Discovery of the New Element Z=117 and Confirmation of 115
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
Dalton Transactions View Article Online PERSPECTIVE View Journal | View Issue Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table Cite this: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C. Constable Received 20th February 2019, The d-block elements have played an essential role in the development of our present understanding of Accepted 6th March 2019 chemistry and in the evolution of the periodic table. On the occasion of the sesquicentenniel of the dis- DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00765b covery of the periodic table by Mendeleev, it is appropriate to look at how these metals have influenced rsc.li/dalton our understanding of periodicity and the relationships between elements. Introduction and periodic tables concerning objects as diverse as fruit, veg- etables, beer, cartoon characters, and superheroes abound in In the year 2019 we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the publi- our connected world.7 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cation of the first modern form of the periodic table by In the commonly encountered medium or long forms of Mendeleev (alternatively transliterated as Mendelejew, the periodic table, the central portion is occupied by the Mendelejeff, Mendeléeff, and Mendeléyev from the Cyrillic d-block elements, commonly known as the transition elements ).1 The periodic table lies at the core of our under- or transition metals. These elements have played a critical rôle standing of the properties of, and the relationships between, in our understanding of modern chemistry and have proved to the 118 elements currently known (Fig. 1).2 A chemist can look be the touchstones for many theories of valence and bonding. -
An Octad for Darmstadtium and Excitement for Copernicium
SYNOPSIS An Octad for Darmstadtium and Excitement for Copernicium The discovery that copernicium can decay into a new isotope of darmstadtium and the observation of a previously unseen excited state of copernicium provide clues to the location of the “island of stability.” By Katherine Wright holy grail of nuclear physics is to understand the stability uncover its position. of the periodic table’s heaviest elements. The problem Ais, these elements only exist in the lab and are hard to The team made their discoveries while studying the decay of make. In an experiment at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy isotopes of flerovium, which they created by hitting a plutonium Ion Research in Germany, researchers have now observed a target with calcium ions. In their experiments, flerovium-288 previously unseen isotope of the heavy element darmstadtium (Z = 114, N = 174) decayed first into copernicium-284 and measured the decay of an excited state of an isotope of (Z = 112, N = 172) and then into darmstadtium-280 (Z = 110, another heavy element, copernicium [1]. The results could N = 170), a previously unseen isotope. They also measured an provide “anchor points” for theories that predict the stability of excited state of copernicium-282, another isotope of these heavy elements, says Anton Såmark-Roth, of Lund copernicium. Copernicium-282 is interesting because it University in Sweden, who helped conduct the experiments. contains an even number of protons and neutrons, and researchers had not previously measured an excited state of a A nuclide’s stability depends on how many protons (Z) and superheavy even-even nucleus, Såmark-Roth says. -
Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data Iaea, Vienna, 2000 Iaea-Tecdoc-1168 Issn 1011–4289
IAEA-TECDOC-1168 Compilation and evaluation of fission yield nuclear data Final report of a co-ordinated research project 1991–1996 December 2000 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Data Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria COMPILATION AND EVALUATION OF FISSION YIELD NUCLEAR DATA IAEA, VIENNA, 2000 IAEA-TECDOC-1168 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2000 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2000 FOREWORD Fission product yields are required at several stages of the nuclear fuel cycle and are therefore included in all large international data files for reactor calculations and related applications. Such files are maintained and disseminated by the Nuclear Data Section of the IAEA as a member of an international data centres network. Users of these data are from the fields of reactor design and operation, waste management and nuclear materials safeguards, all of which are essential parts of the IAEA programme. In the 1980s, the number of measured fission yields increased so drastically that the manpower available for evaluating them to meet specific user needs was insufficient. To cope with this task, it was concluded in several meetings on fission product nuclear data, some of them convened by the IAEA, that international co-operation was required, and an IAEA co-ordinated research project (CRP) was recommended. This recommendation was endorsed by the International Nuclear Data Committee, an advisory body for the nuclear data programme of the IAEA. As a consequence, the CRP on the Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data was initiated in 1991, after its scope, objectives and tasks had been defined by a preparatory meeting. -
Darmstadtium, Roentgenium and Copernicium Form Strong Bonds with Cyanide
