9 The Journal of Technology Studies 4 - - t The for This gy these , made an ef wski, 1966). y differentiating ined technology as ined technology olimo rey, 1987; Galbraith, rey, y of capturing the platonic a wski (1966), Galbraith (1967), w sentences b wledge to practical tasks. ore, 1987; F olimo gy should be outlined in order to under gy in a w gy from science, and the other is to pro ining technology is paramount because ining technology , Galbraith (1967) def Def ore (1987), a major scholar initions or meanings of technolo anized kno g ut technology is concerned is to be. with what ut technology to define technology. He argued that technology He argued to define technology. and should create the human capacity to “do,” and useful it should be used to create new definition because it emphasizes the is notable systematic and practical aspects of technology. DeV Technology Concepts,Activity, Technology Technological and Transfer Technology it helps to identify phenomena related to tech- it helps to identify phenomena related scholars Since the 1960s, many transfer. nology of tried to understand the real meaning have philoso- underlying using different technology phies (DeV 1967; Mitcham, 1980; Sk def authors proposed were unique, according to their authors proposed were or other variables. economy, philosophy, context, to This implies that it might not be that simple define is situa- because technology technology concept of the specific.tion and value However, technolo is being transferredstand what in a technology been used approaches have Two transfer process. one is to defineto comprehend technology: technolo essence in a fe technolo Scholars, vide characterizations of technology. such as Sk the representatives (1987) might be and DeVore (1966) of the former Skolimowski approach. defined as a form of human knowl- technology realities. He edge and a process of creating new concerned is, that science is argued with what b the systematic application of scientific or other or Later Accordingly, this article will propose a new inte- this article a new will propose Accordingly, that reflects transfer grated model of technology recipients’ considering the key by perspectives transfer. technology components for enhancing this purpose, this paper firstIn order to achieve implications that are focused on understanding necessary to identifying the main components reviewing transfer by technology for effective issues related to technol- the main and analyzing transfer. ogy - - lue ts trans w model ve technolo- ve xper fecti enkasi & hen e T eloped and used to v y mentioned models of According to the design xtual collaboration model ere de viousl gy itself for ef fectively deliver knowledge to knowledge deliver fectively This implies that a ne A conte vely constructed by its recipients. The its recipients. constructed by vely rated. g gies that ef The following are major issues that should are The following These models w y the technolo Hee Jun Choi Hee Jun Technology Transfer Issues and a New Technology a New and Issues Transfer Technology Model Transfer Mohrman, 1995). According to the appropriabil- Mohrman, 1995). attempts to transfer tech- ity model, purposive because good tech- are unnecessary, nologies the dissemi- Regarding sell themselves. nologies is that transfer nation model, the perspective processes can be successful w material transfer model focuses on the simple material transfer model focuses on the materials, such as machinery, transfer of new seeds, tools, and the techniques associated with the use of the materials. be considered for efficient and effective technol- be considered for efficientand effective techno- of technology, transfer: conceptions ogy communication and transfer, activity logical and models transfer, channels, factors affecting model a well-developed In particular, of transfer. could be used as a frame- transfer of technology transfer for facilitating a technology work models of tech- popular There are many process. the appropri- include transfer; examples nology model, the ability model, the dissemination utilization model, the contextual knowledge model, collaboration model, the material transfer the design transfer model, and the capacity Hayami, 2003; Ruttan & transfer model (Rogers, 1973; Sung & Gibson, 2005; to a willing recipient. fer specialized knowledge utilization model emphasizes The knowledge strate the recipients. idea that knowl- is based on the constructivist but it should transmitted, edge cannot be simply be subjecti transfer model, transfer of designs, such as b prints and tooling specifications, should accom- pan capacity transfer model empha-The gy transfer. provides which sizes the transfer of knowledge, recipients with the capability to design and pro- on their own. technology duce a new A success- transfer successful. technology make might not be however, ful transfer of technology, using a particular model. by guaranteed simply In addition, the pre transfer tend to be fragmented rather technology than inte that transfer should be developed of technology and macro viewpoints. includes novel 5

