A Detailed Review on Types of Lamps and Their Applications JOURNAL
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
M7 Electroluminescence of Polymers
Universität Potsdam Institute of Physics and Astronomy Advanced Physics Lab Course March 2020 M7 ELECTROLUMINESCENCE OF POLYMERS I. INTRODUCTION The recombination of holes and electrons in a luminescent material can produce light. This emitted light is referred to as electroluminescence (EL) and was discovered in organic single crystals by Pope, Magnante, and Kallmann in 1963.[1] EL from conjugated polymers was first reported by Burroughes et al.[2] The polymer used was poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV). Since then, a variety of other polymers has been investigated. Organic EL devices have applications in a wide field ranging from multi-color displays and optical information processing to lighting. Polymers have the advantage over inorganic and monomolecular materials in the ease with which thin, structurally robust and large area films can be perpared from solutions. Using printing techniques, patterned structures can be produced easily. Even flexible displays can be produced because of the good mechanical properties of polymers. In this lab course, basic optical and electrical properties of conjugated polymers will be investigated. Advanced Lab Course: Electroluminescence of Polymers 2 EXPERIMENTAL TASKS Measure the absorption spectra of your polymers (thin films spin coated onto glass substrates). Characterize the setup used for luminescence measurements. Identify possible sources of error and collect data necessary for their correction. Measure the photoluminescence emission spectra for the polymer films, using suitable excitation wavelengths. Measure the photoluminescence excitation spectra for the polymer films, using suitable detection wavelengths. Measure the current through the OLEDs and the spectral radiant intensity of electroluminescence as a function of applied voltage (the current-radiance-voltage characteristics). -
Induction in Alocasia Macrorrhiza' Received for Publication December 8, 1987 and in Revised Form March 18, 1988
Plant Physiol. (1988) 87, 818-821 0032-0889/88/87/081 8/04/$0 1.00/0 Gas Exchange Analysis of the Fast Phase of Photosynthetic Induction in Alocasia macrorrhiza' Received for publication December 8, 1987 and in revised form March 18, 1988 MIKO U. F. KIRSCHBAUM2 AND ROBERT W. PEARCY* Department ofBotany, University ofCalifornia, Davis, California 95616 ABSTRACT and Pearcy (10) used gas exchange techniques to investigate the slow phase of induction from about 1 to 45 min. These studies When leaves ofAlocasia macrorrhiza that had been preconditioned in indicated that there might also be a fast phase of induction that 10 micromoles photons per square meter per second for at least 2 hours is complete within the first minute after an increase in PFD. This were suddenly exposed to 500 micromoles photons per square meter per fast induction phase is difficult to analyze with gas exchange second, there was an almost instantaneous increase in assimilation rate. techniques because instrument response times are typically so After this initial increase, there was a secondary increase over the next slow as to obscure the underlying plant response. In the present minute. This secondary increase was more pronounced in high CO2 (1400 study, measurements of the induction response were made in a microbars), where assimilation rate was assumed to be limited by the gas-exchange system modified to resolve very fast responses. This rate of regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). It was absent investigation of the fast induction phase extends our work done in low CO2 (75 microbars), where RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rub- previously on the dynamics of photosynthesis of the Australian isco) was assumed to be limiting. -
Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U
Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U. ban on light bulbs Maarten Afman Energy & Industry section Infrastructure Systems & Services Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U. ban on light bulbs M.Sc. Thesis ‘Final version d.d. 4th February 2010’ Maarten Afman Graduation committee: Prof.dr.ir. M.P.C. Weijnen (chair; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section ) Dr.ir. G.P.J. Dijkema (first supervisor; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section) Dr.ir. C. van Daalen (second supervisor; TU Delft, Policy Analysis section) ir. E.J.L. Chappin (daily supervisor; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section) dr. W. Jager (external supervisor; University of Groningen, Marketing department) Programme SEPAM – Systems Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management Graduation Delft, 18th February 2010 Address M.R. Afman, v.d. Heimstr. 55, 2613EA Delft, The Netherlands E-mail addr. [email protected] Student no. 9006424 Energy & Industry section Infrastructure Systems & Services Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Summary The need for a ban on bulbs? Energy consumption of the residential lighting sector is high: 3.8 TWh per year for the Netherlands alone, approximately the production of a power plant of 800 MW. Consequently, if 40% of the energy consumption for consumer lighting could be saved, a 320 MW power plant could be taken off the grid. Such a saving would be realistic if consumers would not rely so much on outdated and inefficient lighting technology, i.e. the standard incandescent light bulb and halogen lighting. -