Darmstadtium, Roentgenium and Copernicium Form Strong Bonds With Cyanide Taye B. Demissie∗and Kenneth Ruudy March 23, 2017 Abstract We report the structures and properties of the cyanide complexes of three super- heavy elements (darmstadtium, roentgenium and copernicium) studied using two- and four-component relativistic methodologies. The electronic and structural properties of these complexes are compared to the corresponding complexes of platinum, gold and mercury. The results indicate that these superheavy elements form strong bonds with cyanide. Moreover, the calculated absorption spectra of these superheavy-element cyanides show similar trends to those of the corresponding heavy-atom cyanides. The calculated vibrational frequencies of the heavy-metal cyanides are in good agreement with available experimental results lending support to the quality of our calculated vibrational frequencies for the superheavy-atom cyanides. ∗Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic Uni- versity of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway yCentre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic Uni- versity of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway 1 Relativistic two- and four-component density-functional theory is used to demonstrate that the superheavy elements darmstadtium, roentgenium and copernicium form stable complexes with cyanide, providing new insight into the chemistry of these superheavy elements. 2 INTRODUCTION The term heavy atom refers roughly to elements in the 4th - -
Arxiv:1901.01410V3 [Astro-Ph.HE] 1 Feb 2021 Mental Information Is Available, and One Has to Rely Strongly on Theoretical Predictions for Nuclear Properties
Origin of the heaviest elements: The rapid neutron-capture process John J. Cowan∗ HLD Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 440 W. Brooks St., Norman, OK 73019, USA Christopher Snedeny Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, 2515 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712-1205, USA James E. Lawlerz Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1390, USA Ani Aprahamianx and Michael Wiescher{ Department of Physics and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Karlheinz Langanke∗∗ GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Institut f¨urKernphysik (Theoriezentrum), Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universit¨atDarmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 2, 64298 Darmstadt, Germany Gabriel Mart´ınez-Pinedoyy GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; Institut f¨urKernphysik (Theoriezentrum), Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universit¨atDarmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 2, 64298 Darmstadt, Germany; and Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen f¨urFAIR, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Friedrich-Karl Thielemannzz Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany (Dated: February 2, 2021) The production of about half of the heavy elements found in nature is assigned to a spe- cific astrophysical nucleosynthesis process: the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). Although this idea has been postulated more than six decades ago, the full understand- ing faces two types of uncertainties/open questions: (a) The nucleosynthesis path in the nuclear chart runs close to the neutron-drip line, where presently only limited experi- arXiv:1901.01410v3 [astro-ph.HE] 1 Feb 2021 mental information is available, and one has to rely strongly on theoretical predictions for nuclear properties. -
Evolution of Intrinsic Nuclear Structure in Medium Mass Even-Even Xenon Isotopes from a Microscopic Perspective*
Chinese Physics C Vol. 44, No. 7 (2020) 074108 Evolution of intrinsic nuclear structure in medium mass even-even Xenon isotopes from a microscopic perspective* Surbhi Gupta1 Ridham Bakshi1 Suram Singh2 Arun Bharti1;1) G. H. Bhat3 J. A. Sheikh4 1Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu- 180006, India 2Department of Physics and Astronomical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba- 181143, India 3Department of Physics, SP College, Cluster University Srinagar- 190001, India 4Cluster University Srinagar - Jammu and Kashmir 190001, India Abstract: In this study, the multi-quasiparticle triaxial projected shell model (TPSM) is applied to investigate γ-vi- brational bands in transitional nuclei of 118−128Xe. We report that each triaxial intrinsic state has a γ-band built on it. The TPSM approach is evaluated by the comparison of TPSM results with available experimental data, which shows a satisfactory agreement. The energy ratios, B(E2) transition rates, and signature splitting of the γ-vibrational band are calculated. Keywords: triaxial projected shell model, triaxiality, yrast spectra, band diagram, back-bending, staggering, reduced transition probabilities DOI: 10.1088/1674-1137/44/7/074108 1 Introduction In the past few decades, the use of improved and sophisticated experimental techniques has made it pos- sible to provide sufficient data to describe the structure of The static and dynamic properties of a nucleus pre- nuclei in various mass regions of the nuclear chart. In dominantly dictate its shape or structure, and these prop- particular, the transitional nuclei around mass A ∼ 130 erties depend on the interactions among its constituents, have numerous interesting features, such as odd-even i.e, protons and neutrons. -
Gas-Phase Chemistry of Element 114, Flerovium
