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SOUTH SUDAN Western Bahr el Ghazal reference map Um Ragau Katambura Ed Duwara El Murra Abyad El Murr Gubeira SUDAN Tamain El Firfi Mango Farrar Gileizan Bua Tugga Et Tuwila ETHIOPIA Abu Gimru SUDAN Umm Selit El Aguz Abyei CAR River Mbika Radom Mur Umm Begago region Tituripi Huru Kanafis Angarbaka El Kabba KENYA Abu Zagal Buta Abu Nduluk Thiran DRC Bi'r Dudu UGANDA Damdegirgir Rigl Diofo Faraghi Ed Deim Kambala Kajbai/Wunyok River Sirri Aweil Bara Jibril Wad Al Kishaf Abu Zaribah Aweil North Umm Bakika East Dahal El Kurr Kabaluzu Mabblu Twic Latiri Musa Didi Kobatana Buda Arab Timsah Belabolo Aweil West Hajar Ambalol Gogrial Raga Dahal Gudini Zabil Abu Zal Ngulguli East Buta Rula Kushari Angbasheti Abarau Gairkolo Aweil Gogrial Gossinga West Gabir South Hamid Idris Kosho Inderi Katta Raja Shayn Boro Medina Margian NORTHERN Yabangwa Ferogi Koloki Fertit BAHR EL GHAZAL WARRAP Banda Linda Ghama Mangayat Ghanna Farangaiyat Aweil Akot Bada Kangi Jur Zanga Centre Yala Sheik Musa Tiki tiki Tonj Sopo Riviere Said Thar-kueng Boyar Bazu North Gumburo Riviere Raga Abu Ras Bararud Makwoich Salih Kulungu Kiyango Bol Dok Rigl Biri War-Deleyl Acongeong Gotiba Riviere Dollo Bakwondo Atido Baremadit Moga Bondas Malak Moyen Kpango Sughayyir War Riei War Ayae Jabir Biri Khorr Hajar Karbeb Khorr Ngomba Nzarami Kuru Bisellia Ateim Deim Zubeir Rabeh Ali Golo Ghana Yinga Wau Fakkah Ngairanvor Mboro Fargacika Nyiwara Banio Bussera Oshalla Tonj International boundary Pannere Rigl bibi Angisa Misri Uku Bol Mbili East State boundary Faraj Allah Kwol WESTERN Wad Ali Kwol Akwong County boundary Ager Ganna Kuajiena CENTRAL BAHR EL Wau Jur Undetermined boundary Peili River Mana Arum Abyei region AFRICAN GHAZAL Bursa Rapids Alur Mapel Medil Gugu Country capital Hori Guelia Mapel REPUBLIC Robo Numatina Gettan Ganda Rapids State capital Udu Baras Tala New Bazia Administrative centre/County centre Kongor Bazia Jur Cona Abd El Lait Peili Fadai River Principal town River Wau Bira Mbili Nushu Rapids Secondary town Rizik Tonj Village Yafa Gumbolo Raffili South Primary road Deim Bakhit Bo River Post Secondary road Chito Leku Domadoma Qawz Dengwiri Angweri Tertiary road Yandu Main river 0 25 50 km WESTERN EQUATORIA The administrative boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. Final status of Abyei area is not yet determined. Created: January 2020 | Sources: OCHA, SSNBS | Feedback: [email protected] | unocha.org/south-sudan | reliefweb.int/country/ssd | southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info | @OCHASouthSudan .

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Secretary-General's Report on South Sudan (September 2020)
United Nations S/2020/890 Security Council Distr.: General 8 September 2020 Original: English Situation in South Sudan Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2514 (2020), by which the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) until 15 March 2021 and requested me to report to the Council on the implementation of the Mission’s mandate every 90 days. It covers political and security developments between 1 June and 31 August 2020, the humanitarian and human rights situation and progress made in the implementation of the Mission’s mandate. II. Political and economic developments 2. On 17 June, the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, and the First Vice- President, Riek Machar, reached a decision on responsibility-sharing ratios for gubernatorial and State positions, ending a three-month impasse on the allocations of States. Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Lakes, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, Warrap and Unity were allocated to the incumbent Transitional Government of National Unity; Upper Nile, Western Bahr el-Ghazal and Western Equatoria were allocated to the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army in Opposition (SPLM/A-IO); and Jonglei was allocated to the South Sudan Opposition Alliance. The Other Political Parties coalition was not allocated a State, as envisioned in the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, in which the coalition had been guaranteed 8 per cent of the positions. 3. On 29 June, the President appointed governors of 8 of the 10 States and chief administrators of the administrative areas of Abyei, Ruweng and Pibor.
