Table of Contents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Table of Contents Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 7 Background of the Landmine Impact Survey .......................................................................................... 16 Survey Results and Findings Scope of the Landmine Problem............................................................................................................. 21 Analysis of Economic Blockage Impacts................................................................................................. 41 Retrofit Results ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Past Mine Action .................................................................................................................................... 45 Profiles by State Blue Nile ................................................................................................................................................ 51 Central Equatoria................................................................................................................................... 57 Eastern Equatoria................................................................................................................................... 65 Gadaref.................................................................................................................................................. 71 Jonglei ................................................................................................................................................... 75 Kassala................................................................................................................................................... 81 Lakes ..................................................................................................................................................... 87 Northern Bahr El Ghazal......................................................................................................................... 89 Red Sea.................................................................................................................................................. 93 Sennar.................................................................................................................................................... 97 Southern Kordofan ................................................................................................................................. 99 Unity .....................................................................................................................................................105 Upper Nile ............................................................................................................................................109 Warrab .................................................................................................................................................113 Western Bahr El Ghazal ........................................................................................................................117 Western Equatoria ................................................................................................................................121 Annexes Annex I - Key Participants .....................................................................................................................127 Annex II - Data Quality Management.....................................................................................................129 Annex III - Retrofitting the Database .....................................................................................................131 Annex IV- Project Timeline ...................................................................................................................133 Annex V - Administrative Structures .....................................................................................................137 Annex VI - Team Leader Report ............................................................................................................141 Annex VII - Survey Logistics .................................................................................................................143 Annex VIII - Methodology.....................................................................................................................145 Annex IX - Explanation of Scoring and Classification of Communities...................................................147 Annex X - Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................149 Annex XI – Estimation of Prevalence of Mine-Affected Communities ....................................................151 Annex XII - Survey Staffing....................................................................................................................153 LANDMINE IMPACT SURVEY – REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN 1 Figures, Maps, and Tables Figures 1 Blue Nile: Estimated Size of SHAs, by Community Impact Level .................................................... 53 2 Blue SHAs Blocking Resources, With and Without Sufficient Alternatives ....................................... 54 3 Blue Survey Coverage.................................................................................................................... 55 4 Central Equatoria: Estimated Size of SHAs, by Community Impact Level ....................................... 59 5 Blue SHAs Blocking Resources, With and Without Sufficient Alternatives ....................................... 59 6 Blue Survey Coverage.................................................................................................................... 61 7 Eastern Equatoria: Estimated Size of SHAs, by Community Impact Level ...................................... 67 8 Blue SHAs Blocking Resources, With and Without Sufficient Alternatives ....................................... 68 9 Blue Survey Coverage.................................................................................................................... 69 10 Gadaref: Survey Coverage ............................................................................................................ 73 11 Jonglei: Estimated Size of SHAs, by Community Impact Level ....................................................... 77 12 Blue Reported SHAs Blocking Resources and Mitigating Alternatives ............................................ 