EPJ Web of Conferences 131, 07003 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107003 Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements Gas-phase chemistry of element 114, flerovium Alexander Yakushev1,2,a and Robert Eichler3,4 1 GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany 2 Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany 3 Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland 4 University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Abstract. Element 114 was discovered in 2000 by the Dubna-Livermore collaboration, and in 2012 it was named flerovium. It belongs to the group 14 of the periodic table of elements. A strong relativistic stabilisation of 2 2 the valence shell 7s 7p1/2 is expected due to the orbital splitting and the 2 2 contraction not only of the 7s but also of the spherical 7p1/2 closed subshell, resulting in the enhanced volatility and inertness. Flerovium was studied chemically by gas-solid chromatography upon its adsorption on a gold surface. Two experimental results on Fl chemistry have been published so far. Based on observation of three atoms, a weak interaction of flerovium with gold was suggested in the first study. Authors of the second study concluded on the metallic character after the observation of two Fl atoms deposited on gold at room temperature. 1. Introduction Man-made superheavy elements (SHE, atomic number Z ≥ 104) are unique in two aspects. Their nuclei exist only due to nuclear shell effects, and their electron structure is influenced by increasingly important relativistic effects [1–3]. Recently the synthesis of elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 has been approved, thus, the discovery of all elements of the 7th row in the periodic table of elements with proton number Z up to 118 has been acknowledged [4]. -
Alpha-Decay Chains of Z=122 Superheavy Nuclei Using Cubic Plus Proximity Potential with Improved Transfer Matrix Method
Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 58, May 2020, pp. 397-403 Alpha-decay chains of Z=122 superheavy nuclei using cubic plus proximity potential with improved transfer matrix method G Naveyaa, S Santhosh Kumarb, S I A Philominrajc & A Stephena* aDepartment of Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India bDepartment of Physics, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Lawspet, Puducherry 605 008, India cDepartment of Physics, Madras Christian College, Chennai 600 059, India Received 4 May 2020 The alpha decay chain properties of Z = 122 isotope in the mass range 298 A 350, even-even nuclei, are studied using a fission-like model with an effective combination of the cubic plus proximity potential in the pre and post-scission regions, wherein the decay rates are calculated using improved transfer matrix method, and the results are in good agreement with other phenomenological formulae such as Universal decay law, Viola-Seaborg, Royer, etc. The nuclear ground-state masses are taken from WS4 mass model. The next minimum in the half-life curves of the decay chain obtained at N=186,178 & 164 suggest the shell closure at N=184, 176 & 162 which coincides well with the predictions of two-centre shell model approach. This study also unveils that the isotopes 298-300, 302, 304-306, 308-310, 312,314122 show 7, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 decay chain, respectively. All the other isotopes from A = 316 to 350 may undergo spontaneous fission since the obtained SF half -lives are comparatively less. The predictions in the present study may have an impact in the experimental synthesis and detection of the new isotopes in near future. -
Isotopic Composition of Fission Gases in Lwr Fuel
XA0056233 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF FISSION GASES IN LWR FUEL T. JONSSON Studsvik Nuclear AB, Hot Cell Laboratory, Nykoping, Sweden Abstract Many fuel rods from power reactors and test reactors have been punctured during past years for determination of fission gas release. In many cases the released gas was also analysed by mass spectrometry. The isotopic composition shows systematic variations between different rods, which are much larger than the uncertainties in the analysis. This paper discusses some possibilities and problems with use of the isotopic composition to decide from which part of the fuel the gas was released. In high burnup fuel from thermal reactors loaded with uranium fuel a significant part of the fissions occur in plutonium isotopes. The ratio Xe/Kr generated in the fuel is strongly dependent on the fissioning species. In addition, the isotopic composition of Kr and Xe shows a well detectable difference between fissions in different fissile nuclides. 1. INTRODUCTION Most LWRs use low enriched uranium oxide as fuel. Thermal fissions in U-235 dominate during the earlier part of the irradiation. Due to the build-up of heavier actinides during the irradiation fissions in Pu-239 and Pu-241 increase in importance as the burnup of the fuel increases. The composition of the fission products varies with the composition of the fuel and the irradiation conditions. The isotopic composition of fission gases is often determined in connection with measurement of gases in the plenum of punctured fuel rods. It can be of interest to discuss how more information on the fuel behaviour can be obtained by use of information available from already performed determinations of gas compositions. -
Quest for Superheavy Nuclei Began in the 1940S with the Syn Time It Takes for Half of the Sample to Decay
