journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, cles, research notes, review essays, and book reviews explores the frontiers of knowledge and issues of public that relate historical study to other scholarly disciplines importance. Recent issues have explored the Successful such as economics and demography. Spanning all Aging of Societies; Water; The Future of Food, Health geographical areas and periods of history, topics and the Environment of a Full Earth; The Internet; Politi- include psychohistory, climatology, family and gender cal Leadership; and Ethics, Technology, and War. history, applications of global mapping, opera and art, technological history, and environmental history. mitpressjournals.org/daedalus mitpressjournals.org/jih

LEONARDO JOURNAL OF COLD Roger F. Malina, Executive Editor WAR STUDIES Six times a year (includes Leonardo Music Journal) Mark Kramer, Editor 8 ½ x 11, illustrated, 112 pp. per issue Quarterly ISSN 0024-094X; E-ISSN 1530-9282 6 x 9, 220 pp. per issue Leonardo is the leading international peer-reviewed ISSN 1520-3972; E-ISSN 1531-3298 journal on the use of contemporary science and technology in the arts and music and, increasingly, the The Journal of Cold War Studies features peer- application and influence of the arts and humanities reviewed articles based on archival research in the on science and technology. The companion annual former Communist world and in Western countries. journal, Leonardo Music Journal, focuses on science, Articles in the journal use declassified materials and technology, sound and music. All subscribers to Leon- new memoirs to illuminate and raise questions about ardo receive LMJ as part of a yearly subscription. numerous historical and theoretical concerns: theories of decision-making, deterrence, bureaucratic mitpressjournals.org/leon politics, institutional formation, bargaining, diplomacy, foreign policy conduct, and international relations. Published by the MIT Press for the Harvard Project on PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE Cold War Studies. Historical, Philosophical, Social mitpressjournals.org/jcws Alex Levine, Editor 33 Mordechai Feingold, Co-Editor NAUTILUS Quarterly John Steele, Publisher and Editorial Electronic Only Director 6 x 9, 144 pp. per issue ISSN 1063-6145; E-ISSN 1530-9274 Michael Segal, Editor in Chief Perspectives on Science publishes science studies Bi-Monthly that integrate historical, philosophical, and sociological perspectives. Its interdisciplinary approach 7 1/2 x 10, Illustrated, 128 pp. per issue is intended to foster a more comprehensive under- ISSN 2372-1758; E-ISSN 2372-1766 standing of the sciences and the contexts in which Nautilus is a different kind of science magazine. It they develop. Perspectives on Science consists of delivers deep, undiluted, narrative storytelling that theoretical essays, case studies, and review essays. brings big picture science into today’s most important mitpressjournals.org/pos conversations. It challenges readers to consider the common themes that run through the sciences and connect them to philosophy, culture, and art. The print edition of Nautilus is distributed by The MIT Press. Digital content is housed at nautil.us. mitpressjournals.org/ntls Please address journal orders to: MIT Press Journals For more information, including pricing, One Rogers Street visit: mitpressjournals.org Cambridge, MA 02142-1209 Tel: (800) 207-8354 US/Canada (617) 253-2889 Fax: (617) 577-1545 mitpressjournals.org

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Creators of All Kinds 02142 Boston, MA U.S. Postage Non Profit Org. Mary Shelley Permit # 54518 edited by David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scott Robert Introduction by Charles E. Robinson Mary Shelley’s Franken- stein has endured in the popular imagination for two hundred years. Begun as a ghost story by an intellectually and socially precocious eighteen- year-old author during a cold and rainy summer on the shores of Lake Geneva, the dramatic tale of Victor Frankenstein and his stitched-together creature can be read as the ultimate parable of scientific hubris. Victor, “the modern Prometheus,” tried to do what he perhaps should have left to Nature: create life. Although the novel is most often discussed in literary-historical terms — as a seminal example of romanticism or as a groundbreaking early work of science fiction — Mary Shelley was keenly aware of contemporary scientific developments and incorporated them into her story. In our era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and climate engineering, this edition of Frankenstein will resonate forcefully for readers with a background or interest in science and engineering, and anyone intrigued by the funda- 34 mental questions of creativity and responsibility. This edition of Frankenstein pairs the original 1818 version of the manuscript — meticulously line-edited and amended by Charles E. Robin- son, one of the world’s preeminent authorities on the text — with annotations and essays by leading scholars exploring the social and ethical aspects of scientific creativity raised by this remarkable story. The result is a unique and accessible edition of one of the most thought- provoking and influential novels ever written. Essays by: Elizabeth Bear, Cory Doctorow, Heather E. Douglas, Josephine Johnson, Kate MacCord, Jane Maienschein, Anne K. Mellor, Alfred Nordman May 2017 — 488 pp. — paper — $19.95/£14.95 978-0-262-53328-7

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