77 13 Blue Survey Coverage ................................................................................................................... 79 14 Kassala: Estimated Size of SHAs, by Community Impact Level ...................................................... 83 15 Blue SHAs Blocking Resources, With and Without Sufficient Alternatives ....................................... 84 16 Blue Survey Coverage ................................................................................................................... 85 17 Lakes: Survey Coverage ............................................................................................................... 88 18 Northern Bahr El Ghazal: Survey Coverage ................................................................................... 91 19 Red Sea: Survey Coverage ............................................................................................................ 95 20 Southern Kordofan: Estimated Size of SSHs, by Community Impact Level .....................................101 21 Blue SHAs Blocking Resources, With and Without Sufficient Alternatives ......................................102 22 Blue Survey Coverage ..................................................................................................................103 23 Unity: Survey Coverage ...............................................................................................................107 24 Upper Nile: Survey Coverage ......................................................................................................111 25 Warrab: Survey Coverage ...........................................................................................................115 26 Western Bahr El Ghazal: Estimated Size of SHAs, by Community Impact Level ............................118 27 Blue Survey Coverage ..................................................................................................................120 28 Western Equatoria: Estimated Size of SHAs, by Community Impact Level ....................................122 29 Blue SHAs Blocking Resources, With and Without Sufficient Alternatives ......................................123 30 Blue Survey Coverage ..................................................................................................................124 31 Countrywide: Total Survey Coverage Results From all 16-Surveyed States ..................................152 Maps 1 Summary of the LIS Results ............................................................................................................... 8 2 Landmine Status on Completion of the LIS, by State ....................................................................... 10 3 Geographic Distribution of Impacted Communities ....................................................................... 27 4 Suspected Hazard Areas in Equatoria Region ................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • South Sudan Country Portfolio
    South Sudan Country Portfolio Overview: Country program established in 2013. USADF currently U.S. African Development Foundation Partner Organization: Foundation for manages a portfolio of 9 projects and one Cooperative Agreement. Tom Coogan, Regional Director Youth Initiative Total active commitment is $737,000. Regional Director Albino Gaw Dar, Director Country Strategy: The program focuses on food security and Email: [email protected] Tel: +211 955 413 090 export-oriented products. Email: [email protected] Grantee Duration Value Summary Kanybek General Trading and 2015-2018 $98,772 Sector: Agro-Processing (Maize Milling) Investment Company Ltd. Location: Mugali, Eastern Equatoria State 4155-SSD Summary: The project funds will be used to build Kanybek’s capacity in business and financial management. The funds will also build technical capacity by providing training in sustainable agriculture and establishing a small milling facility to process raw maize into maize flour. Kajo Keji Lulu Works 2015-2018 $99,068 Sector: Manufacturing (Shea Butter) Multipurpose Cooperative Location: Kajo Keji County, Central Equatoria State Society (LWMCS) Summary: The project funds will be used to develop LWMCS’s capacity in financial and 4162-SSD business management, and to improve its production capacity by establishing a shea nut purchase fund and purchasing an oil expeller and related equipment to produce grade A shea butter for export. Amimbaru Paste Processing 2015-2018 $97,523 Sector: Agro-Processing (Peanut Paste) Cooperative Society (APP) Location: Loa in the Pageri Administrative Area, Eastern Equatoria State 4227-SSD Summary: The project funds will be used to improve the business and financial management of APP through a series of trainings and the hiring of a management team.
    [Show full text]
  • SOUTH SUDAN, YEAR 2017: Update on Incidents According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) Compiled by ACCORD, 18 June 2018
    SOUTH SUDAN, YEAR 2017: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) compiled by ACCORD, 18 June 2018 Number of reported incidents with at least one fatality Number of reported fatalities National borders: GADM, November 2015a; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015b; Abyei Area: SSNBS, 1 December 2008; Ilemi triangle status and South Sudan/Sudan border status: UN Cartographic Section, October 2011; incident data: ACLED, June 2018; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 SOUTH SUDAN, YEAR 2017: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 18 JUNE 2018 Contents Conflict incidents by category Number of Number of reported fatalities 1 Number of Number of Category incidents with at incidents fatalities Number of reported incidents with at least one fatality 1 least one fatality Battles 604 300 3351 Conflict incidents by category 2 Violence against civilians 404 299 1348 Development of conflict incidents from 2012 to 2017 2 Strategic developments 120 0 0 Riots/protests 46 1 3 Methodology 3 Remote violence 25 3 17 Conflict incidents per province 4 Non-violent activities 1 0 0 Localization of conflict incidents 4 Total 1200 603 4719 This table is based on data from ACLED (datasets used: ACLED, June 2018). Disclaimer 5 Development of conflict incidents from 2012 to 2017 This graph is based on data from ACLED (datasets used: ACLED, June 2018). 2 SOUTH SUDAN, YEAR 2017: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 18 JUNE 2018 Methodology an incident occured, or the provincial capital may be used if only the province is known.
