I J R B A T, Issue (VIII), Vol. I, Jan 2020: 161-173 e-ISSN 2347 – 517X A Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal Original Article

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN BIOSCIENCES, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

© VMS RESEARCH FOUNDATION www.ijrbat.in

STUDY OF MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT TRIBES OF FAMILY WITH REFERENCE TO STEM ANATOMY

P. K. Tete* and A. A. Fulzele Shri Mathuradas Mohota College of Science, Nagpur – 440009 (M.S.) *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Revision : 11.01.2020 & Communicated : 01.01.19 18.01.2020 Published: 30.01.2020 Accepted : 28.01.2020

ABSTRACT: Asteraceae is one of the widest family in Angiosperms having significant economic values, such as production of oil, ornamental , secondary metabolites, etc. In family Asteraceae about 1,535 genera distributed in 13 tribes. The current work aims at studying the differences in stem anatomy and floral characters of these tribes. In the present study sixteen belonging to ten tribes were documented, The , one of the tribes’ in this family is more dominant in Nagpur region, and in the present study six genera were recorded. This was followed by two genera in Cichorieae, and one each in the tribes Anthemideae, , Echinopeae, Eupatorieae, Gnaphalieae, Inuleae, Mutisieae and Vernonieae. Detailed study of the arrangement of vascular bundles and type of trichomes found on the stem was studied using free hand-sections. For the floral characters, ray floret, disk floret, shape of receptacle and the type of capitulum inflorescence was studied. An attempt was made for the development of a taxonomical key based on stem anatomical features highlighting the differences in the tribes. Microphotography of the floral components and anatomical study of the stem of these , revealed characters which are uutilized for creating a key for various tribes based on morphology as well as anatomical characters.

Key words: - Asteraceae, tribes, Heliantheae, stem anatomy, capitulum, key

INTRODUCTION: under grass, and as herbaceous garden plants The family Asteraceae also called the Compositae throughout the world. About half the species of has been considered to be a unified evolutionary Asteraceae are native to the Old World and half by all botanists. This family is one of the largest to the New World. of the with over 32,000 species and at TRIBE is a taxonomic group that is least 1,900 genera in 13 subfamilies (The Plant a subdivision of a subfamily List, 2013). Members of the family Asteraceae can The Asteraceae consist of 1528 genera and be found all over the world. These plants have 22,750 species. The Asteraceae has recently been evolved many adaptations to withstand harsh classified into at least ten subfamilies and environment as well as more moderate climates. members of the family have a worldwide Many plants in the family Asteraceae are distributed. ( Ngu Wah Win, 2018) economically important as weed, ornamentals, This family includes tribes - Vernonieae, medicinal and green vegetables are poisonous Eupatorieae, Asteroideae, Inuloideae, plants. Commercially the flowers of this family Helianthoideae, Antemideae, Senecioideae, are very famous of their colorful florets. A wide Calendulaceae, Cynaroideae, Mutisiaceae, and range of horticultural species are grown in home

Cichoriaceae. (Hooker, 1881) As per Cronquist garden or national garden plots. The Asteraceae (1981), in Asteraceae 13 tribes found. In best-

feature extensively in gardens distributed known family of flowering plants, the Asteraceae 161 throughout the world as ornamental. A wide may be organized into 3 subfamilies: (1) the

range of horticultural species is grown both Page

I J R B A T, Issue (VIII), Vol. I, Jan 2020: 161-173 e-ISSN 2347 – 517X A Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal Original Article

