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2020 Nr. 2 (30) 2020 Nr ISSN 1822-5152 (spausdintas) ISSN 2351-6461 (internetinis) https://doi.org/10.7220/2351-6561.30 t 2020 Nr. 2 (30) 2020 Nr. 2 (30) REDAKCIJOS KOLEGIJA Egidijus ALEKSANDRAVIČIUS, vyriausiasis redaktorius (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Dalia KUIZINIENĖ, redaktoriaus pavaduotoja (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Kristīne BEĶERE (Latvijos mokslų akademija) Ingrida CELEŠIŪTĖ (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Halina Beresnevičiūtė-Nosálová (Masaryko universitetas, Brno, Čekija) Daiva DAPKUTĖ (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Beata KALĘBA (Krokuvos Jogailaičių universitetas, Lenkija) Violeta KELERTIENĖ (Vašingtono universitetas, Sietlas, JAV) Vėjas Gabriel LIULEVIČIUS (Tenesio universitetas, JAV) Violetta PARUTIS (Esekso universitetas, Jungtinė Karalystė) Juozas SKIRIUS (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Giedrius SUBAČIUS (Ilinojaus universitetas, Čikaga, JAV) Žurnalo leidybą remia Lietuvos mokslo taryba pagal Valstybinės lituanistinių tyrimų sklaidos 2016–2024 m. programą (projekto Nr. P-LIP-19-54). Lietuvių išeivijos institutas S. Daukanto g. 25, LT-44249 Kaunas, Lietuva © Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2020 © Lietuvių išeivijos institutas, 2020 TURINYS CONTENTS ŠIUOLAIKINIAI MIGRACIJOS PROCESAI TRENDS OF CONTEMPORARY MIGRATION Dainius GENYS Laisvėjimo strategijos: lietuvių emigrantų racionalumas ir emocinės būsenos dinamika .....................7 Emancipation Strategies: Rationality of Lithuanian Emigrants and Dynamics of Emotional State .......23 DIASPOROS ISTORIJA IR KULTŪRA HISTORY AND CULTURE OF DIASPORA Marija NAVICKAITĖ Didžiosios Britanijos lietuvių organizaciniai ir informaciniai tinklai XIX a. pabaigoje – XX a. pradžioje ................25 Organization and Information Networks of Lithuanians in Great Britain at the Turn of the 20th Century .....44 Regina LAUKAITYTĖ Pamiršta Amerikos lietuvių pagalbos Lietuvos SSR istorija: 1941–1947 metai .........................45 The Forgotten History of Lithuanian-American Assistance to the Lithuanian SSR from 1941 to 1947 ..59 Andrius MARCINKEVIČIUS Rusų kilmės Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabėgėlių iš Lietuvos ryšiai su rusų diaspora JAV: individualios patirtys .........................................61 Relation of Russian refugees of World War II from Lithuania to Russian Diaspora in the USA: Analysis of Individual Experiences ...........................81 Alvydas NOREIKA Vytautas Kavolis ir liberalusis feminizmas ..........83 Vytautas Kavolis and Liberal Feminism ............95 Rasa ŽUKIENĖ Lietuvių dailininkai JAV: lietuviškieji ir amerikietiškieji išeivių dailės kontekstai ..........................97 Lithuanian Painters in the United States: The Lituanian and American Contexts of Lithuanian Émigre Painting ..108 5 Reda PABARČIENĖ Julius Kaupas Kosto Ostrausko kūryboje ...........109 Julius Kaupas in the Writings of Kostas Ostrauskas ..120 Vaida JONUŠYTĖ Lietuva Urugvajuje: Alfredo Stanevičiaus ir Vytauto Dorelio biografijos ..............................121 Lithuania in Uruguay: The Biographies of Alfredas Stanevičius and Vytautas Dorelis .................136 IŠ ARCHYVŲ FROM THE ARCHIVES Dalia KUIZINIENĖ Iš tolimos perspektyvos: Juliaus Kaupo gyvenimo ir kūrybos keliais .................................137 From a Distant Perspective: Looking at the Life and the Creative Work of Julius Kaupas Dalia GALAUNYTĖ-KAUPIENĖ-AUGUNAS Iš mano prisiminimų apie Julių Kaupą. 