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JUU^ECONOMIC^ W4TIONJJF^ Kanqjj4ir4te^ . NPKTHERM JUU^ECONOMIC^ W 4TIONJJF^ k ANQ JJ4IR4TE^ . NPKTHERM NIGERIA,. « t 1882-. 19*JQ By ADAMU MOHAMMED FIKA Thesis submitted for the Doctor 'of Philosophy at The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1973* ProQuest Number: 11010456 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010456 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT The independent kingdom of Kano has a long history dating from about the middle of the seventh century A.D. The kingdom became a Muslim theocracy as from the reign of Muhammed Rumfa during the second half of the fifteenth century* As a result of the .jihad led by Usman dan Fodio e a rly in the n in e te e n th cen tu ry , Kano was conquered and subsequently became a self-governing emirate in the Sokoto Caliphate, A Fulani dynasty was established and Kano’s rulers recognized the suzerainty of the Sultans of Sokoto, A bureaucratic-like political system was instituted in which slave functionaries played a major role. During the later nineteenth century, internal stresses and conflict plagued the emirate. Already beset with its own internal problems, Kano was threatened by external enemies and in 1903 was forced to succumb to the military conquest of the Europeans, Incorp­ oration into the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria had far-reaching effects on the state of the economy, especially on the pattern of the emirate's extensive commercial relations with the outside world. The Kano ruling groups responded to the British by co-operating in matters tending to maintain or enhance their privileges. This in turn led to the reorganization of taxation, the development of the colonial Native Treasury, modification of the Islamic shari’a to suit British ideas, and f the emergence of a specially trained class bf administrators capable of writing in Roman script which the British understood. The masses or talakawa, on the other hand, at first viewed the arrival of the British as signalling the end of all worldly obigations but in the end they had to adapt to the colonial situation. The advent of the railway and the development of the groundnut trade played a major role in the history U of social change and the consolidation of a cash-based economy. In the so-called ’golden age’ of British overrule from about 1926-^+0, the rulers of Kano had established a satisfactory working relationship with the British, thus enabling the latter to successfully goad the Native Administration into taking on further responsibilities. This period also saw the undertaking of a considerable number of important welfare projects, as for example the provision of pipe-borne water, electricity, and a well-equipped hospital. In the colonial laissez faire economy, the Kano business community were able to prosper in the kola and cattle trade to and from the southern coast. It is suggested that Indirect Rule as practised in Kano and Northern Nigeria was inevitable in view of the problems the British had had to tackle and the authoritarian nature of Hausa-Fulani society. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without a generous grant from the Ford Foundation and the permission granted to me by Ahmadu Bello University, to take extended leave of absence, this study could not have been undertaken. To both these institutions I am greatly indebted. Similarly, my gratitude is due to the Institute of International Education, New York, which so kindly administered my fellowship funds while on archival and field researches in England and Nigeria. Several public and reference libraries allowed me access to their collections. In particular I should like to thank the librarians and staff of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, the School of Oriental and African Studies and the Institute of Historical Research, all of the University of London; the Public Record Office and the British Museum, \ London, and Rhodes House, Oxford University. My thanks are due also to the following bodies in Nigeria? the National Archives Kaduna, the Jo s Museum, Kano P ro v in c ia l O ffic e , and A bdullahi Bayero C ollege, Kano. The individuals to whom I owe many thanks for their help and advice \ are too many to number, but I must make special mention of the following: Mr. John Lavers, Dr. J. Ballard, Dr. H.J. Fisher, Professor Michael Crowder, Professor Abdullahi Smith, Mr. M.A. Al-Hajj, Alhaji Abubakar Sanusi, Alhaji Salihi Bayero, Alhaji Maitama Sule, Alhaji Shehu Ahmadu, Dr. David Dorward, Dr. D.M. Last, Mr. St. E.D. Nelson, Mallam Suleiman Bappa, A lh aji Abubakar Mai Zaure, and A lh aji Umaru Baba. I must mention separately the extraordinary support and encouragement given me by Mr. Douglas Jones, my supervisor. To him I wish to express my deep indebtedness. (A The Central London Typing Pool very quickly and efficiently typed the manuscript in its present form. Finally, I owe special thanks to my wife for her constant encouragement throughout the period of my research. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Abstract ... ••• ... ... ....................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ••• ................. ••• ••• ••• 4 C ontents ........................................ 6 Abbreviations •• ••• ••• .... 7 Chapter I - Introductory Survey: Earliest times to 1881 8 Chapter 2 - Kano in 1882: A Political and Economic Survey . .......................................... 5k Chapter 3 - Kano: The Civil War and the British Conquest 1882-1903 ............................................. 88 Chapter *+ - Kano 1903-10: The Establishment and Consolidation of British Overrule •• ••• 162 Chapter 5 - Kano 1910-26: Political and Adminis­ trative Developments ••• .............................. 230 Chapter 6 - Kano c* 1890-1926: Economic Develop­ ments .. .... ••• 313 Chapter 7 - Kano 1926-*+0: P o l i t i c a l and A dm inistra­ tive Developments .................. .. .................. 3 *+2 Chapter 8 - Kano 1926-*+0: Economic and S o c ia l Developments ................. .......................... 396 Chapter 9 - Conclusion ............................ *+08 Appendices ••• ••• ••• ... *+17, *+22 M ap s .......................... ... *+23 Bibliography .............................................................................................. i+30 a LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS B.S.O.A.S, - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies* c.o. Colonial Office; Records of the Colonial Office at the Public Record Office, London. D.H. D is tr ic t Head* D.O. D istrict Officer* J.A .H . Journal of African History* J •A.S, — Journal of the African Society. J.H .S .N . Journal of the Historical Society of N igeria* K.P.O. Materials deposited at the Kano Provincial Office (now designated as Local Government Division, M ilitary Governor’s Office, Kano). N.A. Native Authority/Native Administration* N.A.K. National Archives, Kaduna. nak / snp Records of the Northern Nigeria/Northern Provinces Secretariat Group* NAK/KANOPROF - Records o f th e P ro v in c ia l O ffice Kano a t the National Archives, Kaduna* W.A.F.F. West African Frontier Force. CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION SURVEY: EARLIEST TIMES TO 1882. The kingdom or emirate^ of Kano has a long history extending over several centuries. In ancient times it had contacts with the early empires of the Western Sudan - Ghana, Mali and Songhay. During the eighteenth century Kano became tributary to Bornu. In the nineteenth century Kano, together with the other Hausa States, was conquered by the Fulani as a result of the .jihad (Muslim holy war) le d by Usman dan Fodio. Throughout i t s recorded h is to r y , Kano would seem to have been a notable agricultural, industrial and commercial centre. These factors reinforced its contacts with neighbouring kingdoms in the central Sudan and even beyond. There developed trade routes between the kingdom and areas near and far, thereby further integrating Kano into the broader context of West African history. Of great significance was the development of the trans-Saharan trade routes which brought Kano into contact with North Africa and the Mediterranean. These communications brought to Kano not only an expansion of trade but cultural influences as well* At first in a trickle but later in greater numbers, traders, Islamic p re a c h e rs and s e t t l e r s converged on Kano C ity (the e m ira te ’s name is derived from its capital) making it not only cosmopolitan but a meeting-point of diverse peoples and cultures. Our study concerns Kano under British colonial rule up until 1940. However, any study of Kano's response to this alien overrule - which also imposed a new economic regime - must take into account both 1. For the sake of convenience we will hereafter refer to it as the emirate, though to avoid confusion the term kingdom w ill be used for the period up to 1804. A the emirate's long history as well as its human and geographical configuration. Hence the inclusion of these themes in the early c h a p te rs . The period of our study, c. 1882 - 1940, has been chosen so that we can focus on the pre-colonial scene and then compare and contrast this with the emirate's political and economic circumstances under British rule from 1903 onwards. Such a study is of relevance to an understanding of the colonial period because Kano has had an immense influence in the development of Indirect Rule in Northern -j Nigeria.
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