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Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 04:59:59AM Via Free Access “They Are Now Community Police” 411
international journal on minority and group rights 22 (2015) 410-434 brill.com/ijgr “They Are Now Community Police”: Negotiating the Boundaries and Nature of the Government in South Sudan through the Identity of Militarised Cattle-keepers Naomi Pendle PhD Candidate, London School of Economics, London, UK [email protected] Abstract Armed, cattle-herding men in Africa are often assumed to be at a relational and spatial distance from the ‘legitimate’ armed forces of the government. The vision constructed of the South Sudanese government in 2005 by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement removed legitimacy from non-government armed groups including localised, armed, defence forces that protected communities and cattle. Yet, militarised cattle-herding men of South Sudan have had various relationships with the governing Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement/Army over the last thirty years, blurring the government – non government boundary. With tens of thousands killed since December 2013 in South Sudan, questions are being asked about options for justice especially for governing elites. A contextual understanding of the armed forces and their relationship to gov- ernment over time is needed to understand the genesis and apparent legitimacy of this violence. Keywords South Sudan – policing – vigilantism – transitional justice – war crimes – security © NAOMI PENDLE, 2015 | doi 10.1163/15718115-02203006 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 (CC-BY-NC 4.0) License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 04:59:59AM via free access “they Are Now Community Police” 411 1 Introduction1 On 15 December 2013, violence erupted in Juba, South Sudan among Nuer sol- diers of the Presidential Guard.
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Wartime Trade and the Reshaping of Power in South Sudan Learning from the Market of Mayen Rual South Sudan Customary Authorities Project
SOUTH SUDAN CUSTOMARY AUTHORITIES pROjECT WARTIME TRADE AND THE RESHAPING OF POWER IN SOUTH SUDAN LEARNING FROM THE MARKET OF MAYEN RUAL SOUTH SUDAN customary authorities pROjECT Wartime Trade and the Reshaping of Power in South Sudan Learning from the market of Mayen Rual NAOMI PENDLE AND CHirrilo MADUT ANEI Published in 2018 by the Rift Valley Institute PO Box 52771 GPO, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya 107 Belgravia Workshops, 159/163 Marlborough Road, London N19 4NF, United Kingdom THE RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in eastern and central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. THE AUTHORS Naomi Pendle is a Research Fellow in the Firoz Lalji Centre for Africa, London School of Economics. Chirrilo Madut Anei is a graduate of the University of Bahr el Ghazal and is an emerging South Sudanese researcher. SOUTH SUDAN CUSTOMARY AUTHORITIES PROJECT RVI’s South Sudan Customary Authorities Project seeks to deepen the understand- ing of the changing role of chiefs and traditional authorities in South Sudan. The SSCA Project is supported by the Swiss Government. CREDITS RVI EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Mark Bradbury RVI ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATIONS: Cedric Barnes RVI SOUTH SUDAN PROGRAMME MANAGER: Anna Rowett RVI SENIOR PUBLICATIONS AND PROGRAMME MANAGER: Magnus Taylor EDITOR: Kate McGuinness DESIGN: Lindsay Nash MAPS: Jillian Luff,MAPgrafix ISBN 978-1-907431-56-2 COVER: Chief Morris Ngor RIGHTS Copyright © Rift Valley Institute 2018 Cover image © Silvano Yokwe Alison Text and maps published under Creative Commons License Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Available for free download from www.riftvalley.net Printed copies are available from Amazon and other online retailers.