The Journal of Technology Studies 0 impacts ofsocial context. They regarded the prob back. Their model consistsofinputs,personal outputs, environment,transformations, and feed- on theopen-systemsmodelcomposed ofinputs, and Hicks(1997)proposedseems tobebased model oftechnology activity that Johnson,Gatz, of technological processesandresources. The tangib ties. Moreover, technology asanobjectmay be been createdtoextend practical humanpossibili- oranyinstruments, objectsthathave intentionally involving tools,machines,consumerproducts, regarded astheconceptofphysical embodiments, knowledge, andvolition. Technology asobjectis ized technology asfourelements:object,process, advocator ofthisapproach.In1987,hecharacter- (1987) couldbeconsideredthemosttypical providing characterizationsoftechnology. Frey technology inafew sentences. They argued for socialends. cific the pursuitofknowledge andknow-how forspe- thus,thegoaloftechnologyeconomic factors; is milieu andconditionedby values, attitudes,and gy hasalways beensituateddirectly inthesocial Hecontendedthattechnolo- and socialpurpose. emphasized therelationshipbetween technology products, devices, machines,orsystems.Healso acti the solutionderived fromtheproblem-solving the ultimateoutcomeoftechnolo elements. Sa technical orphysical alsohuman elementsbut mentation ofsolutions. This involves notonly tothedesign andimple- problem identification technological activity includeseverything from the humanelementandculturewithintechnology. Consequently, technology asvolition emphasizes depends onhumanintentionandwill. w influenced by humanintention.Inotherwords, process, andknowledge. All technologies are together thethreeaspectsoftechnology: object, tions, desires,andchoices,pro (1980), v human knowledge. According toMitcham when hestatedthattechnology of isaform thisknowledge(1966) alsosupported viewpoint improve thesystem’s Skolimowski performance. ti the objecteffectively. From thesystemsperspec- withhowprocess isconcerned touseordevelop v hen, ho e, technology asprocesswould beameansto vity under In contrast,somescholarscriticizeddefining According toDeVore (1987), therangeof lem solvingenvironment, outputs,and le andfocusedonef w, andwhy technology willbeused olition, w vage and Skerry (1990)arguedvage that andSkerry tak en b hich incorporates aims,inten- hich incorporates y humansthroughtheuse f icienc vides linkstotie y gical acti . T echnology as vity is technolo perspective thatincluded boththemovement of technology transferthroughaholistic interpret nition, Johnson,Gatz,andHicks(1997)triedto tion. To overcome thedisadvantage ofthisdefi- entiating technology development fromutiliza- transfer, becauseitismostly focusedondiffer- not reflectadeepcomprehensionoftechnology in anothersetting.However, does thisdefinition foruse ogy inonesettingthatisthentransferred nology transferasthedevelopment ofatechnol- tech- transfer isthemosttypical-shedefined interventions. tool forHumanResourceDevelopment (HRD) and individual thus,itcanbea performance; technology canbeusedtoimprove bothsystem view becauseitimpliesthat important isvery knowledge,ation ofartifact, andprocess. This extension ofhumancapabilitiesthroughthecre- ultimate outcomeofatechnology activity asthe ation occursin thestr members ofasocial systemandb channelsovered throughcertain timeamongthe process b Diffusion of Technology Innovations de Uni process andperceptionforeverybody. technology. Technology transferisnotthesame be usedisessentialforthesuccessfultransferof needs andthecontext where thetechnology will The ance anduseofthetechnology by theenduser. theultimateaccept- use andissuesconcerning other hand community throughkno technology a transferasameansforserving universities, asaprovider oftechnology, view interests intechnology transfer. For example, not justonecomponent. all componentsthatmake upthattechnology, nology of totransfertheintegration shouldtry and knowledge. Therefore, aprovider oftech- tion ofallthreecomponents:object,process, most cases,technology tendstobetheintegra- kno technolo would bedifferent. According toFrey (1987), the perceptionoftechnology transferineachsite are therecipientsofthistechnology. Like this, improvementsperformance that incorporations way toobtaincompetitive advantages through v eloping countriesha wledge thatiscreatedb v y ar Markert’s oftechnology (1993)definition According toRogers (2003), diffusion isthe ersities, corporations, federallabs,and ersities, corporations, gued thatrecognizing theenduser’s gy fromthesiteoforiginto gy canbeanobject,aprocess,or y which aninnovation iscommunicat- , technolo gy transferisre ucture andfunction ofa v wledge sharing.Onthe e dif y humanintention.In ferent rolesand y w garded asa hich alter - The Journal of Technology Studies 51 - or - - vide