16 CFR Ch. I (1–1–20 Edition) § 305.22
Federal Trade Commission Pt. 305 PART 305—ENERGY AND WATER 305.27 Paper catalogs and websites. USE LABELING FOR CONSUMER ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS PRODUCTS UNDER THE ENERGY 305.28 Test data records. POLICY AND CONSERVATION 305.29 Required testing by designated lab- ACT (‘‘ENERGY LABELING oratory. RULE’’) EFFECT OF THIS PART SCOPE 305.30 Effect on other law. 305.31 Stayed or invalid parts. Sec. 305.32 [Reserved] 305.1 Scope of the regulations in this part. APPENDIX A1 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATORS DEFINITIONS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST APPENDIX A2 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATORS 305.2 Definitions. AND REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS WITH MAN- 305.3 Description of appliances and con- UAL DEFROST sumer electronics. APPENDIX A3 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.4 Description of furnaces and central air FREEZERS WITH PARTIAL AUTOMATIC DE- conditioners. FROST 305.5 Description of lighting products. APPENDIX A4 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.6 Description of plumbing products. FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST GENERAL WITH TOP-MOUNTED FREEZER NO THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE 305.7 Prohibited acts. APPENDIX A5 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATED DEFROST TESTING WITH SIDE-MOUNTED FREEZER NO 305.8 Determinations of estimated annual THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE energy consumption, estimated annual APPENDIX A6 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- operating cost, and energy efficiency rat- FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATED DEFROST ing, water use rate, and other required WITH BOTTOM-MOUNTED FREEZER NO disclosure content. THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE 305.9 Duty to provide labels on websites. APPENDIX A7 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.10 Determinations of capacity. FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST 305.11 Submission of data. -
Your Fluorescence Microscope Transmitted-Light
Your Fluorescence Microscope Transmitted-light. Bright-field Bright-field microscopy = Transmitted-light INVERTED UPRIGHT Fluorescence microscopy = Reflected-light Mercury Lamp Heat Filter Emission Filter Mirror Excitation Filter Collimating Lens Dichromatic Mirror (From:http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu) You need to know … Your light source Your filters Your objective Your detector Spectrum of a Mercury Lamp Your Light Source • Mercury lamp Wavelength (nm) • Xenon lamp Spectrum of a Xenon Lamp • Metal halide lamp • Halogen lamp • LED • Laser Wavelength (nm) (Modified from: h6p://www.cairn-research.co.uk) Your Light Source 1) Halogen lamp 2) Mercury lamp 3) Xenon lamp 4) Metal halide lamp 5) LED 6) Laser Tungsten – Halogen lamp • White light source • Inexpensive long lasNng bulbs • Used mainly for brighQield illuminaNon • CAN be used for fluorescence excitaNon above 400nm • Ideal for live cell imaging (low power, no UV) • “Colour” changes with temperature Mercury (HBO) lamp PROS • white light source • 10-100x brighter then halogen • focused intensity light-source • very bright intensity peaks at specific wavelengths for many standard fluoreophores CONS • short bulb life (≈200-400h) • generates a lot of heat • requires bulb alignment • no uniform intensity (peaks) • bulb are hazardous waste • long warm-up time • excitation wavelength cannot be • Intensity decay over Nme, intensity controlled independently flickering Xenon lamp PROS • white light source • relaNvely even intensity across visible spectrum • focused intense light source CONS • requires bulb alignment • bulbs are hazardous waste • Intensity decay over Nme • weaker intensity in UV • generates a lot of heat in the IR region • relaNvely low power in visible range • excitaNon wavelength cannot be controlled independently Metal Halide lamp PROS • white light source • brighter intensity between peaks than mercury lamp • no bulb alignment, more uniform field of illum. -
The Electric Arc Plasma Temperature
DIAGNOSTICS OF MULTICOMPONENT ELECTRIC ARC PLASMA A.I. Cheredarchuk, V.F. Boretskij, A.N. Veklich Taras Shevchenko Kiev National University, Kiev, Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] The plasma parameters of electric arc discharge in a gas flow between copper electrodes were investigated. The electrical conductivity of copper-argon and copper-carbon dioxide plasma was calculated. It was found that at low temperatures (5000 K<T<9000 K) the electrical conductivity considerably depends on the amount of copper in plasma. PACS: 51.20.d 1. INTRODUCTION Ne(r) in discharge at 30 A were obtained from width of The electric arc between evaporated electrodes has spectral lines CuI 448.0 nm, broadened due to the quadratic diverse technological applications. It is well known that Stark effect. In the case of low current (3.5 A) absolute electrode vapours have a determining influence on intensity of CuI 465.1 nm spectral line was used. properties of arc plasma. The insignificant impurity N , m-3 (about 1 %) of electrode metal vapour appreciably j CO 2 changes plasma parameters of the discharge in a rather CO wide temperature range [1]. Unfortunately the influence O O e of metal impurity on the plasma of free burning electric 1E23 2 C arc discharge in different working gases is not O+ experimentally investigated in detail yet. The main aim of this study is a development of complex diagnostics techniques of determination of 1E20 plasma parameters of electric arc discharge in a gas flow between copper electrodes. + CO 2. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES C 2 T, K 1E17 OF THERMAL PLASMA 5000 10000 15000 20000 In calculations of the transport properties of thermal plasma it is necessary to know the proportion between Fig. -
An In-Situ Photometric and Energy Analysis of a Sulfur Lamp Lighting System
LBL-37006 L-200 Presented at the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Annual Conference, New York, NY, July 29- August 3, 1995, and published in the Proceedings. An In-Situ Photometric and Energy Analysis of a Sulfur Lamp Lighting System Doug Crawford, Carl Gould, Michael Packer, Francis Rubinstein, and Michael Siminovitch Lighting Research Group Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, California 94720 June 1995 This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Building Technologies, Office of Building Equipment of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE- AC03-76SF00098. An In-Situ Photometric and Energy Analysis of a Sulfur Lamp Lighting System Doug Crawford, Carl Gould, Michael Packer, Francis Rubinstein and Michael Siminovitch Lighting Research Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Abstract This paper describes the results of a photometric and energy analysis that was conducted on a new light guide and sulfur lamp system recently installed at the U.S. Department of Energy's Forrestal Building. This novel system couples two high lumen output, high efficiency sulfur lamps to a single 73 m (240 ft.) hollow light guide lined with a reflective prismatic film. The system lights a large roadway and plaza area that lies beneath a section of the building. It has been designed to completely replace the grid of 280 mercury vapor lamps formerly used to light the space. This paper details the results of a field study that characterizes the significant energy savings and increased illumination levels that have been achieved. -
Indoor Lighting Design Guide
CSU Office of the Chancellor Indoor Lighting Design Guide Indoor Lighting Design Guide Rev: 12/12/18 CSU Office of the Chancellor Indoor Lighting Design Guide ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The California State University (CSU) gratefully acknowledges the effort and work of Jai Agaram, John Andary, Douglas Effenberger, Kent Peterson, Steven Strauss, and Steve Taylor. Comments or inquiries may be directed to: The California State University Office of the Chancellor Capital Planning Design and Construction Long Beach, California Attention: Thomas Kennedy, Chief Architecture and Engineering Telephone: (562) 951-4129 E-mail: [email protected] CSU Office of the Chancellor Indoor Lighting Design Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 2 CSU POLICY .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 UTILITY INCENTIVES ....................................................................................................................................................................... -
A High-Efficiency Indirect Lighting System Utilizing the Solar 1000 Sulfur Lamp
LBNL-40506 L-205 Proceedings of the Right Light 4 Conference, November 19-21, 1997, in Copenhagen, Denmark. A High-Efficiency Indirect Lighting System Utilizing the Solar 1000 Sulfur Lamp Michael Siminovitch, Carl Gould, and Erik Page Lighting Systems Research Group Building Technologies Program Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 June 1997 This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs, Office of Building Equipment of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. A High-Efficiency Indirect Lighting System Utilizing the Solar 1000 Sulfur Lamp Michael Siminovitch, Carl Gould, and Erik Page Lighting Systems Research Group Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 USA ABSTRACT High-lumen light sources represent unique challenges and opportunities for the design of practical and efficient interior lighting systems. High-output sources require a means of large-scale distribution and avoidance of high-luminance glare while providing efficient delivery. An indirect lighting system has been developed for use with a 1000 Watt sulfur lamp that efficiently utilizes the high-output source to provide quality interior lighting. This paper briefly describes the design and initial testing of this new system. INTRODUCTION Currently the lighting market is seeing the evolution and emergence of sources producing high-lumen output, high-efficacy, and good color rendering quality. These sources, specifically the sulfur lamp and high-wattage metal halides, offer significant advantages in terms of efficacy, color rendering quality, and lamp life. The emergence of efficient high-lumen output lamps offers the potential for both reduced energy use and reductions in building costs associated with reducing the number of fixtures required to maintain a specific illuminance level. -