FEATURES Quest for superheavy nuclei 2 P.H. Heenen l and W Nazarewicz -4 IService de Physique Nucleaire Theorique, U.L.B.-C.P.229, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium 2Department ofPhysics, University ofTennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 3Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 4Institute ofTheoretical Physics, University ofWarsaw, ul. Ho\.za 69, PL-OO-681 Warsaw, Poland he discovery of new superheavy nuclei has brought much The superheavy elements mark the limit of nuclear mass and T excitement to the atomic and nuclear physics communities. charge; they inhabit the upper right corner of the nuclear land Hopes of finding regions of long-lived superheavy nuclei, pre scape, but the borderlines of their territory are unknown. The dicted in the early 1960s, have reemerged. Why is this search so stability ofthe superheavy elements has been a longstanding fun important and what newknowledge can it bring? damental question in nuclear science. How can they survive the Not every combination ofneutrons and protons makes a sta huge electrostatic repulsion? What are their properties? How ble nucleus. Our Earth is home to 81 stable elements, including large is the region of superheavy elements? We do not know yet slightly fewer than 300 stable nuclei. Other nuclei found in all the answers to these questions. This short article presents the nature, although bound to the emission ofprotons and neutrons, current status ofresearch in this field. are radioactive. That is, they eventually capture or emit electrons and positrons, alpha particles, or undergo spontaneous fission. Historical Background Each unstable isotope is characterized by its half-life (T1/2) - the The quest for superheavy nuclei began in the 1940s with the syn time it takes for half of the sample to decay. -
Chemical Element 112 Named 'Copernicium' 24 February 2010
Chemical element 112 named 'Copernicium' 24 February 2010 IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Copernicium is the sixth chemical element GSI Chemistry) accepted the name proposed by the scientist named. The other elements carry the international discovering team around Sigurd names Bohrium (element 107), Hassium (element Hofmann at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum. The team 108), Meitnerium (element 109), Darmstadtium had suggested "Cp" as the chemical symbol for the (element 110), and Roentgenium (element 111). 21 new element. However, since the chemical symbol scientists from Germany, Finland, Russia, and "Cp" gave cause for concerns, as this abbreviation Slovakia collaborated in the GSI experiments that also has other scientific meanings, the discoverers lead to the discovery of element 112. and IUPAC agreed to change the symbol to "Cn". Copernicium is 277 times heavier than hydrogen, More information: 'Copernicium' proposed as making it the heaviest element officially recognized name for newly discovered element 112 -- by IUPAC. www.physorg.com/news166791177.html The suggested name "Copernicium" in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus follows the tradition of naming chemical elements after merited scientists. IUPAC Provided by Helmholtz Association of German officially announced the endorsement of the new Research Centres element's name on February 19th, Nicolaus Copernicus' birthday. Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Toru?, Poland. His work in the field of astronomy is the basis for our modern, heliocentric world view, which states that the Sun is the center of our solar system with the Earth and all the other planets circling around it. An international team of scientists headed by Sigurd Hofmann was able to produce the element copernicium at GSI for the first time already on February 9, 1996. -
22.05 Reactor Physics – Part One Course Introduction
22.05 Reactor Physics – Part One Course Introduction 1. Instructor: John A. Bernard 2. Organization: Homework (20%) Four Exams (20% each; lowest grade is dropped) Final Exam (3.0 hours) (20%) 3. Text: The text book for this course is: Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3rd Edition, by John Lamarsh. This covers basic reactor physics as part of a complete survey of nuclear engineering. Readings may also be assigned from certain of the books listed below: Nuclear Reactor Analysis by A. F. Henry Introduction to Nuclear Power by G. Hewitt and J. Collier Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering by J. Shultis and R. Faw Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection by J. Turner Nuclear Criticality Safety by R. Kneif Radiation Detection and Measurement by G. Knoll 4. Course Objective: To quote the late Professor Allan Henry: “The central problem of reactor physics can be stated quite simply. It is to compute, for any time t, the characteristics of the free-neutron population throughout an extended region of space containing an arbitrary, but known, mixture of materials. Specifically we wish to know the number of neutrons in any infinitesimal volume dV that have kinetic energies between E and E + ∆E and are traveling in directions within an infinitesimal angle of a fixed direction specified by the unit vector Ω. If this number is known, we can use the basic data obtained experimentally and theoretically from low-energy neutron physics to predict the rates at which all possible nuclear reactions, including fission, will take place throughout the region. Thus we can 1 predict how much nuclear power will be generated at any given time at any location in the region.” There are several reasons for needing this information: Physical understanding of reactor safety so that both design and operation is done intelligently.