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South Sudan - Crisis Fact Sheet #2, Fiscal Year (Fy) 2019 December 7, 2018
SOUTH SUDAN - CRISIS FACT SHEET #2, FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2019 DECEMBER 7, 2018 NUMBERS AT USAID/OFDA1 FUNDING HIGHLIGHTS A GLANCE BY SECTOR IN FY 2018 Relief actor records at least 150 GBV cases in Bentiu during a 12-day period 5% 7% 20% UN records two aid worker deaths, 60 7 million 7% Estimated People in South humanitarian access incidents in October 10% Sudan Requiring Humanitarian USAID/FFP partner reaches 2.3 million Assistance 19% 2018 Humanitarian Response Plan – people with assistance in October December 2017 15% 17% HUMANITARIAN FUNDING Logistics Support & Relief Commodities (20%) Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (19%) FOR THE SOUTH SUDAN RESPONSE 6.1 million Health (17%) Nutrition (15%) USAID/OFDA $135,187,409 Estimated People in Need of Protection (10%) Food Assistance in South Sudan Agriculture & Food Security (7%) USAID/FFP $402,253,743 IPC Technical Working Group – Humanitarian Coordination & Info Management (7%) September 2018 Shelter & Settlements (5%) 3 State/PRM $91,553,826 USAID/FFP2 FUNDING $628,994,9784 2 million BY MODALITY IN FY 2018 1% TOTAL USG HUMANITARIAN FUNDING FOR THE SOUTH SUDAN CRISIS IN FY 2018 Estimated IDPs in 84% 9% 5% South Sudan OCHA – November 8, 2018 U.S. In-Kind Food Aid (84%) 1% $3,760,121,951 Local & Regional Food Procurement (9%) TOTAL USG HUMANITARIAN FUNDING FOR THE Complementary Services (5%) SOUTH SUDAN RESPONSE IN FY 2014–2018, Cash Transfers for Food (1%) INCLUDING FUNDING FOR SOUTH SUDANESE Food Vouchers (1%) REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES 194,900 Estimated Individuals Seeking Refuge at UNMISS Bases KEY DEVELOPMENTS UNMISS – November 15, 2018 During a 12-day period in late November, non-governmental organization (NGO) Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) recorded at least 150 gender-based violence (GBV) cases in Unity State’s Bentiu town, representing a significant increase from the approximately 2.2 million 100 GBV cases that MSF recorded in Bentiu between January and October.
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Total Returns to South Sudan Post CPA to June 2009
IOM Tracking of Spontaneous Returns Project Total Returns to South Sudan Post CPA to June 2009 Table of Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................................... 2 Summary..................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Background....................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Methodology..................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1. En-route Tracking............................................................................................................................. 5 3.2. Area of Return Tracking................................................................................................................... 6 4. Capacity Building of SSRRC and VRRC......................................................................................... 6 5. Total Estimated Number of Returns ................................................................................................. 8 6. Analysis of Area of Return - Cumulative Data, February 2007 to June 2009................................ 10 6.1. Total
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Map of South Sudan
