COLONIALISM AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES: A CASE STUDY OF HADEJIA EMIRATE, NIGERIA (1906-1960) BY MOHAMMED ABDULLAHI MOHAMMED MAH/42421/141/DF A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF HIGHER DEGREES AND RESEARCH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY MAY, 2015 DECLARATION This is my original work and has not been presented for a Degree or any other academic award in any university or institution of learning. ~ Signature Date MOHAMMED ABDULLAHI MOHAMMED APPROVAL I confirm that the work in this dissertation proposal was done by the candidate under my supervision. Signiture Supervisor name Date Peter Ssekiswa DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my late mother may her soul rest in perfect peace and my humble brother Yusif Bashir Hekimi and my wife Rahana Mustathha and the entire fimily In ACKNOWLEDGEMENT lam indeed grateful to my supervisor Peter Ssekiswa , who tirelessly went through my work and inspired me to dig deeper in to the core of the m matter , His kind critism patience and understanding assrted me a great deal Special thanks go to Vice Chancellor prof P Kazinga also a historian for his courage and commitment , however special thanks goes to Dr Kayindu Vicent , the powerful head of department of education (COEDU ) for friendly and academic discourse at different time , the penalist of the viva accorded thanks for observation and scholarly advise , such as Dr SOFU , Dr Tamale , Dr Ijoma My friends Mustafa Ibrahim Garga Sahsu Haliru are worthy mentioning Abubaker Mohd Hamiju Mohd Sallama among other .Adamu ldiris ( Danbaba ) Mallan Hajji must be accorded attention for their at most and constant attention during this study , my friends relatives and specifically my intellectual mentor professer l-laluna Wakili , for the support encouragement he gave me from under graduate up to this level (Allah should reward him , my sister Hajja Yartime Yargata , Gwaggo among others are worthy of respect may God reward , Abubakor Aminu Ustaz , Bellerno , Adamo Toraka Alhaji Lunan , Vamasallachi , Abdullahu Urey , Adamar Idoras Amar Abuzarri and the staffs of various libraries I visited during the research, I thank you all for your prayers and support iv ABBREVIATIONS A.B.U Ahmadu Bello University Zaria BC.G.A British Cotton’Growing Association B.U.K FAIS Bayero University, Kano -Faculty of Arts and slamic Studies N H. R.S Northern History Research Scheme NAK National Achieves Kaduna R.N.C Royal Niger Company S.N .P Secretariat of the Northern Provinces U.A.C WA.C.B United African Company West African Currency Board REB Rural Electricity Board V GLOSSARY S/N Non English Words English Meaning Translafion T~A~iiI~ 2. Dagachi Village head ~ Fadama Marshy areas or swamps 4.. Gandu Estate 5. Gidaje Houses 6 Gayya Communitywoik , ~iu riirniri Uokr I ne city ot hors~ 8.’ Habe Non Fulani populaUon of the people 9• LHakimi District head ~ 1~ ~~du ~Ei~~ 11. Jangali Tax on cattle f 12: Jarma , War commander, fio~JizYa on non MLlSl~mS -~ ~ 14. ‘Kadanya Share nuts ~ 1~•. Kame Arresting ~ ~ ‘17 KLIdin daji Levied on hunters 18. Kudingida ‘Tax on house 19. KLidin kasuwa Levied on merchant Kudin ruwa Levied on fishermen 21 JKuka 22 Kudin kasa Tax on land vi ABSTRACT This historical study was carried out in Hadejia Emirate of Nigeria to assess the establishment of colonialism in Nigeria, to examine the social impact of colonialism on Hadeja Emirate, Nigeria, as well as to analyze the economic impact of colonialism on Hadejia Emirate in Nigeria. Being a historical study, documentary analyses as well as oral interviews were used. The 53 respondents who participated in the study were purposively selected on an assumption that they were knowledgable of the historical events of colonialism in Nigeria, specifically Hadejia Emirate. These were 26 secondary school teachers of 1-listory, six university lecturers of History, ten religious leaders, seven political leaders and four traditional leaders. The study took a cross- sectional descriptive survey design, using qualitative approach. The interviewees revealed that colonialism was introduced in Nigeria in the l9~’~ century A.D by the British as a result of the scramble and partition of Africa. The largest part of northern Nigeria by the 9~ century was part of the Sokoto Caliphate. The Emirates under Sokoto Caliphate covered a substantial area of northern Nigeria as a result of a Jihad led by Uthrnan Dan Fodio. Islam and indigenous African religions were the two religions practiced by the people by the time the British started ruling Nigeria.With the advent of colonialism, social changes were ushered in including the establishment of Christianity, European culture, formal schooling, and hospitals, all of which had both positive and negative impacts. Economically. new cash crops were introduced, textile and industries were introduced, and the mode of pasterolism was changed. The impacts of all these, as perceived by the interviewees, were both positive and negative. It was concluded that given the speed at which the world is moving today in terms of socio-econornic development, the changes brought by the colonial masters in Hadejia Emirate should receive more praises than criticisms and hence be adopted with some changes to suit the current trends in science and technology. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION APPROVAL DEDICATION ABBREVIATIONS GLOSSARY ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LISTOFTABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii CHAPTER ONE 1 .0 Introduction I I. I Background of the Study I I . I . I Historical Perspective I .1 .2 Conceptual Perspective 4 1.1.3 Contextual Perspective 4 1.2 Problem Statement 5 1.3 Purpose of the Study 5 1.4 Objectives of the Study 6 1 .5 Research Questions 6 1.6 Scope of the Study 6 1.6.1 Geographical scope 6 I .6.2 Time scope 6 1 .6.3 Content scope 6 1 .7. Significance of the Study 7 VHI CHAPTER TWO .:8 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.0 Introduction 8 2.1 Conceptual framework 8 2.2 Related Literature 9 2.2.1 Establishment of Colonialism in Nigeria 9 2.2.2 Indirect rule 11 2.2.3Traditional leaders 12 2.3. Colonialism and Social Development 14 2.3.I.Religion 14 2.3.2 Formal Education 19 2.4 Colonialism and Economic Development ofNigeria 28 2.4. 1 Infrastructure 28 2.4. 2 Roads 28 2.4.3 Water supply and sanitation 30 2.4.4 Power 30 2.4.5 Information and communications technologies 31 2.5 Cash Crops Production 33 CHAPTER THREE 34 METHODOLOGY 34 3.0 Introduction 34 3.1 Research design 34 3.2 Research Population 34 3.3 Sampling and Sample Size 34 3.4 Sampling Procedure 34 3.5 Study Population 35 3.6 Sample selection 35 3.7 Data Collection 35 3.8 .1 Research Instruments 36 3.8.2. Interview guide 36 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 5. 1: price of oil and palm kernel between January and August 1931 70 Table 5. 2: showing cost of infrastructures in Hadejia emirate 71 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Showing the diagrammatic Representation of the Relationship Between Colonialism and Socio-economic Development in Hadejia Emirate, Nigeria 8 XII CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction This chapter entails the background of the study. problem statement, purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, hypothesis, and scope of the study, significance and operational definition of key terms. 1.1 Background of the Study 1.1.1 Historical Perspective The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time, including such disparate peoples as the Hittites, the Incas and the British. Modern state global colonialism, or imperialism, began in the 15th century with the ‘Age of Discovery’, led by Portuguese and Spanish exploration of the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia. During the 16thi and 17th1 centuries, England, France and the Dutch Republic established their own overseas empires, in direct competition with each other. The end of the 18th and early 19th century saw the first era of decolonization, when most of the European colonies in the Americas gained their independence from their respective metro poles. Spain was irreversibly weakened after the loss of their New World colonies, but the Kingdom of Great Britain (uniting Scotland with England and Wales), France, Portugal, and the Dutch turned their attention to the Old World, particularly South Africa, India, and South East Asia, where coastal enclaves had already been established. The second industrial revolution, in the l9~ century. led to what has been termed the era of New Imperialism, when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated, the height of which was the Scramble for Africa, in which Belgium was a major and Germany a lesser participant. The colonization of Africa has a long history, the most important phase being the European Scramble for Africa during the late I 9th and early 20th century. Africa experienced major culture clashes which derived from the impact of economic, political, social and religious factors on the indigenous societies of Africa. Europeans brought traditions to implement and justify their presence in Africa. In 1446, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish settlements, trade posts and ports of call along the oceanic coasts of African continent. Africa seemed attractive to European rulers for economic and racial reasons (Duignan and Gann, 20 13). Africa 1 offered Britain, France, Germany and other countries an open market for trade, a market that bought more from colonial power than it sold overall (Shillington, 201 1). From then on, African territory was randomly divided between European countries that tried to impose elements from their culture.