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Research on the Best Market Applications for Lightlab Energy-Saving Lamps

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Research on the Best Market Applications for Lightlab Energy-Saving Lamps Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Research on the Best Market Applications for LightLab Energy-Saving Lamps Raúl Vilalta Cea Supervisor: Björn Karlsson Degree Project Department of Management and Engineering Division of Energy Systems Linköping University 2010 LIU-IEI-TEK-A--10/00904--SE Abstract Nowadays, lighting represents 20% of the global electricity consumption. Light can be produced using different technologies but more than 100 years after its invention, the incandescent bulb is still the most sold and one of the more used light sources. Of the total energy input in an incandescent bulb more than 90% is lost as heat while less than 10% is converted into visible light. However, there are alternative technologies which use up to 85% less energy for conventional lighting and there are even more efficient light sources for other purposes that if they replace completely all incandescent lamps over the world could reduce dramatically the global electricity consumption and greenhouse gases emissions. One may identify these alternative technologies mainly as LEDs and discharge lamps, but are they the unique alternatives? This thesis is focused on a new lighting technology whose name is LightLab and which is based on the field emission and cathodoluminescence concepts. This technology is under the research and development stage but prototypes have already achieved energy savings over 85% compared to incandescent lamps with a great color performance and with the advantage that it does not use mercury or other hazardous substances compared with discharge lamps. Thus, in the first part of the project all technologies and last improvements are studied while the second part analyses the market applications possibilities for the LightLab lamp considering the environmental perspective regulations and comparing the lamp with the other light sources. The result is that despite there are still some unknown parameters that need to be developed or improved, the lamp has a great potential for different applications fields. i ii Acknowledgements After five years at my home university, the Technical University of Catalonia, the possibility to do this degree project in Sweden as an exchange student has been an extraordinary experience that has given me knowledge in the student field but also a great personal and vocational training. Thus, I would like to agree to my supervisor Björn Karlsson and the LightLab Sweden AB members for their help and for giving me this opportunity as well as to the Linköping University. I also would like to thank to my Linköping friends and my officemates for making the work easier and more pleasant and keeping me always motivated. I cannot forget my friends from my home university Jordi, Eric, Ferran and Enric with which we spent so much time studying and working together. Finally, the most important acknowledgement is for my parents, without your advice, support and help this experience could not be possible, and especially to my brother Javier: you have always been my role model. Tack så mycket! iii iv Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 AIM .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................ 3 1.5 METHOD ................................................................................................................... 3 1.6 ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS ........................................................................... 4 2 INCANDESCENT LAMPS ........................................................................................... 7 2.1 PHYSICS BEHIND ....................................................................................................... 7 2.2 LAMP PROPERTIES .................................................................................................... 9 3 DISCHARGE LAMPS ................................................................................................. 11 3.1 FLUORESCENT LAMPS ............................................................................................. 11 3.2 MERCURY LAMPS ................................................................................................... 14 3.3 SODIUM LAMPS ....................................................................................................... 16 3.3.1 Low-pressure sodium lamps ........................................................................ 16 3.3.2 High-pressure sodium lamps ....................................................................... 17 3.4 METAL HALIDE LAMPS ........................................................................................... 17 4 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING ........................................................................................ 19 4.1 LED: LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE ................................................................................ 19 4.2 OLED: ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE .............................................................. 21 4.3 LED BULBS FOR LIGHTING APPLICATIONS .............................................................. 22 4.4 FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS: HIGH-BRIGHTNESS AND QUANTUM DOT LEDS ............ 24 4.5 SOLID-STATE ALTERNATIVES TO COMMON LEDS ................................................... 26 5 FIELD EMISSION LIGHTING .................................................................................. 29 5.1 WHAT IS FIELD EMISSION? ...................................................................................... 29 5.2 LIGHTLAB LIGHTING APPLICATION OF FIELD EMISSION .......................................... 29 6 FURTHER TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................................... 33 6.1 ELECTRON STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE ............................................................... 33 6.2 INDUCTION LAMPS .................................................................................................. 34 6.3 SULFUR LAMPS ....................................................................................................... 35 7 LIGHTING ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE AND REGULATIONS ......... 37 7.1 PHASE OUT OF THE LESS EFFICIENT LIGHT SOURCES ............................................... 37 7.1.1 European Union phase out of incandescent bulbs ....................................... 38 7.1.2 European Union phase out and regulations regarding other light sources 39 7.2 MERCURY ............................................................................................................... 40 7.2.1 Global mercury emissions cycle and their effects ........................................ 40 7.2.2 Mercury use in lamps ................................................................................... 41 7.2.3 Life cycle analysis of lamps mercury emissions .......................................... 42 7.3 USE OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN LAMPS ........................................................... 44 v 7.4 LAMPS LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND RECYCLABILITY ................................................ 45 7.4.1 Life cycle analysis ......................................................................................... 46 7.4.2 Bulbs recycling procedures .......................................................................... 47 8 TECHNOLOGIES COMPARISON ............................................................................ 49 8.1 LIGHT OUTPUT AND ENERGY USE ............................................................................ 49 8.2 LAMPS FUNCTIONALITIES ........................................................................................ 52 8.3 LIFETIME COSTS ...................................................................................................... 54 8.4 LIGHT PERFORMANCE.............................................................................................. 56 9 LIGHTLAB APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS ............................................................... 59 9.1 LIGHTING APPLICATIONS FIELDS, THEIR REQUIREMENTS AND THEIR USED LAMPS ... 59 9.1.1 Indoor lighting .............................................................................................. 61 9.1.2 Outdoor lighting and floodlighting ............................................................... 65 9.1.3 Further applications ..................................................................................... 67 9.2 LIGHTLAB BULBS SUITABILITY ON APPLICATIONS ................................................... 68 9.2.1 Selection criterion ......................................................................................... 68 9.2.2 LightLab general considerations .................................................................. 69 9.2.3 Indoor applications ....................................................................................... 69 9.2.4 Outdoor and floodlighting applications ....................................................... 72 9.2.5 Further applications ..................................................................................... 73 9.2.6 LightLab potential applications summary
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