UNITED NATIONS SOUTH SUDAN Geospatial 25°E 30°E 35°E Nyala Ed Renk Damazin Al-Fula Ed Da'ein Kadugli SUDAN Umm Barbit Kaka Paloich Ba 10°N h Junguls r Kodok Āsosa 10°N a Radom l-A Riangnom UPPER NILEBoing rab Abyei Fagwir Malakal Mayom Bentiu Abwong ^! War-Awar Daga Post Malek Kan S Wang ob Wun Rog Fangak at o Gossinga NORTHERN Aweil Kai Kigille Gogrial Nasser Raga BAHR-EL-GHAZAL WARRAP Gumbiel f a r a Waat Leer Z Kuacjok Akop Fathai z e Gambēla Adok r Madeir h UNITY a B Duk Fadiat Deim Zubeir Bisellia Bir Di Akobo WESTERN Wau ETHIOPIA Tonj Atum W JONGLEI BAHR-EL-GHAZAL Wakela h i te LAKES N Kongor CENTRAL Rafili ile Peper Bo River Post Jonglei Pibor Akelo Rumbek mo Akot Yirol Ukwaa O AFRICAN P i Lol b o Bor r Towot REPUBLIC Khogali Pap Boli Malek Mvolo Lowelli Jerbar ^! National capital Obo Tambura Amadi WESTERN Terakeka Administrative capital Li Yubu Lanya EASTERN Town, village EQUATORIAMadreggi o Airport Ezo EQUATORIA 5°N Maridi International boundary ^! Juba Lafon Kapoeta 5°N Undetermined boundary Yambio CENTRAL State (wilayah) boundary EQUATORIA Torit Abyei region Nagishot DEMOCRATIC Roue L. Turkana Main road (L. Rudolf) Railway REPUBLIC OF THE Kajo Yei Opari Lofusa 0 100 200km Keji KENYA o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 50 100mi CONGO o e The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
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SOUTH SUDAN OVERVIEW of IDP REQUESTS for HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT to RETURN OR RELOCATE WITHIN SOUTH SUDAN 22 April 2020
SOUTH SUDAN OVERVIEW OF IDP REQUESTS FOR HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT TO RETURN OR RELOCATE WITHIN SOUTH SUDAN 22 April 2020 UNHCR remains committed to support Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) to make informed and voluntary decisions on the durable solutions they would like to pursue. UNHCR has been recording and consolidating requests from IDPs who approached protection desks asking for humanitarian assistance to return home or relocate to another location within South Sudan. Number of Requests April Highlights Requests Trend as of April, 2020 1,057 Households / 4,487 Individuals 4487 April 2018-April 2020 requested for support Destinations (houshold): Wau(459),Leer (80 ), Panyijiar (56),Rubkona (54 ), Ayod (50 ), Juba (38 ), Koch (34 ), Fangak (31), Guit (29), Akobo(28), Luakpiny/Nasir (27), Ulang (24),Mayendit (22), Maiwut(21), 908 Uror (18), Raja(16), Jur River(15), Nyirol (14), Malakal(6), 796 506 373 291 283 Longochuk(6),Mayom (5), Terekeka (5), Lainya (3), Torit (3), 1 3 5 92 10 23 42 14 65 20 88 24 9 7 20 Yambio (3), Tonji(1), Bor South (1), Manyo (1), 2,143 Households Apr Jun Jul Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 8,067 Individuals Nagero(1),Tambura(1), Gogrial(1),Panyikang (1), Budi (1), 2018 2019 2020 Yei (1), Fashoda (1) INTENDED DESTINATIONS SUDAN 83 Renk 5 Manyo Melut 15 Fashoda Maban Abyei region 33 Upper Unity Malakal Nile Pariang Panyikang 223 Rubkona Baliet Abiemnhom Longochuk Aweil North Guit 65 Aweil East Mayom Fangak 386 109 Twic 183 511 Aweil West 194 1 Luakpiny/Nasir Raja Gogrial
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SUDAN Administrative Map December 2011
SUDAN Administrative Map December 2011 Faris IQLIT Ezbet Dush Ezbet Maks el-Qibli Ibrim DARAW KOM OMBO Al Hawwari Al-Kufrah Nagel-Gulab ASWAN At Tallab 24°N EGYPT 23°N R E LIBYA Halaib D S 22°N SUDAN ADMINISTRATED BY EGYPT Wadi Halfa E A b 'i Di d a i d a W 21°N 20°N Kho r A bu Sun t ut a RED SEA a b r A r o Porth Sudan NORTH Abu Hamad K Dongola Suakin ur Qirwid m i A ad 19°N W Bauda Karima Rauai Taris Tok ar e il Ehna N r e iv R RIVER NILE Ri ver Nile Desert De Bayouda Barbar Odwan 18°N Ed Debba K El Baraq Mib h o r Adara Wa B a r d a i Hashmet Atbara ka E Karora l Atateb Zalat Al Ma' M Idd Rakhami u Abu Tabari g a Balak d a Mahmimet m Ed Damer Barqa Gereis Mebaa Qawz Dar Al Humr Togar El Hosh Al Mahmia Alghiena Qalat Garatit Hishkib Afchewa Seilit Hasta Maya Diferaya Agra 17°N Anker alik M El Ishab El Hosh di El Madkurab Wa Mariet Umm Hishan Qalat Kwolala Shendi Nakfa a r a b t Maket A r a W w a o d H i i A d w a a Abdullah Islandti W b Kirteit m Afabet a NORTH DARFUR d CHAD a Zalat Wad Tandub ug M l E i W 16°N d Halhal Jimal Wad Bilal a a d W i A l H Aroma ERITREA Keren KHARTOUM a w a KASSALA d KHARTOUM Hagaz G Sebderat Bahia a Akordat s h Shegeg Karo Kassala Furawiya Wakhaim Surgi Bamina New Halfa Muzbat El Masid a m a g Barentu Kornoi u Malha Haikota F di Teseney Tina Um Baru El Mieiliq 15°N Wa Khashm El Girba Abu Quta Abu Ushar Tandubayah Miski Meheiriba EL GEZIRA Sigiba Rufa'ah Anka El Hasahisa Girgira NORTH KORDOFAN Ana Bagi Baashim/tina Dankud Lukka Kaidaba Falankei Abdel Shakur Um Sidir Wad Medani Sodiri Shuwak Badime Kulbus