    [Show full text]
  • Secretary-General's Report on South Sudan (September 2020)
    United Nations S/2020/890 Security Council Distr.: General 8 September 2020 Original: English Situation in South Sudan Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2514 (2020), by which the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) until 15 March 2021 and requested me to report to the Council on the implementation of the Mission’s mandate every 90 days. It covers political and security developments between 1 June and 31 August 2020, the humanitarian and human rights situation and progress made in the implementation of the Mission’s mandate. II. Political and economic developments 2. On 17 June, the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, and the First Vice- President, Riek Machar, reached a decision on responsibility-sharing ratios for gubernatorial and State positions, ending a three-month impasse on the allocations of States. Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Lakes, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, Warrap and Unity were allocated to the incumbent Transitional Government of National Unity; Upper Nile, Western Bahr el-Ghazal and Western Equatoria were allocated to the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army in Opposition (SPLM/A-IO); and Jonglei was allocated to the South Sudan Opposition Alliance. The Other Political Parties coalition was not allocated a State, as envisioned in the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, in which the coalition had been guaranteed 8 per cent of the positions. 3. On 29 June, the President appointed governors of 8 of the 10 States and chief administrators of the administrative areas of Abyei, Ruweng and Pibor.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 04:59:59AM Via Free Access “They Are Now Community Police” 411
    international journal on minority and group rights 22 (2015) 410-434 brill.com/ijgr “They Are Now Community Police”: Negotiating the Boundaries and Nature of the Government in South Sudan through the Identity of Militarised Cattle-keepers Naomi Pendle PhD Candidate, London School of Economics, London, UK [email protected] Abstract Armed, cattle-herding men in Africa are often assumed to be at a relational and spatial distance from the ‘legitimate’ armed forces of the government. The vision constructed of the South Sudanese government in 2005 by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement removed legitimacy from non-government armed groups including localised, armed, defence forces that protected communities and cattle. Yet, militarised cattle-herding men of South Sudan have had various relationships with the governing Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement/Army over the last thirty years, blurring the government – non government boundary. With tens of thousands killed since December 2013 in South Sudan, questions are being asked about options for justice especially for governing elites. A contextual understanding of the armed forces and their relationship to gov- ernment over time is needed to understand the genesis and apparent legitimacy of this violence. Keywords South Sudan – policing – vigilantism – transitional justice – war crimes – security © NAOMI PENDLE, 2015 | doi 10.1163/15718115-02203006 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 (CC-BY-NC 4.0) License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 04:59:59AM via free access “they Are Now Community Police” 411 1 Introduction1 On 15 December 2013, violence erupted in Juba, South Sudan among Nuer sol- diers of the Presidential Guard.
    [Show full text]
  • Wartime Trade and the Reshaping of Power in South Sudan Learning from the Market of Mayen Rual South Sudan Customary Authorities Project
    SOUTH SUDAN CUSTOMARY AUTHORITIES pROjECT WARTIME TRADE AND THE RESHAPING OF POWER IN SOUTH SUDAN LEARNING FROM THE MARKET OF MAYEN RUAL SOUTH SUDAN customary authorities pROjECT Wartime Trade and the Reshaping of Power in South Sudan Learning from the market of Mayen Rual NAOMI PENDLE AND CHirrilo MADUT ANEI Published in 2018 by the Rift Valley Institute PO Box 52771 GPO, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya 107 Belgravia Workshops, 159/163 Marlborough Road, London N19 4NF, United Kingdom THE RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in eastern and central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. THE AUTHORS Naomi Pendle is a Research Fellow in the Firoz Lalji Centre for Africa, London School of Economics. Chirrilo Madut Anei is a graduate of the University of Bahr el Ghazal and is an emerging South Sudanese researcher. SOUTH SUDAN CUSTOMARY AUTHORITIES PROJECT RVI’s South Sudan Customary Authorities Project seeks to deepen the understand- ing of the changing role of chiefs and traditional authorities in South Sudan. The SSCA Project is supported by the Swiss Government. CREDITS RVI EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Mark Bradbury RVI ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATIONS: Cedric Barnes RVI SOUTH SUDAN PROGRAMME MANAGER: Anna Rowett RVI SENIOR PUBLICATIONS AND PROGRAMME MANAGER: Magnus Taylor EDITOR: Kate McGuinness DESIGN: Lindsay Nash MAPS: Jillian Luff,MAPgrafix ISBN 978-1-907431-56-2 COVER: Chief Morris Ngor RIGHTS Copyright © Rift Valley Institute 2018 Cover image © Silvano Yokwe Alison Text and maps published under Creative Commons License Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Available for free download from www.riftvalley.net Printed copies are available from Amazon and other online retailers.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Displacement and Vulnerability in Yei, South Sudan
    Sanctuary in the city? Urban displacement and vulnerability in Yei, South Sudan Ellen Martin and Nina Sluga HPG Working Paper December 2011 Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD United Kingdom Tel: +44(0) 20 7922 0300 Fax: +44(0) 20 7922 0399 Website: www.odi.org.uk/hpg Email: [email protected] hpg Humanitarian Policy Group 134355_Sanctuary in the City - YEI Cover 1_OUTER 134355_Sanctuary intheCity-YEICover1_INNER About the authors Ellen Martin is a Research Officer in the Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG). Nina Sluga was Country Analyst (CAR, Chad, Congo, Sudan and South Sudan) for the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) at the time of writing of this report. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the staff of NRC in Juba and Yei for their logistical support during the planning of this study, and staff in the GIZ office in Yei for sharing their baseline studies. The authors would also like to express their gratitude to the many people who contributed in numerous ways to the study, including research support and the provision of documents and materials and reviewing drafts. Particular thanks to Simon Russell (UNHRC), Charles Mballa (UNHCR), Gregory Norton (IDMC), Nina Birkeland (IDMC), Marzia Montemurro (IDMC) and Sara Pantuliano (HPG). Wendy Fenton (HPN) provided extremely valuable input into the initial draft. Thanks too to Matthew Foley for his expert editing of the report. Finally, we are especially grateful to the many people in Yei who generously gave their time to take part in this study. This study was carried out in collaboration with the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC).