Brandesiodieae with a single tribe, (2) the double staining technique and observed under Cichorioideae with 6 tribes, and (3) the microscope for anatomical characters. Asteroideae with 7 tribes. (Heywood et al.1978). On the basis of anatomical character bracketed Family of Asteraceae is common at temperate key prepared. region, In , Asteraceae is dominant towards Observations and Results Himalayan regions, nearly 955 taxa are found, The works were carried out in Nagpur region were (72.67%) with about 202 taxa of which are detailed study of the arrangement of vascular endemic to the India. The chef center of diversity bundles and type of trichomes found on the stem of the Indian Asteraceae is due to conducive was studied for the following tribes given in the temperature and altitudes, habitats distributed table no. 1. & table No. 2 shows important from the cold deserts of Ladakh to forests of character identified along with anatomical north-east India. feature in front of respective names of the plant studied. The works were carried out in Nagpur region were detailed study of the arrangement of vascular RESULT & DISCUSSION bundles and type of trichomes found on the stem The works were carried out in Nagpur region were was studied by taking free hand-sections. For the detailed study of the arrangement of vascular floral characters, ray floret, disk floret, shape of bundles and type of trichomes found on the stem receptacle and the type of capitulum was studied for the following tribes given in the inflorescence was studied. An attempt was made table no. 1. & table No. 2 shows important for the development of a key based on stem character identified along with anatomical anatomical features highlighting the differences feature in front of respective names of the plant in the tribes. Microphotography of the floral studied. components and anatomical study of the stem of these plants, revealed characters which can be 3.1. KEY TO ANATOMICAL CHARECTERS OF utilized for creating a key for various tribes based TRIBES OF DIFFERENT GANERA FROM ASTERACEAE on morphology as well as anatomical characters. MATERIAL & METHODS 1. Secretary canal ...... sulphureus Tribe The species belonging to different tribes of HELIANTHEAE Asteraceae were collected from Nagpur region. 1. Secretary canal absent Field notes were made of precise location and of ...... (2) habitat of that plants type. They were record and 2. Epidermis with Bitrunket trichomes take photographs in the field. After the collection, ………………...... cineria Tribe VERNONIEAE the vegetative and floral parts of fresh specimens 2. Epidermis with other trichomes were studied for taxonomic characters; some of …………………...... (3) collected specimens were dried and pressed to 3. Long blunt trichome prepared herbarium sheet...... Gerbera jamesonii Tribe MUTISIEAE The collected specimens were preserving for 3. Long pointed trichome further anatomical study. For anatomical study,

...... the fresh and preserve specimens were examining ...... (4) by preparing free-hand section for microscopic 4. Epidermis spiny

...... conyzoides Tribe 162 study of stem. These sections were stained with

EUPATORIEAE Page

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4. Epidermis non spiny cortex…………………………....Eclipta alba ...... 6. Non Arenchymatous cortex……………………..…...... (5) (7) 5. Biseriate multicellular trichome 7. Secretory trichome…………………………….…… (8) ...... echinatus Tribe 7. Non secretory trichome………………………….… (9) ECHINOPEAE 8. Small and big vascular bundle alternate………… 5. Uniseriate multicellular trichome Solidago canadensis ...... (6) 8. Small and big vascular bundle alternate with 6. Secretary trichome conical ...... Blumea lacera Tribe V.B………………………………………………….. INULEAE Gerbera jamesonii 6. Non secretary trichome 8. Same size V. B. …………………………………...... Blumea lacera .... (7) 9. Pericycle hemispherical, sub rounded………… 7. Small and big vascular bundle alternate Xanthium indicum ...... Solidago canadensis Tribe 9. Pericycle non hemispherical…………………….. ASTEREAE (10) 7. Same sized vascular bundle 10. Pericycle oval or rounded……………………...... (8) Launaea procumbens 8. Pericycle oval rounded 10. Pericycle non oval or non rounded……………...... Launaea procumbens Tribe (11) CICHORIEAE 11. Long elongated tapering trichome …………….. 8. Pericycle non oval (12) ...... 11. Non elongated tapering trichome ……………… ...... (9) (13) 9. Secondary growth shown 12. Secondary growth ……………………….……...... Chrysanthemum sp Tribe Chrysanthemum sp. ANTHEMIDEAE 12. Non secondary growth ………………………… 9. Many seriate vessels nodiflora ...... Gnomophilum palustre Tribe 13. Many seriate vessels ……………………………. GNAPHALIEAE Gnomophilum palustre 3.2. KEY TO ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS 13. Big vessels ……………..……………….. DIFFENT GENERA Tridex procumbens 1. Stem cylindrical……………………………………….. (4) 1. Stem angular………………………………………..… (2) 2. Cortex with secretory canal ……………………… Conclusion Cosmos sulphureus Morphological details of 16 species carried out 2. Cortex without secretory canal………………….. belonging to10 tribes. Tribe HELIANTHEAE is (3) common in Nagpur region, 6 species were collected 3. Epidermis with blunt trichome ……………..… and described. Parthenium hysterophorus On the bases of anatomical characters different 3. Epidermis with trunket trichome……………….… tribes can be distinguish, for example, Anatomical Vernonia cineria characters of tribes and genera is given in the Table 3. Epidermis without trichome……………………….. No. 3. Thus anatomical features can be included for Sonchus oleraceus identification of different tribes in Asteraceae. 4. Spiny cuticle………………………Ageratum Looking to the diversity of family Asteraceae more conyzoides detailed work is required. 4. No spiny cuticle……………………………………... (5) 5. Bisereate multicellular trichome……………….… ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: - We are very grateful to Echinops echinatus the principal of Shri Mathuradas Mohota College 5. Unisereate multicellular trichome and of Science, Nagpur for providing necessary 163 others…….. (6) facilities required for work.