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PRESS RELEASE Marina Modi Public &Media Relations Officer [email protected] 0955950026 #Defyhatenow: Mobilizing Civic A
PRESS RELEASE Marina Modi Public &Media relations Officer [email protected] 0955950026 #defyhatenow: Mobilizing Civic Action against Hate Speech and Directed Social Media Incitement to Violence in South Sudan. Juba, 03 November 2017 #DEFYHATENOW WIKIPEDIA WORKSHOP #defyhatenow initiative will be training students from the University of Juba on writing and feeding /editing information about South Sudan on Wikipedia,the online global encyclopedia from 6- 9 November 2017. Objectives; 1. Empowering South Sudanese to have a global voice in national narratives and knowledge in the quest for lasting peace. 2. Generating more knowledge about other people-to-people peace-building issues. 3. Initiate a sustainable movement of South Sudanese Wikipedia writers/editors. Why Wikipedia? South Sudan is underrepresented at Wikipedia, the world's largest online encyclopedia. There are hardly 1.500 articles about South Sudanese subjects and most of them are just stubs, since even entries about many major towns and states only feature a couple of lines. While Wikipedia is one of the most used and visited websites, next to no content about South Sudan has been generated inside the country itself. Instead, most information about South Sudan has been created by outsiders. With regard to internal peace-making, #defyhatenow will be working with the student run #kefkum initiative to collaboratively edit, starting with a critical review of Wunlit conference and then create a comprehensive article on Wikipedia. As a pilot example, #defyhatenow has already edited the Wikipedia article about Deim Zubeir from a one-line stub to a multi-facetted overview. Deim Zubeir has recently been included on South Sudan's first tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage sites.
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Amplifying People's Voices to Contribute to Peace and Resilience
BRIEF / MARCH 2021 Amplifying people’s voices to contribute to peace and resilience in Warrap, South Sudan Warrap state is in the northern part of South Sudan. The clans in the state were high. The governor toured Tonj state borders Unity state to the north-east, Lakes to the North, Tonj South and Gogrial East counties with peace east, Northern Bahr el Ghazal to the north and Western and reconciliation messages and pledged to work closely Bahr el Ghazal to the south. The state is home to the with peace actors in the state. However, violent conflicts Dinka and Bongo ethnic communities. among rival clans in Greater Tonj have intensified, leading to Bona Panek – who was seen as having a ‘soft’ approach The main sources of livelihoods for people in Warrap to communal conflict – being replaced by General Aleu include cattle rearing and small-scale farming, as well Ayieny on 28 January 2021. as beekeeping and wild honey harvesting among the Bongo community in Tonj South County. Cattle rearing Warrap, like many other parts of South Sudan, is is associated with numerous challenges such as cattle experiencing tough economic times. There are multiple raids, stealing, and the need to migrate to neighbouring factors at play, such as political instability in the state communities in search of food and for grazing lands and and in the country, poor road connections, persistent water for animals. In recent years, Warrap has experienced intercommunal violence, and hyperinflation compounded unprecedented intercommunal conflicts, violent cattle by a decline in the purchasing power of the South raiding fuelled by the proliferation of small arms and light Sudanese pound.