xperi- roup. F n (Liu & y personal e ement tends to alter alid enough to pro v viduals with different y and carefully can be a y and carefully wing assumptions about inno le and v ns will be present in a g gical impro vities. Indi echnolo y researchers have often used it to measure y researchers have Hall and Loucks (1978) developed the Hall and Loucks (1978) developed T areness, informational, personal, manage- w biggest sins. Thus, the normThus, coun- Catholic in sins. biggest abor- to acknowledge reluctance be would tries struc- the social Consequently, tion-on-demand. impede the dif- countries might ture of Catholic for abortion. medical method In a new fusion of influence the social system can addition, the innovation decision: optional types of innovation decisions, and innovation decisions, collective influ- decisions; it can also authority innovation are that of an innovation ence the consequences or to a to an individual the changes that occur of the adoption or social system as a result vs. (e.g., desirable rejection of an innovation direct vs. indirect, and anticipated undesirable, implies that change This vs. unanticipated). the social system for agents should understand and process effectively planning the diffusion efficiently. Adoption Model (CBAM) Concerns-Based based on the follo in change go involved ence; (d) individuals stages; and (e) facilitators must through various point their clients are in the what at know stages: consists of seven change process. CBAM a refocus ment, consequence, collaboration, and These stages of concern about the innova- ing. tool for determin- diagnostic a key tion provide devel- of individual ing the content and delivery opment acti kinds of concer the intensity of each stage of concer Huang, 2005). Such use implies that the ques- tionnaire is reliab vation adoption: (a) change is a process, not an adoption: (a) change is a process, vation is the primary for target the individual (b) event; change; (c) change is a highl process, individuals’enhancing a diffusion con- The most prevailing cerns must be reduced. measure of stages of concern might be a 35-item stages of concern questionnaire (SoCQ) devel- and Rutherford (1977). Hall, George, oped by Man both meaningful data and information for plan- HRD pro- Consequently, ning change strategies. to access guideline for fessionals will be able using CBAM. change interventions by nate between short episodes of intensive change short episodes of intensive nate between and longer periods of routine use (Tyre activity 1993). Managing the timing of & Orlikowski, adoptions consciousl x the ations ariety o or v fusion and hen tw net). More fusion of inno ving stability and regularity ability and the less comple v xchange occurs through a v ucture, gi viduals are similar (i.e., homophilous). e communication occurs w v , and obser mation e Diffusion consists of four key elements: four key consists of Diffusion Diffusion occurs within a social system, and Diffusion In the diffusion process of innovations, the process of innovations, In the diffusion fecti acilitate or impede the dif in the system. For example, it might be very dif- example, in the system. For ficult for Catholic countries to adopt a new reli- whose medical method for abortion. People abortiongion is Catholic regard as one of the social system as a kind of social change. a kind of system as social the for critical process extremely is an Diffusion In and reinvention. of innovation practical use role in a pivotal plays diffusion other words, of an advantage take adopters fully helping the Thus, to modify that innovation. and innovation issues in the of the major the comprehension essential for making tech- process is diffusion transfer successful. nology and communication channels, time, innovation, 1985; & Peterson, a social system (Mahajan can be issues of diffusion The 2003). Rogers, main elements in the dif- based on the analyzed innovations (2003), According to Rogers fusion. five help to common characteristics that have the rates of adoption; these can be rela- explain triala- complexity, compatibility, advantage, tive that the He argued and observability. bility, triala- compatibility, advantage, greater relative bility However, some degree of heterophily, the degree some degree of heterophily, However, interact who or more individuals two to which in certain pres- attributes, are different is usually ent in communication about innovations 2003). It is important for change agents (Rogers, these het- or HRD professionals to recognize erophilous aspects in order to enhance a mutual understanding for the innovation. the social system constitutes a boundary within (Mahajan & is diffused an innovation which The social sys- 2003). 1985; Rogers, Peterson, tem has str in a system (e.g., as behavior to individual structureThe social of a system can norms). f perceptions of an innovation are, the faster the perceptions of an innovation use this rate of adoption. Change agents need to implication to speed up the rate of dif the the potential adopters recognize to make need for change. infor of communication channels, such as mass media, interpersonal or interactive channels, communication (e.g., via the Inter ef more indi 5