140 From My Recollections of Julius Kaupas RECENZIJA BOOK REVIEW Sandra BERNOTAITĖ Birutės Ciplijauskaitės intelektinio paveldo sugrįžimas .....................................149 KRONIKA ....................................... 155 APIE AUTORIUS ....................................... 173 REIKALAVIMAI STRAIPSNIAMS ....................................... 175 SUBMISSION GUIDELINES ....................................... 179 6 LIETUVIŲ MIGRACIJOS IR DIASPOROS STUDIJOS OIKOS: lietuvių migracijos ir diasporos studijos 2020, nr. 2 (30) ISSN 1822-5152 (spausdintas), ISSN 2351-6461 (internetinis) https://doi.org/10.7220/2351-6561.30.1 Šiuolaikiniai migracijos procesai tDainius GENYS Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas Laisvėjimo strategijos: lietuvių emigrantų racionalumas ir emocinės būsenos dinamika1 Santrauka. Lietuvių laisvėjimas po Nepriklausomybės paskelbimo neišvengiamai persipynė tiek su iš- sivadavimu iš sovietinių traumų, tiek su įsigalinimu XXI a. modernizmo tektoninių lūžių kaleidoskope. Emigracija šiame kontekste neišvengiamai tampa rodikliu, iliustruojančiu nedidelės tautos likimą kra- tantis geležinės uždangos ir atsiveriant globalumo iššūkiams. Atitinkamai straipsnyje keliamas tikslas – ieškoti koreliacijų tarp asmenybės tipo, grupių racionalizacijos tipo ir emocinės dinamikos. Straipsnyje konceptualiai derinant Vytauto Kavolio modernizacijos poveikio laisvėjimui tipologiją ir racionalaus pasirinkimo teoriją, empiriškai formuojamos pagrindinės išvykstančiųjų grupės (pagal išvykimo tiks- lus ir požiūrio savitumus) ir nužymima kiekvienos grupės emocinės būsenos dinamika. Empirinio ty- rimo pagrindas – lietuvių išeivių apklausa, atlikta 2018 m. sausį–vasarį (N = 1 500). Empirinėje straips- nio dalyje išskiriamos ir analizuojamos trys grupės: „Užsidirbti“, „Išbandyti save“ ir „Pabėgti nuo lietuviško valdymo“, konceptualiai atitinkančios V. Kavolio asmenybės (modernistinis, pogrindinis ir postmodernistinis tipai) tipologiją, tačiau turinčios pastebimų emocinės būsenos skirtumų. Raktažodžiai: Lietuva, emigracija, racionalumas, emocijos, modernizacija. Įvadas Kai 2016 m. tuometinis premjeras Algirdas Butkevičius viešai užsiminė2 apie „negatyvų psichologinį, socialinį, emocinį lauką“, platesnė diskusija neužsimezgė. Per šalį nuvilnijo banga nepasitenkinimo, kurio absoliučiai didžioji dalis buvo nukreipta į tai, ko valdžia 1 Šis straipsnis paskelbtas gavus „Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies“ mokslinių tyrimų stipendiją iškylantiems mokslininkams (angl. emerging scholars). 2 Savukynas, Virginijus, „A. Butkevičius: blogiausia, kad neigiamą socialinį ir emocinį lauką Lietuvo- je palaiko politikai“, Lrt.lt, 2016 liepos 21, žiūrėta 2020 balandžio 20, https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/ tavo-lrt/15/143250/a-butkevicius-blogiausia-kad-neigiama-socialini-ir-emocini-lauka-lietuvoje-palaiko-politikai. 