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Chapter 2 Incandescent Light Bulb

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Chapter 2 Incandescent Light Bulb Lamp Contents 1 Lamp (electrical component) 1 1.1 Types ................................................. 1 1.2 Uses other than illumination ...................................... 2 1.3 Lamp circuit symbols ......................................... 2 1.4 See also ................................................ 2 1.5 References ............................................... 2 2 Incandescent light bulb 3 2.1 History ................................................. 3 2.1.1 Early pre-commercial research ................................ 4 2.1.2 Commercialization ...................................... 5 2.2 Tungsten bulbs ............................................. 6 2.3 Efficacy, efficiency, and environmental impact ............................ 8 2.3.1 Cost of lighting ........................................ 9 2.3.2 Measures to ban use ...................................... 9 2.3.3 Efforts to improve efficiency ................................. 9 2.4 Construction .............................................. 10 2.4.1 Gas fill ............................................ 10 2.5 Manufacturing ............................................. 11 2.6 Filament ................................................ 12 2.6.1 Coiled coil filament ...................................... 12 2.6.2 Reducing filament evaporation ................................ 12 2.6.3 Bulb blackening ........................................ 13 2.6.4 Halogen lamps ........................................ 13 2.6.5 Incandescent arc lamps .................................... 14 2.7 Electrical characteristics ........................................ 14 2.7.1 Power ............................................. 14 2.7.2 Current and resistance .................................... 14 2.8 Physical characteristics ........................................ 14 2.8.1 Bulb shapes .......................................... 14 2.8.2 Lamp bases .......................................... 15 2.9 Light output and lifetime ....................................... 16 2.10 See also ................................................ 17 i ii CONTENTS 2.11 References ............................................... 17 2.12 External links ............................................. 20 3 Halogen lamp 21 3.1 History ................................................. 21 3.2 Halogen cycle ............................................. 22 3.3 Effect of voltage on performance ................................... 22 3.4 Spectrum ............................................... 23 3.5 Safety ................................................. 23 3.5.1 Handling precautions ..................................... 23 3.6 Applications .............................................. 24 3.6.1 Automotive .......................................... 24 3.6.2 Architectural ......................................... 24 3.6.3 Cooking ............................................ 24 3.6.4 Home use ........................................... 24 3.6.5 Stage lighting ......................................... 24 3.6.6 Specialized .......................................... 24 3.7 Disposal ................................................ 25 3.8 External links ............................................. 25 3.9 See also ................................................ 25 3.10 References ............................................... 25 4 Fused quartz 26 4.1 Production ............................................... 26 4.1.1 Feedstock ........................................... 26 4.1.2 Fusion ............................................. 26 4.1.3 Product quality ........................................ 26 4.2 Applications .............................................. 26 4.2.1 Refractory material applications ............................... 27 4.3 Physical properties ........................................... 27 4.4 Optical properties ........................................... 28 4.5 Typical properties of clear fused silica ................................ 28 4.6 See also ................................................ 28 4.7 References ............................................... 28 4.8 External links ............................................. 29 5 LED lamp 30 5.1 Technology overview ......................................... 31 5.2 Application .............................................. 31 5.3 Household LED lamps ........................................ 32 5.3.1 Replacement for existing lighting ............................... 32 5.3.2 Lighting designed for LEDs .................................. 33 CONTENTS iii 5.4 Specialty uses ............................................. 33 5.5 Comparison to other lighting technologies .............................. 33 5.5.1 Energy Star qualification ................................... 34 5.6 Limitations .............................................. 34 5.6.1 Efficiency droop ........................................ 35 5.7 Development and adoption history .................................. 35 5.7.1 Examples of early adoption .................................. 36 5.8 See also ................................................ 36 5.9 References ............................................... 36 5.10 Further reading ............................................ 38 5.11 External links ............................................. 38 6 Light-emitting diode 39 6.1 History ................................................. 40 6.1.1 Discoveries and early devices ................................. 40 6.1.2 Initial commercial development ................................ 41 6.1.3 The blue and white LED ................................... 41 6.1.4 Illumination breakthrough ................................... 41 6.2 Working ................................................ 42 6.3 Technology .............................................. 42 6.3.1 Physics ............................................ 42 6.3.2 Refractive index ........................................ 43 6.3.3 Efficiency and operational parameters ............................ 43 6.3.4 Lifetime and failure ...................................... 44 6.4 Colors and materials .......................................... 45 6.4.1 RGB ............................................. 45 6.4.2 Ultraviolet and blue LEDs .................................. 45 6.4.3 White light .......................................... 46 6.4.4 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) ............................ 48 6.4.5 Quantum dot LEDs ...................................... 49 6.5 Types ................................................. 49 6.5.1 Miniature ........................................... 49 6.5.2 Mid-range ........................................... 50 6.5.3 High-power .......................................... 50 6.5.4 AC driven LED ........................................ 50 6.5.5 Application-specific variations ................................ 51 6.6 Considerations for use ......................................... 51 6.6.1 Power sources ......................................... 51 6.6.2 Electrical polarity ....................................... 52 6.6.3 Safety and health ....................................... 52 6.6.4 Advantages .......................................... 52 6.6.5 Disadvantages ......................................... 53 iv CONTENTS 6.7 Applications .............................................. 53 6.7.1 Indicators and signs ...................................... 54 6.7.2 Lighting ............................................ 54 6.7.3 Data communication and other signaling ........................... 55 6.7.4 Sustainable lighting ...................................... 56 6.7.5 Light sources for machine vision systems ........................... 56 6.7.6 Other applications ....................................... 57 6.8 See also ................................................ 57 6.9 References ............................................... 58 6.10 Further reading ............................................ 63 6.11 External links ............................................. 63 7 Arc lamp 64 7.1 Operation ............................................... 64 7.2 Carbon arc lamp ........................................... 65 7.3 History ................................................ 66 7.3.1 Carbon-arc lighting in the U.S. ................................ 66 7.4 See also ................................................ 67 7.5 References .............................................. 68 7.6 Bibliography ............................................. 68 7.7 External links ............................................. 68 8 Xenon arc lamp 69 8.1 Types ................................................. 69 8.2 History and modern usage ...................................... 69 8.3 Lamp construction .......................................... 70 8.4 Light generation mechanism ..................................... 70 8.5 Ceramic xenon lamps ......................................... 71 8.6 Power supply requirements ...................................... 71 8.7 Automotive headlamps ........................................ 72 8.8 Xenon long-arc-lamps ......................................... 72 8.9 See also ................................................ 72 8.10 References ............................................... 72 8.11 External links ............................................. 72 9 Ultra-high-performance lamp 73 9.1 Known manufacturers of high pressure discharge lamps (UHP or similar) .............. 73 9.2 Devices using UHP lamps .....................................
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