The Journal of Technology Studies 2 relati tions (Attewell, 1992). Technical know-how is transfer between donorandrecipientorganiza- ty orincompletenessoftechnical knowledge ing-by-doing mightberesponses tothedifficul- operate itsuccessfully. Reinvention andlearn- technical kno complex technology untilthey obtainsufficient Most organizations delay in-house adoptionof ho technologies, knowledge andtechnicalknow- cases ofthediffusion ofcomplex production knowledge hurdlesforpotentialadopters.In new andbuild dependent onspecializedexperts, complexity anduncertainty, make endusers not beexpected. technology, successfultechnology transfercan- organizational andculturalissuesrelatedto cessful. Without athoroughanalysis ofboth obstacles tomakingthetechnolo This lackofinsightcouldbeonethebiggest resources, inthetechnology transferprocess. edge, skills,techniques,machines,and sider onl successful. Ho considered when makingatechnology transfer and thesethreeaspectsoftechnology shouldbe (Pacey, 1986).Boththeconceptofmaintenance tice arecultural,organizational, andtechnical Culture and Technology Organizations, Transfer, adopters sothatdif use, modify, andgeneratetechnology toits resources andcapabilitiesneededinorderto generators oftechnology totransfer shouldtry and negative aspectsoftechnology. Inaddition, unique situationby consideringbothpositive their pate incustomizingtechnology tofit adopters oftechnology shouldactively partici- mutual understandingaboutaninnovation. Thus, processbasedona rative andcontext-specific ed inatwo-way directionbecauseitisacollabo- strategic context. theirorganizational and technologies tofit These planswillbehelpfulintailoringnew gies forgeneratingnew insightsandideas. (c) exploiting periodsofregular useoftechnolo- and adoption, (b)utilizingthoseopportunities, devise for plansfor(a)creatingopportunities change andefficiency. Thus, managersneedto foranorganization pursuingboth critical benefit w becomeimpor T The threemainaspectsoftechnolo Diffusion ofinnovations shouldbeconduct- vely immobile,and itmustberecreatedby echnolo y thetechnicalaspects,suchaskno w-ho gical adv wever, mostpeopletendtocon- w tobothimplementand fusion willbesuccessful. tant barriers todiffusion. tant barriers ances tendtoincrease gy transfersuc- gy prac- wl - vie ty andexperimentation, andapeople-centered tematic thinking,acultureoflear lear organization focusesonthevalues ofcontinuous successful transferoftechnology. A learning organization strategy asaframework forthe professionals shouldcapitalizeonalearning changing technologies. This impliesthatHRD kno should tr recipient organizations. Recipientorganizations reducing theknowledge upon burden orlearning opment ofnovel organizational mechanismsfor design ofproducts,b or both donorsandrecipientsoftechnology. Donor how couldbeachieved barriers by theefforts of lowering ofknow-how barriers. in-house deployment resultfromaprogressive In otherw transition willoccurfromser are removed (Attewell, 1992).Consequently, a house onceknowledge issues orotherbarriers adopters thatarelikely toadopttechnologies in- constitute apoolofalready-primedpotential ofatechnology provider viaaservice benefits Organizations thathave alreadyexperienced the of technology diffusion isaccelerated. knowledge arelowered barriers andtheprocess selves (Attewell, 1992). Insuchscenarios, of organizing thetechnology in-houseforthem- ice, ratherthanby takingontheformidabletask ogy by having someoneelseprovide itasaserv- ofanew technol- consumers obtainthebenefits or notadoptingatechnology. Insuchacase, isanalternativeequipment. Service toadopting tions inanetwork gobeyond sellingandbuying tionships between donorandrecipientorganiza- new technology. Given suchhurdles,therela- becomesahurdletoadopting zational learning developing technicalknow-how throughorgani- user organizations. of As aresult,theburden transfer aswell asorganizational performance to enhancingthe implementationoftechnolo how. willcontribute Suchastrategy forlearning cientl this canhelporganizations effectively andeffi- vidual level totheteamandorganization level, fromthe indi- expands theconceptoflearning technologies. organization Ifthelearning zational strategies touseforadoptingchanging is regarded as oneofthemosteffective organi- g w (W anizations mustinnovate, notjustintheir w-ho ning, knowledge creationandsharing,sys- Lowering knowledge andtechnicalknow- y createandaccumulatetechnical know- atkins &Marsick,1993). w re y tocreateandaccumulatetechnical ords, shiftsfrommark garding and complex, uncertain, ut especiall vice toself-ser y inthede et ser ning, fle This strate vices to xibili- v el vice. gy gy - The Journal of