7 nesugeba padaryti ir kad būtent ji kalčiausia dėl prastos visuomenės būsenos. Premjeras greitai nutilo ir diskusijos nebevystė. Nei visuomenė, nei politikai, nei viešieji intelektua- lai, nepaisant nerimą keliančios visuomenės emocinės sveikatos, nesiėmė nuodugniau ap- svarstyti problemos priežasčių. Visuomenė nebuvo pasiruošusi kritiškai reflektuoti nepa- sitenkinimo priežasčių nei iš naujo įvertinti asmeninio įsitraukimo (nė įsipareigojimų) kuriant visuomenės gerovę. Apsiribota iškoneveikti valdžią ir pasitenkinti savo nepasiten- kinimu. Šiuo atveju norisi atkreipti dėmesį ne į objektyvius parametrus, o būtent į subjek- tyvią visuomenės savivoką. Akivaizdu, kad egzistuoja ryšys tarp objektyvių tikrovės aplinkybių ir subjektyvaus jų suvokimo, tačiau kyla klausimas, kodėl šių vektorių kryptys skirtingos, t. y. kodėl, akivaizdžiai kylant3 materialinės gerovės lygiui, visuomenės emoci- nė (sociopsichologinė) būsena išlieka prasta4. Žinomas lietuvių išeivijos sociologas Vytautas Kavolis kadaise iškėlė klausimą apie at- bundančioje Lietuvoje vykusį išsilaisvinimo procesą5. Jį domino besiformuojanti skirtis tarp individualaus ir kolektyvinio laisvinimosi veiksmo. Pasitelkęs sociologinę vaizduotę ir puikias lietuvių mentaliteto tyrimų įžvalgas, V. Kavolis vienas pirmųjų nėrė gilyn, bandy- damas aiškinti modernybės įtaką asmenybės tipui. Plėtodamas psichologinės modernizaci- jos teoriją, jis gvildeno mažos visuomenės gebėjimus atlaikyti likimo naštos sukeltus rūpes- čius, t. y. analizavo ryškėjančias lietuvių atsako į sparčią modernizaciją racionalizacijos strategijas, kurios galiausiai persipina su subjektyviu pasitenkinimu. Lietuvių patirtys ir šiame procese išgyvenamos emocijos gana universalios, o V. Kavolio įžvalgos yra patogus metodologinis įrankis, leidžiantis analizuoti aptariamus procesus. Emigracija šiame kontekste neišvengiamai tampa rodikliu, iliustruojančiu nedidelės tautos likimą kratantis geležinės uždangos ir atsiveriant globalumo iššūkiams. Tačiau emi- gracijos vaidmuo laisvėjimo kontekste yra dialektiškas: viena vertus, dalis žmonių nu- sprendžia pasinaudoti išsikovota laisve ir leidžiasi išbandyti atsiveriančius horizontus (tai istoriniu aspektu lyg ir tampa lietuvius lydinčiu bruožu), kita vertus, emigracijos iš Lietu- vos mastas pasiekia sunkiai paaiškinamus skaičius, kurių nebegalima vienareikšmiškai sieti nei su ekonominiais, nei su politiniais, nei su kultūriniais šalių skirtumais. Galiausiai verta atkreipti dėmesį ir į emigracijos tyrimų bei aiškinimo diskursą lydinčią emocinę įtampą ir prieštaras: jau anksčiau buvo pastebėtas atotrūkis tarp realaus emigracijos vaidmens ir nuoseklaus jo aiškinimo iš valstybės bei visuomenės raidos perspektyvos6; naujausi tyrimai liudija apie ne tik emocionalaus visuomenės požiūrio į tėvynę bangavimą (tarp aukos ir atsakomybės suvokimo)7, bet ir tam tikrą vertybinę skirtį racionalizuojant tiek valstybės (ką ji turi duoti), tiek individo (ką aš turiu gauti) vaidmenį8. Emocionalusis pradas (tiek 3 Lietuvos ekonomikos apžvalga. 2019 kovas. Vilnius: Lietuvos bankas, 2019, https://www.lb.lt/uploads/publications/ docs/21756_d778713ca234ccc09dc70e7312b44d89.pdf. 4 VDU informacija, „Tyrimas atskleidė, dėl ko emigruoja lietuviai“, Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto tinklalapis, publi- kuota 2018 spalio 8, https://www.vdu.lt/lt/tyrimas-atskleide-del-ko-emigruoja-lietuviai/. 5 Kavolis, Vytautas,
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