6. Arenchymatous Page

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Research Journal of Agriculture and REFERENCES Biological Sciences, 4(2): 134-140. Cronquist, A. (1981). An Integrated System of Rob H. and Brenandendron D (2017). Classification of Flowering Plants. Anatomical Studies on the Stem and Columbia University Press, New York. of Vernonia amygdalina Del, Funk V. A; Susanna A; T. Stuessy and Robinson. cinereum (L.) Journal of H. E. (2009). Classification of Applied Life Sciences International Compositae. Book. Systematic, 15(4): 1-8 Evolution and Biogeography of Roque Nádia, David J. Keil and Alfonso Susanna. Compositae. Pub. IAPT, Vienna. Edt. V. (). Apendix A: Illustrated glossary of A. Funk, A. Susanna, T. Stuessy. R. Compositae, www.alcb.ibio.ufba.br Bayer, pp 171-189. Shi, Z. et al. [total: 33 co-authors]. (2011). Heywood V. H. (1978) Flora Europaea: Notulae Asteraceae (Compositae) [family Systematicae ad Floram Europaeama introduction,glossary, systematic list, spectantes. and key to tribes]. Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. Kandemir A; Makbul S, Turkmen Z, Yilmaz M. H. & Hong, D. Y., eds., Flora of China (2006). Morphological, Anatomical and Volume 20–21 (Asteraceae). Science Palynological Investigation on Sonchus Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical erzincanicus Matthews (Asteraceae) Garden Press (St. Louis). Turkish Journal of Botany 30 (5): 405- http://efloraindia.nic.in/efloraindia/searchTaxo 411. n.action ( Botanical survey of India/ Mitra Sunit, S. K. Mukherjee. (2017) Plant Flora Of India) biodiversity: monitoring, assessment (2013). Version 1.1. Published on and conservation. Department of the Internet; Botany, Ranaghat College, Nadia - 741 http://www.theplantlist.org (accessed 201, West Bengal, India. DOI- 1st January). 10.1079/9781780646947.0036

Ngu Wah Win. (2016). Anatomical study on Tridax procumbens L. from Tribe Heliantheae.

http://www.academia.edu p. 1-26

Rahman. A.H.M. M.. (2008). Taxonomic Studies

on the Family Asteraceae 164

(Compositae) of the Rajshahi Division. Page

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Table No. 1. Number of tribes and genus of family Asteraceae described from Nagpur region Sr. Name of plant genera Name of tribes No. studied studied 1 Gerbera jamesonii MUTISIEAE 2 Echinops echinatus ECHINOPEAE 3 CICHORIEAE Launaea procumbens 4 Sonchus oleraceus CICHORIEAE 5 Vernonia cineria VERNONIEAE 6 Solidago canadensis ASTEREAE

7 Chrysanthemum sp. ANTHEMIDEAE 8 Gnomophilum palustre GNAPHALIEAE 9 Blumea lacera INULEAE

10 Cosmos sulphureus HELIANTHEAE

11 Synedrella nodiflora HELIANTHEAE

12 Tridex procumbens HELIANTHEAE

13 Xanthium indicum HELIANTHEAE

14 Eclipta alba HELIANTHEAE

15 Parthenium hysterophorus HELIANTHEAE

16 Ageratum conyzoides EUPATORIEAE

Table No. 2. Special characters of plant with their photographs Name of Characters Tribe& Plant Photos

Gerbera Long blunt jamesonii trichome. MUTISIEAE Alternet vascular bundle. Vascular bundle conical

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Echinops Two type of echinatus trichome ECHINOPEAE Long tapering & Biseriate multicellular trichome.

Launaea Small and big procumbens vascular bundle CICHORIEAE alternate. Pericycle is oval in shaped.

Sonchus Shows angular oleraceus margin. CICHORIEAE Vessels in a column.