    [Show full text]
  • South Sudan - Crisis Fact Sheet #2, Fiscal Year (Fy) 2019 December 7, 2018
    SOUTH SUDAN - CRISIS FACT SHEET #2, FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2019 DECEMBER 7, 2018 NUMBERS AT USAID/OFDA1 FUNDING HIGHLIGHTS A GLANCE BY SECTOR IN FY 2018 Relief actor records at least 150 GBV cases in Bentiu during a 12-day period 5% 7% 20% UN records two aid worker deaths, 60 7 million 7% Estimated People in South humanitarian access incidents in October 10% Sudan Requiring Humanitarian USAID/FFP partner reaches 2.3 million Assistance 19% 2018 Humanitarian Response Plan – people with assistance in October December 2017 15% 17% HUMANITARIAN FUNDING Logistics Support & Relief Commodities (20%) Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (19%) FOR THE SOUTH SUDAN RESPONSE 6.1 million Health (17%) Nutrition (15%) USAID/OFDA $135,187,409 Estimated People in Need of Protection (10%) Food Assistance in South Sudan Agriculture & Food Security (7%) USAID/FFP $402,253,743 IPC Technical Working Group – Humanitarian Coordination & Info Management (7%) September 2018 Shelter & Settlements (5%) 3 State/PRM $91,553,826 USAID/FFP2 FUNDING $628,994,9784 2 million BY MODALITY IN FY 2018 1% TOTAL USG HUMANITARIAN FUNDING FOR THE SOUTH SUDAN CRISIS IN FY 2018 Estimated IDPs in 84% 9% 5% South Sudan OCHA – November 8, 2018 U.S. In-Kind Food Aid (84%) 1% $3,760,121,951 Local & Regional Food Procurement (9%) TOTAL USG HUMANITARIAN FUNDING FOR THE Complementary Services (5%) SOUTH SUDAN RESPONSE IN FY 2014–2018, Cash Transfers for Food (1%) INCLUDING FUNDING FOR SOUTH SUDANESE Food Vouchers (1%) REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES 194,900 Estimated Individuals Seeking Refuge at UNMISS Bases KEY DEVELOPMENTS UNMISS – November 15, 2018 During a 12-day period in late November, non-governmental organization (NGO) Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) recorded at least 150 gender-based violence (GBV) cases in Unity State’s Bentiu town, representing a significant increase from the approximately 2.2 million 100 GBV cases that MSF recorded in Bentiu between January and October.
    [Show full text]
  • Total Returns to South Sudan Post CPA to June 2009
    IOM Tracking of Spontaneous Returns Project Total Returns to South Sudan Post CPA to June 2009 Table of Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................................... 2 Summary..................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Background....................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Methodology..................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1. En-route Tracking............................................................................................................................. 5 3.2. Area of Return Tracking................................................................................................................... 6 4. Capacity Building of SSRRC and VRRC......................................................................................... 6 5. Total Estimated Number of Returns ................................................................................................. 8 6. Analysis of Area of Return - Cumulative Data, February 2007 to June 2009................................ 10 6.1. Total
    [Show full text]
  • 1 AU Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P. O
    AU Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P. O. Box 3243 Telephone: +251 11 551 7700 / +251 11 518 25 58/ Ext 2558 Website: http://www.au.int/en/auciss Original: English FINAL REPORT OF THE AFRICAN UNION COMMISSION OF INQUIRY ON SOUTH SUDAN ADDIS ABABA 15 OCTOBER 2014 1 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 3 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER I ..................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER II .................................................................................................................. 34 INSTITUTIONS IN SOUTH SUDAN .............................................................................. 34 CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................... 110 EXAMINATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND OTHER ABUSES DURING THE CONFLICT: ACCOUNTABILITY ......................................................................... 111 CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................... 233 ISSUES ON HEALING AND RECONCILIATION .......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Population Mobility Mapping (Pmm) South Sudan: Ebola Virus Disease (Evd) Preparedness