Technology Studies 53 - - it y gy for xt for f antages, e adv v w technolo garded as a critical garded actor for successful ersities and compan v xtended education. vity to local conte y seek out ne aining competiti el actor for facilitating the transfer v , it is not sole f y f gy ained through e lack of sensiti y stage of Japanese industrialization, sci pose of g le to acti ricultural machines in Indonesia resulted Technology transfer implies the movement implies transfer Technology The significance of education and training On the contrary, Indonesian farmers failed On the contrary, Although education is re ays involve modifications condi- to suit new involve ays w f physical structure, knowledge, skills, organi- structure, knowledge, f physical s knowledge, skills, and organization, might be and organization, skills, s knowledge, ration to the receiving site (Mittelman & Pasha, site (Mittelman receiving ration to the o Factors Affecting Technology Transfer Technology Affecting Factors the site of gen- and capital from zation, values, e such aspects of technology, invisible The 1997). a much more critical than the physical aspects for than the physical much more critical The case of technology. the successful transfer that in India shows of the “Green Revolution” by created is a form of knowledge technology occurs as the transfer humans, and knowledge learningoutcome of a set of experiences implies that This illustration 1992). (Parayil, an important role in play education and training aspects of of invisible facilitating the movement capacity to the In other words, technology. and generate technolo- assimilate, adapt, modify, and gy could be obtained through education training. is also found in the cases of Japanese industrial- ization and Indonesian farm mechanization. In the earl ence and engineering uni schools contributed to facilitating the transfer of providing a marine steam turbine generator by technology capabilities for learning the new The capability of Japanese (Matsumoto, 1999). made it companies, acquired through education, possib the pur despite the economic risks. to transfer agricultural machines for farm mecha- nization because of the lack of education, train- ing, and other political and compatibility issues transfer should almost Technology (Moon, 1998). al This implies that the unsuccessful transfer tions. of ag from the recipients’ capacity lack of absorptive to assimilate and modify it rather than the donors’ ting the needs of end users. Technology is a pas- Technology ting the needs of end users. on depends effectiveness resource whose sive one of the most critical humans. Consequently, transfer is a technology components for effective which technology, ability to learn new person’s can be g and necessar of technolo - ement v indings gy mo een technolo as to relate f it betw wian sociocultural veloped countries to Malawi. veloped ving a good f , appropriate technolo y y a pivotal role in determining the y a pivotal , society, and environment. , society, gy xt pla wi and consider their appropriateness Many post-World War II technical aid II War post-World Many People tend to maintain their own values to maintain their own tend People xamined in light of Mala by increasing learning and innovation. In addi- learning increasing and innovation. by should tryHRD professionals tion, an to create of both can induce the motives that environment tech- to adopt new and individuals organizations To transfer. successful technology for nologies to pro- strive professionals should do so, HRD opportunitiespotential users with vide their to observe the benefits technologies. of new the United States and others failed by efforts ignored and misunder- because donor countries cultural environments, stood both natural and the should follow assuming that all countries same pattern 1993). of industrialization (Pursell, The failure to led aid efforts of these technical people real- movement; appropriate technology in donor useful technologies ized that many countries countries might be detrimental in other Appropriate and under other circumstances. strategy an innovation is primarily technology aimed at achie Consequentl gies and the contexts in which they are intended they in which gies and the contexts within the Values to operate (Pursell, 1993). conte appro- In other words, appropriate technology. technolog- aims at endogenous priate technology within local communities and ical development of approach to the problems as a fresh regions technolo contributes to the importance of the contexts in cultural and natural environments that involve transfer process. a technology led to the emer- This tendency and identities. The beliefs, ideas, of cultures. gence of a variety and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a society are based on cultural vari- technology Cultures often influence how ables. This transfer process. is used in the technology the case study for supportedfact by is clearly management concepts and Western transfer of practice from de The aim of the case study w realities (Jones, 1995). This implies that tech- realities (Jones, 1995). must be tailored to fitnologies the culture of transfer to be end users in order for technology successful. (Jones, 1995). The finding(Jones, 1995). recommended that ideas must be critically management Western e to the education and training of managers in Mala 5