Vernonia cineria Hairy epidermis VERNONIEAE Bitrunket trichome

Solidago Vascular bundle canadensis big & small ASTEREAE alternate Long uniseriate glandular hair.

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Chrysanthemum Secondary growth sp. Pointed trichome ANTHEMIDEA Pericycle in patches E

Gnomophilum Many hairs on palustre epidermis GNAPHALIEAE Many uniseriate vessels

Blumea lacera Same size vascular INULEAE bundle Scattered vessels along periphery

Cosmos Secretory canal sulphureus Triangular vascular HELIANTHEAE bundle

Synedrella Small pointed nodiflora trichome HELIANTHEAE Phloem move towards in side

Tridex Small Pericycle procumbens Big vessels HELIANTHEAE

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Xanthium Hemispherical indicum Pericycle HELIANTHEAE Uniseriate multicellular trichome

Eclipta alba Arenchymatous HELIANTHEAE cortex Spiny trichome

Parthenium Pericycle continues hysterophorus Blunt trichome HELIANTHEAE

Ageratum Alternet vascular conyzoides bundle EUPATORIEAE Round Pericycle

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Fig. 1. Gerbera jamesonii A. Inflorescence, B.L.S. of Fig.2. Echinops echinatus A. Habit, B. Inflorescence, C.L.S. of Inflorescence, C. Rey & Disk floret, D-F. Part showing Big & Inflorescence, D. floret, E. Cross section of stem, F-G. Trichome

Small Vascular bundle, G. Trichome

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Fig.3. Launaea procumbens Fig.4. Sonchus oleraceus A.Habit,B.Infloresecence,C.floret,D. A.Habit,B.Infloresecence,C.floret,D. Cross section of stem, E & F. Cross section of stem, E & F. Vascular bundle And arrangement of Vascular bundle And arrangement of Pericycle Pericycle

A.Habit,B.Infloresecence,C.floret,D. A.Habit,B.Infloresecence,C.floret,D. Fig.5. Vernonia cineria Fig.6. Solidago canadensis Cross section of stem, E. Epidermis with minute hairs, F. Bitrunket Cross section of stem, E. Structure of Vascular bundle, F .part showing Trichome, G. Vascular bundle with Pericycle, H. Trichome with arrangement of vascular bundle , G. Glandular Trichome

Vascular bundle

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Fig.7.Chrysanthemum sp. Fig.8. Gnomophilum palustre A.Habit,B.Infloresecence,C.floret,D. Cross section of stem, E. A.Habit,B.Infloresecence,C.floret,D. Cross section of stem, E. Structure Arrangement of vascular bundles, F. Structure of vascular bundle, of vascular bundle ,F. Structure of Pericycle G. Woolly trichomes G. Cortex tissue

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Fig.9. Blumea lacera Fig.10. Cosmos sulphureus A.Habit,B.Infloresecence,C.floret,D. A. Habit, B.L.S. of Inflorescence, C. floret, D. Cross section of stem, Cross section of stem, E. Structure of vascular bundle, F. Arrangement E. Arrangement of vascular bundles, F. Structure of Glandular of vascular bundles, G. Cortex showing canal trichome, G. Tapering trichome

Fig.11. Synedrella nodiflora Fig.12. Tridex procumbens A. Habit, B. Inflorescence, C .floret, D. Cross section of stem, E. A. Habit, B. Inflorescence, C, floret, D. Cross section of stem, E. Cortex Vascular bundles, F. Small trichome with cortex and Pericycle, G. & vascular structure, F. Structure of Pericycle and xylem vessels, G.

Structure of Pericycle Arrangement of vascular bundles. 172 Page

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Fig.13. Xanthium indicum Fig.14. Eclipta alba A. Habit, B. Male Inflorescence, C. Female floret, D. Cross section A. Habit, B.L.S. of Inflorescence, C, Ray & Disk floret, D. Cross section of stem, E. Arrangement of vascular, F. Trichome, G. Structure of of stem, E. Cortex with Arenchymatous cell and trichome structure, F. vascular bundle Structure of trichome, G. Vascular bundles.

Fig.15. Parthenium hysterophorus Fig.16. Ageratum conyzoides A. Habit, B. Inflorescence, C, floret, D. Cross section of stem, E. A. Habit, B. Inflorescence, C, floret, D. Cross section of stem, E. Cortex Cortex & vascular structure, F. Structure of Trichome, G. Vascular & vascular structure, F. Structure of multilayered epidermis

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