    POPULATION MOBILITY MAPPING (PMM) SOUTH SUDAN: EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE (EVD) PREPAREDNESS CONTEXT The 10th EVD outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is still ongoing, with a total of 3,428 EVD cases reported as of 2 February 2020, including 3,305 confirmed and 118 probable cases. A total of 2,250 deaths have been reported, with a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 65.6%. Although the rate of new cases in DRC has decreased and stabilized, two health zones reported 25 new confirmed cases within the 21-day period from 13 January to 2 February 2019: Beni (n=18) and Mabalako (n=30).1 The EVD outbreak in DRC is the 2nd largest in history and is affecting the north-eastern provinces of the country, which border Uganda, Rwanda and South Sudan. South Sudan, labeled a 'priority 1' preparedness country, has continued to scale up preparedeness efforts since the outbreak was confirmed in Kasese district in South Western Uganda on 11 June 2019 and in Ariwara, DRC (70km from the South Sudan border) on 30 June 2019. South Sudan remains at risk while there is active transmission in DRC, due to cross-border population movements and a weak health system. To support South Sudan’s Ministry of Health and other partners in their planning for EVD preparedness, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) has applied its Population Mobility Mapping (PMM) approach to inform the prioritization of locations for preparedness activities. Aim and Objectives The aim of PMM in South Sudan is to inform the 2020 EVD National Preparedness Plan by providing partners with relevant information on population mobility and cross-border movements.
    [Show full text]
  • Boating on the Nile
    United Nations Mission September 2010 InSUDAN Boating on the Nile Published by UNMIS Public Information Office INSIDE 8 August: Meeting with Minister of Humanitarian Affairs Mutrif Siddiq, Joint Special Representative for Darfur 3 Special Focus: Transport Ibrahim Gambari expressed regrets on behalf of the • On every corner Diary African Union-UN Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) over • Boating on the Nile recent events in Kalma and Hamadiya internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in • Once a lifeline South Darfur and their possible negative impacts on the future of the peace process. • Keeping roads open • Filling southern skies 9 August: Blue Nile State members of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) and National Congress Party (NCP) formed a six-member parliamentary committee charged with raising awareness about popular consultations on Comprehensive Peace Agreement 10 Photo gallery implementation in the state. The Sufi way 10 August: The SPLM and NCP began pre-referendum talks on wealth and power-sharing, 12 Profile demarcating the border, defining citizenship and sharing the Nile waters in preparation for the Knowledge as food southern self-determination vote, scheduled for 9 January 2011. 14 August: Two Jordanian police advisors with UNAMID were abducted in Nyala, Southern Darfur, 13 Environment as they were walking to a UNAMID transport dispatch point 100 meters from their residence. Reclaiming the trees Three days later the two police advisors were released unharmed in Kass, Southern Darfur. 14 Communications 16 August: Members of the Southern Sudan Human Rights Commission elected a nine-member The voice of Miraya steering committee to oversee its activities as the region approaches the self-determination referendum three days later the two police advisor were released unharmed in Kass, Southern Darfur.
    [Show full text]
  • The Republic of South Sudan Request for an Extension of the Deadline For
    The Republic of South Sudan Request for an extension of the deadline for completing the destruction of Anti-personnel Mines in mined areas in accordance with Article 5, paragraph 1 of the convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines and on Their Destruction Submitted at the 18th Meeting of the State Parties Submitted to the Chair of the Committee on Article 5 Implementation Date 31 March 2020 Prepared for State Party: South Sudan Contact Person : Jurkuch Barach Jurkuch Position: Chairperson, NMAA Phone : (211)921651088 Email : [email protected] 1 | Page Contents Abbreviations 3 I. Executive Summary 4 II. Detailed Narrative 8 1 Introduction 8 2 Origin of the Article 5 implementation challenge 8 3 Nature and extent of progress made: Decisions and Recommendations of States Parties 9 4 Nature and extent of progress made: quantitative aspects 9 5 Complications and challenges 16 6 Nature and extent of progress made: qualitative aspects 18 7 Efforts undertaken to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from mined areas 21 # Anti-Tank mines removed and destroyed 24 # Items of UXO removed and destroyed 24 8 Mine Accidents 25 9 Nature and extent of the remaining Article 5 challenge: quantitative aspects 27 10 The Disaggregation of Current Contamination 30 11 Nature and extent of the remaining Article 5 challenge: qualitative aspects 41 12 Circumstances that impeded compliance during previous extension period 43 12.1 Humanitarian, economic, social and environmental implications of the
    [Show full text]