The Journal of Technology Studies 4 implies thatasuccessful transferoftechnolo tion process(Kolfer &Meshkati,1987). This themintotheproduc- nologies andincorporate capacity ofitspopulationtoabsorb new tech- technology, which isgenerally afunctionofthe innovationsfurther andtouse effectively new increasingl A NewModelof Technology Transfer laboration forf sides, w willingness ofboththerecipientanddonor equally.donor country This planmightprompt anda ways botharecipientcountry tobenefit elaborate plan. The planshouldincludethebest innovationsthat stimulatesfurther throughan should beable toachieve technology transfer in therecipientcountry. Third World countries whether innovations they stimulatefurther with- fromtechnology maintenance. profiting influence intherecipientcountry, inadditionto ing raw material,suchas oilorgaining political also g tation oftechnolo tries embarked onamassive passive but impor- implication abouttheissue. Third World coun- A Third World Perspective” provides agreat entitled“TechnologyThe article profit. Transfer: withoutthehopefor ty toarecipientcountry seems reluctanttotransferknowledge orcapaci- motive.guided by theprofit A donorcountry text, mosttechnology transfersareprimarily new technology. is impossible toassimilate,adopt,andgenerate ingness fortechnology transferonbothsides,it recipient andthedonor. Without astrongwill- ingness fortechnology transferfromboththe process. Collaborationmightbebasedonwill- collaborate duringthetechnology transfer concrete ways thatrecipientsanddonorscan transfer oftechnology. The planshouldinclude could beeffective that planningforfacilitating technology transfer. factor Another important technolo the new technology. Through thisstrategy of tries continuously rely onthemformaintaining countries aimedatmaking Third World coun- could betheresultofastrategy ofthedonor (2002) fur these innovations Akubue withoutmodification. recipient countriesinthe Third World adopted A criticaltestoftechnology transfersis technologyIn theinternational transfercon- A country’s competitive advantages ain anadditionaladv hich would resultinstrengtheningcol- gy transfer ther notesthatar y lieinitscapabilitiestogenerate acilitating technolo gy (Akub , the donor country might , thedonorcountry antage o ue, 2002).Man rangements like this gy transfer. v er purchas y gy - technology transfer Figur is togeneratene of technolo shaped asshown inFigure 1. transfer oftechnology. This modelcanbe ate new innovations basedonthesuccessful ent. Lastly, therecipientshouldbeable togener- collaboration between thedonorandrecipi- the transferoftechnology by strengtheningthe of technology transfer. This plancouldfacilitate willingness ofboththerecipientanddonor should develop anelaborateplantoincreasethe of humancapital,arecipienttechnology ogy transfer. After accumulatingahighquality is thebasiccomponentforasuccessfultechnol- todeveloptional infrastructure “humancapital” generate new technology. Consequently, educa- ity ofpeopletoassimilate,adapt,modify, and dependsonthecapac- nation anditsignificantly has alarge impactontheadvancement ofa results intheroleoffer level ofcontinuingeducationandtraining in otherwords, new innovations. Thus, ahigh shows to theconditionsthat enableripenor fruit can betomorrow’s donorsoftechnology: It depicts how recipientsof technology in2009 betw addition, elaborateplansforcollaboration apple tree(technolo might have followed the role-shiftingmodelof nolo that pla andelaborateplans tion andtraining(fertilizer) tions) basedonahighlevel ofcontinuingeduca- able (new toproduceaplentyoffruit innova- who arerecipientsoftechnologyfarmers willbe is helpfulforthegrowth ofatree.Consequently, cessful technology transferaseithersunorrain Ela gy foritsnational economicdevelopment This figure istitled“the roleshiftingmodel This figure South Korea’s successfultransfer oftech- een recipientsanddonorshelpachie Plans Sun: borate e 1.Ther y aroleofsunandrain. gy transfer”becauseitsultimategoal Ferti Capital Human of Q High w inno ual lizer ity ole shiftingmodelof gy transfer)g : Educatio : T echnology T v ransfer tilizing orhelpingan ations. This model ations. This n & Training n & Apple row well. In : New I : New n o ati nov v ons e suc - The Journal of Technology Studies 55 gy can ysical ram to make gy transfer g gy in the ning pro anizations or countries, g mational lear anizations. This implies that HRD anizations. g HRD professionals in donor organizations HRD professionals In contrast, HRD professionals