Lesson 2: Ohm's Law with Light Bulbs and Leds
NNIN Nanotechnology Education Teacher’s Preparatory Guide Lesson 2: Ohm’s Law with Light Bulbs and LEDs Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to illustrate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in a simple series circuit. This activity will introduce semiconductors as diodes so that future activities may build upon this idea to conclude with micro/nano-circuits. Time required: 45 – 55 minutes Level: High School Physics Teacher Background: Ohm’s Law. Georg Simon Ohm discovered that materials have an ohmic, or linear, region. His equation (Eqn 1) explains that as the potential Figure 1. Photograph of LEDs. difference (V) increases, so does the current (I), and the (www.ohgizmo.com/wp- content/uploads/2007/10/led_of_l relationship is linear to a point. The slope of a voltage vs. ed_1%20(Custom).jpg) current plot yields the resistance (R). Temperature affects the resistance. If a resistor heats up, the value of its resistance increases, and the resistor is now considered non-ohmic. Non-ohmic materials have a non-linear relationship between voltage and current. ∆V = IR Eqn 1 Resistivity Resistivity () is an electrical property of a material. Its relation to resistance (R) is shown in Equation 2. The equations that relate resistivity to temperature, and resistance to temperature, are shown below in Equation 3 & 4. The temperature coefficient of resistance is alpha () and it is a material constant. T0, 0, and R0 represent the known temperature, resistivity, and resistance, respectively. L R = ρ Eqn 2 A ρ = ρ0 [1+ α(T − T0 )] Eqn 3 R = R0 [1+ α(T − T0 )] Eqn 4 Diodes & LEDs Figure 1 shows typical LEDs used in electrical circuits. -
Industrial Lighting a Primer
Industrial Lighting A Primer All through history people have sought better ways to illuminate their work. Even the cavemen needed torches to allow them to draw on the walls of their underground caverns. Fire brought both light and heat for thousands of years before crude lamps of animal fat gave way to the candle for general indoor illumination used around the world. Roman Grease Lamp An offshoot of the common candlestick became what we now call the Lacemakers Globe. This quite possibly could qualify as the world’s first industrial light source! It was observed that when a candle flame was aligned behind a rounded glass bottle filled with water, a magnifying and focusing effect was produced, in addition to simply lighting up a small area. This was high technology of the first order! No longer did the lacemaker have to pack it in when the sun went down, for soon the new Lacemaker’s Globe became fairly common in European Cottage Industry, enabling the production of lace at a greater rate than ever before. It is also not too much of a stretch to conclude that the repetitive patterns of the lacemaker could be looked upon as a forerunner to the theory of mass production, along with the pin makers who toiled away in the ‘second tier’ of the feeble light pool cast by the globe, hammering heads onto straightened bits of wire in order to make the common pin. This was mighty slim pickings by today’s standards to be sure, but just a few hundred years ago it represented a revolutionary increase in handiwork production after the sun went down, for the very first time in history. -
Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy
Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy Kazuo Yamagata1,2, Daisaku Iwamoto3, Yukari Terashita1,4, Chong Li1, Sayaka Wakayama1,Yoko Hayashi-Takanaka5, Hiroshi Kimura5, Kazuhiro Saeki3, Teruhiko Wakayama1* 1 RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan, 2 Research Institute for Microbial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan, 3 Department of Genetic Engineering, Kinki University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan, 4 Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 5 Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan Abstract Technologies for vitally labeling cells with fluorescent dyes have advanced remarkably. However, to excite fluorescent dyes currently requires powerful illumination, which can cause phototoxic damage to the cells and increases the cost of microscopy. We have developed a filter system to excite fluorescent dyes using a conventional transmission microscope equipped with a halogen lamp. This method allows us to observe previously invisible cell organelles, such as the metaphase spindle of oocytes, without causing phototoxicity. Cells remain healthy even after intensive manipulation under fluorescence observation, such as during bovine, porcine and mouse somatic cell cloning using nuclear transfer. This method does not require expensive epifluorescence equipment and so could help to reduce the science gap between developed and developing countries. Citation: Yamagata K, Iwamoto D, Terashita Y, Li C, Wakayama S, et al. (2012) Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031638 Editor: Sue Cotterill, St. Georges University of London, United Kingdom Received September 12, 2011; Accepted January 10, 2012; Published February 8, 2012 Copyright: ß 2012 Yamagata et al.