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South Sudan - Crisis Fact Sheet #4, Fiscal Year (Fy) 2019 March 8, 2019
SOUTH SUDAN - CRISIS FACT SHEET #4, FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2019 MARCH 8, 2019 NUMBERS AT USAID/OFDA1 FUNDING HIGHLIGHTS A GLANCE BY SECTOR IN FY 2018 Insecurity in Yei results in unknown number of civilian deaths, prevents 15,000 5% 7% 20% people from receiving aid 7.1 million 7% Estimated People in South Health actors continue EVD awareness Sudan Requiring Humanitarian 10% and screening activities Assistance 19% 2019 Humanitarian Response Plan – WFP conducts first road delivery to 15% December 2018 central Unity 17% Logistics Support & Relief Commodities (20%) Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (19%) HUMANITARIAN FUNDING Health (17%) 6.5 million FOR THE SOUTH SUDAN RESPONSE Nutrition (15%) Estimated People in Need of Protection (10%) Food Assistance in South Sudan Agriculture & Food Security (7%) USAID/OFDA $135,187,409 IPC Technical Working Group – Humanitarian Coordination & Info Management (7%) February 2019 Shelter & Settlements (5%) USAID/FFP $398,226,647 3 State/PRM $91,553,826 1.9 million USAID/FFP2 FUNDING $624,967,8824 Estimated IDPs in BY MODALITY IN FY 2018 1% TOTAL USG HUMANITARIAN FUNDING FOR THE South Sudan SOUTH SUDAN CRISIS IN FY 2018 UN – January 31, 2019 84% 9% 5% U.S. In-Kind Food Aid (84%) 1% $3,756,094,855 Local & Regional Food Procurement (9%) TOTAL USG HUMANITARIAN FUNDING FOR THE Complementary Services (5%) SOUTH SUDAN RESPONSE IN FY 2014–2018, Cash Transfers for Food (1%) INCLUDING FUNDING FOR SOUTH SUDANESE 191,238 Food Vouchers (1%) REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES Estimated Individuals Seeking Refuge at UNMISS Bases UNMISS – March 4, 2019 KEY DEVELOPMENTS Ongoing violence between Government of the Republic of South Sudan (GoRSS) and opposition forces near Central Equatoria State’s Yei area has displaced an estimated 2.3 million 7,400 people to Yei town since December and is preventing relief agencies from reaching Estimated Refugees and Asylum more than 15,000 additional people seeking safety outside of Yei, the UN reports.
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Utd^L. Dean of the Graduate School Ev .•^C>V
THE FASHODA CRISIS: A SURVEY OF ANGLO-FRENCH IMPERIAL POLICY ON THE UPPER NILE QUESTION, 1882-1899 APPROVED: Graduate ttee: Majdr Prbfessor ~y /• Minor Professor lttee Member Committee Member irman of the Department/6f History J (7-ZZyUtd^L. Dean of the Graduate School eV .•^C>v Goode, James Hubbard, The Fashoda Crisis: A Survey of Anglo-French Imperial Policy on the Upper Nile Question, 1882-1899. Doctor of Philosophy (History), December, 1971, 235 pp., bibliography, 161 titles. Early and recent interpretations of imperialism and long-range expansionist policies of Britain and France during the period of so-called "new imperialism" after 1870 are examined as factors in the causes of the Fashoda Crisis of 1898-1899. British, French, and German diplomatic docu- ments, memoirs, eye-witness accounts, journals, letters, newspaper and journal articles, and secondary works form the basis of the study. Anglo-French rivalry for overseas territories is traced from the Age of Discovery to the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, the event which, more than any other, triggered the opening up of Africa by Europeans. The British intention to build a railroad and an empire from Cairo to Capetown and the French dream of drawing a line of authority from the mouth of the Congo River to Djibouti, on the Red Sea, for Tied a huge cross of European imperialism over the African continent, The point of intersection was the mud-hut village of Fashoda on the left bank of the White Nile south of Khartoum. The. Fashoda meeting, on September 19, 1898, of Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand, representing France, and General Sir Herbert Kitchener, representing Britain and Egypt, touched off an international crisis, almost resulting in global war.
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