in recipient The successful transfer of technolo ganizations should develop a transformational should develop ganizations learning for successful technology program change at the organi- Transformational transfer. might be the result of double-loop zation level or transformational learning that requires learn- ers to change their mental schema in a funda- any 1982). In other words, (Argyris, mental way change cannot be made without a organizational Therefore, transformational change process. transformational important learning for is vitally the successful transfer of technolo understanding about an innovation. Providers of Providers about an innovation. understanding in facilitating role a key play must technology the adopter helping process by the transfer situa- given based on the reconstruct technology, helps the adopters technology Transferring tion. for their envi- is suitable that innovation reinvent should of technology providers Thus, ronment. try and to transfer to its adopters all resources and generate to use, modify, capabilities needed In addition, adopters of technol- the technology. participate in customizing should actively ogy to fittechnology con- situation by their unique aspects negative and sidering both the positive of technology. the com- to recognize should create strategies realities of the contexts distinctive and plex intended to operate for are technologies where One of the of technology. transfer the effective of cross- development might involve strategies donor cultural training. HRD professionals in should conduct an elaborate and organizations in order to make analysis thorough context cross-cultural training for technolo and efficient. In the process of context effective HRD professionals should thoroughly analysis, the compatibility of technology, investigate between dimensions of cultural differences donor and recipient or economical and political issues, and ph the use of technology. constraints affecting or recipient or professionals (i.e., change agents) should devel- op a transfor innovations. generating new by be achieved transfer should not be seen as an Technology end in itself. It is a means to increase the rate of and to stimulate new innovation technological a technology transfer process effective and transfer process effective a technology efficient. - - orea orea mal com mation tech- w technology. or The solid for . gy gy transfer in K irst change the adopters’ , the focus shifted to the y stage of industrialization, K . During this process, informal , and generate this ne gy gy must f e and electronics industries. v alues before transferring the information actors made technolo , and communication. tant (Johnson et al., 1997). F ields, such as electronic, infor xt-specific process based on a mutual The transfer of technology should be con- The transfer of technology For effective technology transfer, a provider transfer, technology effective For In the earl gy munication should precede informal communi- cation in order to build credibility or obtain trust from the adopters of technolo the to make be able mal communication would informal more effective. communication communication, not one-way ducted as two-way and communication, because it is a collaborative conte communication and relationships are very impor Summary and Recommendations of technolo on technolo perception and willingness for the acceptance of understanding their cultural and by technology social v technology transfer. South Korea transformed South Korea transfer. technology from an agrarianitself the to one of society The industrialized nations. most highly world’s remarkably has grown economy South Korean support and engaged government through strong capital) since high quality of human people (i.e., to accumu- tried have Koreans 1960s. the early human capital through late a high quality of natural has few education because Korea the export of its regarded resources. Koreans pover- means to get above industries as the only and As a result, government 1960s. ty the early of fashioned a strategy business leaders together export-orientedindustries for develop- targeting involved The strategy 1960s. ment in the early transfer of technology plans for the successful This strategy innovations. that generates new devel- implemented in a series of economic was and light manufacturing Textiles opment plans. in the the firstwere industries, followed targeted industries as iron and steel such heavy 1970s by and chemicals. Later automoti steps made concrete plans that included multiple gov- due to strong for the transfer of technology ernment possessed support. In addition, Korea educated citizens to assimilate, enough highly adapt, modify These f successful, and they ultimately helped to achieve ultimately successful, and they a result, As growth. economic its remarkable in high- became a donor of technology Korea tech f nolo 5

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